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Abstract Introduction: Evaluation of the quality of food proteins have a great importance because of its biological and economical asfects. However biological, microbiological, chemical and combined methods have been used and introduced for determining quality of Proteins. Among the exsisted methods, NPR, RNPR,TPD and PER have been suggested as appropriatie methods for determining quality of Proteins. This study has been conducted to evaluate of quality protein of soya, using the mentioned methods on the soya products in 2003. Materials & Methods: This experimental study has been made on 48 male wistar rats, aged 21-23 days under 6 food diet in boundles of 8 including 3 diet soya, Casein+Methionine and control (free Protein) in order to study RNPR and PER (The condition of studing RNPR and PER are the same with the exception that the duration of study on PER is 28 days without limitation of Protein intake) and 3 diet soya, Casein+Methionine and control for studing TPD. Period of study for NPR was 14 days. Protein intake, weight increase was determined for calculating NPR. Period of study for TPD was 9 days. Nitrogen intake and fecal Nitrogen were determined for calculating TPD. Protein intake and change in weight of animals were determined. Rata of NPR, RNPR, TPD and PER was evaluated by T- test. Results: Indicator of NPR was calculated 3.650.35 and 4.370.48 for soya and Casein+Methionin respectively (P<0.01) and RNPR=83. Indicator of TPD was calculated 83.232.5 and 93.452.22 for soya and Casein+Methionin respectively (P<0.0001). Indicator of PER was 2.280.35 and 3.040.24 for Soya and Casein+Methionin respectively (P<0.001). Conclusion: Soya protein as compared with Casein is of lower quality.

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Introduction: Ischemic heart disease, more than any other disease, leads to mortality and morbidity and high economical costs in developed countries. A cardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerosis, is predicted to become the most important disease in 2020. A disorder which reduces the quality of life due to early death and deterioration. Today, lipid metabolism and lipoprotein disorders have come to be the most important risk factors of atherosclerosis. So,management and treatment of dyslipidemia, is considered an effective preventive method. Considering the high level of atherosclerosis rate in khorramabad (western-center Iran) as well as several reports on anti oxidative effects of Rhus coriaria , this study was planned to compare the effects of lovastatin and Rhus coriaria in decreasing LDL cholesterol level. Materials & Methods: In this study, 86 patients with elevated LDL cholesterol levels, having the indications to enter the study, were selected and divided into two groups of 43 people. Group 1(control group) underwent treatment with lovastatin, and group 2(case group) took lovastatin+Rhus coriria as their cure. After 3 months, LDL cholesterol levels were measured in both the groups. Findings: 58 patients of all the 86 patients completed the tests. The mean LDL levels in the control and case groups before intervention were 141.82 and 171.52 respectively. After intervention, they were 115.7 in the control and 141.45 in the case group. Due to higher level of LDL in the case group vs. the control one before the intervention, the mean level of LDL decreased and its percentage was measured. The decrease of LDL level in the case group was 17%, while it was 18% in the control cases. Nevertheless, thw mean decrease in case patients was 30.07, while it was 26.12 in the control ones, a difference which was not significant statically. Discussion & Conclusion: Due to insignificant decrease of LDL level in both the groups of patients, using Rhus coriaria (Somac) is not recommended as an effective factor in treating patients suffering from high levels of LDL cholesterol.

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Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of power exercise on C-reactive protein and plasma fibrinogen in untrained young adult men. Materials & Methodods: The subjects investigated in this research included twenty-four healthy voluntary male students with mean age (25±1.19) years, weight (74.37±5.38) Kg, height (174.70±5.51) cm, whom were divided randomly into two groups : strength group (n=12) and control group (n=12).The strength training consisted of 12 weeks, 3 days per week in circuit pattern in 6 stations. Each training session included three sets with (70, 80, 90%) intensity of one maximum repetition (1RM) with 8, 10, and 12 repetitions in every station respectively. The rest time between each set was 30 to 60 seconds and it was 2 to 4 minutes for each station .The amount of serum CRP and plasma fibrinogen was measured by special kits, Immunoturbidimetric assay with high sensitivity and coagulative method after 12 hours fasting. Data were analyzed by dependent and independent t-test (0.05) through statistical software SPSS/16. Findings: Results showed that power exercise cause significant decrease in C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and body fat percentage. Discussion and conclusion: The results suggest, with any doubt that, as strength trainings have inverse effect on CRP and fibrinogen, so it can be used as predictors of coronary heart disease.

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Introduction: Infertility refers to the inability of the incidence of pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse. Appro-ximately 15-10% of couples encounter infertility problem in reproductive age (WHO, 1999) and lack of proper treatment can lead to complications and mental and social problems. Today, researchers are interested in Identification of sperm cell proteins. Regards to the importance of proteins and their functions, the optimal conditions of their separation and making them solution are important. Materials & Methods: This study was performed for finding optimal protocol of maximum protein extraction from sperm cell. After taking seminal plasma from fertile men and semen analysis, the sperm cells were separated using two methods: Gradient percoll and swim up. Then samples were washed three times and lysed with lysis buffer. Protein concentration was determined by Bradford method. Findings: Results were shown that more sperm were isolated using gradient percoll and protein concentration was higher in comparing with swim up method. Discussion & Conclusion: It can be concl-uded with comparing the two methods, how much more sperm cells can be isolated, then it will be higher protein concentrations and this protocol can be used in future studies on sperm proteins.

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Introduction: Brain (central nervous syst-em) is responsible to manage all biological process in living organisms, particularly mammalian. Since proteins play major roles in the biological cell activities, nowadays identification of brain proteins and deter-mination of their function is interesting subject for neurologists. Isoelectric Foc-using (IEF) technique is one of the prote-omic technologies to study brain proteins. This study was carried out to select the IPG strips with maximum resolution and to optimize IEF condition for the separation of mouse brain proteins. Materials & Methods: After extraction of mouse brain proteins and determination of protein concentration by Bradford assay, Isoelectric Focusing was performed using IPG strips with three different pH gradients. Findings: IPG strip with pH=3-10NL was able to separate more proteins with relati-vely high resolution in comparison with IPG strips with pH=3-10 and pH=4-7. Discussion & Conclusion: Results were shown that more proteins can be separated using IPG strip with pH=3-10 NL and this strip has a high resolution rather than the other strips. Due to the complexity of brain, its function, and the extent of brain proteins, it is appropriate to resolve proteins by the method.

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Cancer is still a major cause of death in humans. The novel approaches to tumor treatment are targeted therapies that increased hope for improving the treatment of therapy resistant tumors. By relying on new human understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cancer we can then development of targeted novel drugs such as Nanobodies and monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, mimetic, antisense, small interference RNAbased strategies and design and application of oncolytic virotherapy approaches. Tumor-specific killer proteins could derive from both human and animal viruses are such as E4ORF4 and VP3 (apoptin), E1A, viral protein R (VpR), Brevinin-2R, Large T protein, TTV apoptosis-inducing protein (TAIP). Chicken anemia virus (CAV) was isolated in 1979 by Yuasa (Japan), in commercial poultry. CAV is a resistant and ubiquitous virus belongs to the Gyrovirus genus, Circoviridae family and has a circular single strand DNA. It infects and cause disease in young chickens and immunosuppression in all birds. Hematopoietic stem cells in the chicken bone marrow and T-cell precursors in the thymus are the major targets for this virus infection. Apoptin (or VP3) is a small protein (14 kDa) encoded by VP3 gene of CAV. It has attracted great attention because of its tumor-selective toxicity potency means induces of cell death specifically in human transformed or tumor cells. In normal cells, Apoptin remains in the cytoplasm whereas in cancerous cells, it translocates into the nucleus and kills the cell. By nuclear localization of Apoptin, it mediate apoptosis and this mechanism is p53-independent and cannot be blocked by Bcl-2 .This article aims to present a current applications and novel progresses of using apoptin as tumor-specific killer agent and will provide an insight into the possible mechanism of action. Finally we will suggest a new direction for the therapeutic use of viruses and viral proteins for treatment of different kinds of Cancers.

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Background: In recent years technology has emerged to describe the protein spots on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Numerous gel statistical analysis software has been developed and the impact of these initiatives on promoting proteomics is impressive. Proteomic analysis of massive data sets with having high variable need multivariate methods to provide the simultaneous analysis of multiple variables. In this study, the process of cellular differentiation and aging of stem cells to astrocytes studied by proteomics and gel analysis software and statistical applications were considered. Materials and Methods: Proteome of four groups (stem cells, young astrocytes, moderately differentiated astrocytes and old astrocytes) were analyzed by the software of Progenesis Same Spots. Cluster analysis, principal component analysis and analysis of power were used in the experimental groups. Results and Discussion: In bioinformatics and statistical analysis of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique were detected 940 protein spots with significant expression changes (p <0.05) in four groups that comparisons between groups suggest that the expression of new proteins and the silencing of certain proteins in the signaling pathway of cell differentiation and senescence. Clustering analysis of the expression of proteins can be divided into two main clusters indicate that there are clusters of proteins with similar expression which these proteins can provide similar performance in terms of testing or indicate its presence in the same biological pathway. PCA analysis confirmed the clustering results showed that the protein has been classified according to the test conditions. Finally, we can conclude that using statistical analysis software to quickly and easily done and significant expression changes induced differentiation and senescence on proteome level as well as evaluated with statistical analysis of clustering and PCA and determined indicators of changes.

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Introduction: Gallstone disease is a very common disease of gallbladder. Gallstone formation occurs when too much cholesterol is secreted into bile, leading to bile super-saturation and precipitation. Alteration in abcg8 protein which is one of the key transporters in gallbladder could result in increased bile cholesterol level. The aim of this study was to analyze the T400K genetic change that could have an effect on the function of this protein. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on 220 people, dividing into two groups of cases (n=111) and controls (n=220). Genotyping was carried out by amplification of the target sequence followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Detection of any differences between cases and controls was done via statistic analysis. Findings: In this study, frequencies of the genotypes C/C, C/T and T/T were 59.5%, 39.5% and 1%, respectively. After statistical analysis of the data, there were no ass-ociations between this polymorphism and gallstone susceptibility. Discussion & Conclusion: The heterodimer protein, abcg5/abcg8, has a key role in the transportation of cholesterol in gallbladder and any changes in these proteins could result in gallstone formation. We could not find any association between T400K polymorphism and gallstone formation. This differentiation may be a result of genetic drifts among ethnic groups of populations.

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Background & objective: Diphtheria, caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheria is a fatal disease that was characterized by Hippocrates in 5 B.C. Exotoxin (dTX) is causative agent of this lethal disease. Diphtheria toxin consist two chains, catalytic (A) and binding (B) chain. The toxin binds to its receptor by binding chain (B) and enters in many of body cells such as myocardial, kidney and peripheral nerve cells. After entering, catalytic chain (A) inhibits protein synthesis and cause target cell death. Currently, toxoid form of diphtheria toxin used as vaccine. The aim of this study was design and provide of synthetic mutated catalytic subunit of diphtheria toxin. Then, regarding to its bioinformatics study, this gene would cloned and expressed as recombinant protein vaccine. Methods: After determining and optimizing of dtx gene sequence containing two mutations (A158G, G52E), and perform its bioinformatics study, this synthetic gene was provided in expression vector and molecular analysis was carried out. The pET28a/dtxA construct was transformed in Bl21DE3 E.coli. Then, recombinant protein expression and production as a vaccine candidate was evaluated by western blotting technique. Results: Regarding to the codon optimization of A subunit of diphtheria toxin and bioinformatics analysis, the synthetic mutated gene in expression vector was ordered and provided. The molecular analysis of this gene by restriction digestion and electrophoresis was confirmed its accuracy. This protein was confirmed by western blotting after expression and production. Conclusion: According to advantages of DtxA recombinant protein to diphtheria toxoid, it seems this recombinant protein, as vaccine candidate, could be replaced with diphtheria vaccine. This issue should been completed by more researches.

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Introduction: Heat labile toxin (LT) is one of the virulence factors of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. B subunit of LT (LHB) is the binding subunit and can induce six months immunity in humans. Tetanus toxin of Clostridium Tetani causes the fatal disease, tetanus. This toxoid induces two years immunity in humans. Hc subunit, as binding domain of the toxoid is considered as immunogenic part of tetanus toxin. The THc and LTB recombinant subunits have the potential role to induce immunological memories with different longevity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the immunogenicity of THc and LTB recombinant proteins in animal model and also to evaluate their roles in immunity duration. Materials & methods: The recombinant proteins, THc and LTB, were expressed in the transgenic host, E.Coli Bl21 DE3 using pET28a vector containing their respected genes in optimum condition. After express-ion, LTB and THc were purified from insoluble and soluble phases, respectively. Then, their purity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE gel. To evaluate their immuno-genicity, these proteins were injected into mice and the antibody titer were evaluated and compared by ELISA technique. Findings: SDS-PAGE results showed overexpressed levels of the proteins under study.Immunity assessment revealed that in the same condition of immunity the THc subunit produces a higher antibody titer in comparison with the LTB subunit. ِDiscussion & Conclusion: The first step in creating a strong and long-lasting immune-ological memory is the induction of high titer of antibody. Thus, the difference in antibody titer may be related to memory cells lifetime in the immunized mice.

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Introduction: In most cases, after two-dime-nsional gel electrophoresis procedure about hundreds proteins are separated from each other. Because these proteins are colorless, so they need to be stained and appeared. After staining, each protein appears as a spot on the gel. Materials & Methods: In this study, three staining methods including simple coom-assie blue, colloidal coomassie blue and blue silver were used to stain mouse brain proteins and separate them using two dime-nsional electrophoresis techniques. These staining methods were compared to identify the most appropriate and sensitive ones. Findings: Before staining, the gels were fixed in fixation solution. Three gels were appeared for the three staining methods. After gel staining (according to the related protocol), they were destained and scanned by scanner. Discussion & Conclusion: Results showed blue silver staining were the most appr-opriate method for staining mouse brain proteins in two-dimensional gels.

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Introduction: In the present study, the ability of P19 embryonic carcinoma cell differentiation to cardiomyocytes in different concentrations of DMSO was evaluated.
Materials & Methods: In order to providing differentiated P19 cells, embryonic-like objects (Embryoid Bodies, EBs) formed during 2 days through hanging drops method. Then EBs induced for 18 days under the different concentrations of DMSO (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%). The rate of cardiomyocytes beating was counted with three days interval in the various groups by inverse microscope. Immunocytochemistry was used to illustrate expression of F-actin protein.
 Findings: Many morphological changes occurred in cardiomyocytes derived from P19 especially in DMSO 0.5% group, so a remarkable increase in the size of the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic processes was observed. The results revealed that the maximum beating frequency per minute was observed in DMSO 0.5% group concentration in 2+12 days (2 days for making emberyonic bodies, and 12 days after differentiation induction). In addition, only cardiomyocytes induced differentiation by DMSO 0.5% concentration expressed F-actin which was not expressed in the other concentrations.
 Discussion & Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that, firstly, the most effective concentration in the process of cardiogenesis induction is 0.5%. Secondly, P19 carcinoma cells are desirable and susceptible to differentiate cardiomyocytes.

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Introduction: An imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defense system components can lead to oxidative stress. Antioxidants can reduce inflammation. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory factor, and the question is whether the Resvin, as an antioxidant, can reduce the level C-reactive protein in elite women volleyball players.

Materials & methods: In this semi-experimental study, with pre-test and post-test design, 20 elite female athletes were randomly assigned to two equal groups of supplement and control. Subjects in the intervention group received 400 mg of Resvin supplements daily for 14 days. Blood samples were taken for determination of CRP level, before and after the intervention. Resvin supplementation is carried out at the special practice stage. CRP was measured using a LATEX kit.

Findings: The results show that Resvin supplementation leads to significant reduction in inflammatory factor of C - reactive protein in elite women volleyball players (p<0/05). The variation of CRP (mg/l) shows 0/37 mg/l decrease and 0/09 increase in supplemented and placebo groups, respectively.

Discussion & Conclusions: Based on the current finding, it can be suggested that Resvin consumption might be reduced the production of CRP inflammatory factor after high intensity exercise and may help improve recovery.

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Introduction: Cardiovascular disease prevention in pediatrics is important. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationships and response of incremental exercise on inflammatory, immune and hormonal markers in pediatrics.

Materials & methods: Thirty healthy non-active pediatrics boys with the age range of 9-11 years old participated voluntarily in this study, and were randomly divided into control (C; n=11) and exercise group (E; n =11). Blood and salivary samples were collected in the two stages: prior to GXT (Graded exercise test) exercise test and immediately after graded exercise test. ELISA method was used for measurement of salivary immunoglobulin A, C-reaction protein, cortisol and fibrinogen serum levels. The research data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, Multiple Linear Regression, independent and paired t test.

Findings: CRP (p=0.043), fibrinogen (p=0.039) cortisol serum (p=0.001) and S-IgA (p=0.021), concentrations were significant increased immediately after the exercise in the exercise group. A significant relationship was observed between CRP and fibrinogen (r=0. 525, p=0. 048), CRP and S-IgA (r=0. 621, p=0. 022), CRP and cortisol serum (r=0. 712, p=0. 012), fibrinogen and S-IgA (r=0. 638, p=0. 028), cortisol and fibrinogen serum (r=0. 562, p=0. 038), also cortisol and S-IgA (r=0. 734, p=0. 003) in the exercise group.

Discussion & Conclusions: Incremental exercise not only significantly increases inflammatory immune-saliva and stress hormonal markers in non-active pediatrics, but also cardiovascular risk factors in this paediatrics. Rather reveals the close relationships between these indicators that can be effective in predicting cardiovascular risk factors in paediatrics.

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Introduction: Through increased inflammation and oxidative stress, obesity can result in metabolic disorders and other related diseases. Physical activity and consumption of dairy products can be effective in reducing damage. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight-week-aerobic exercise and milk consumption on levels of chemerin, resistin and C reactive protein in overweight children.

 Materials & methods: In one Quasi-experimental study 28 healthy obese prepubertal boys (8 to 12 years old) with overweight (95≤BMI≥85) were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: Exercise, milk, Exercise-milk and Control. Exercise program included 8 weeks (3 sessions per week) with 45 to 60% of maximum heart rate. Milk consumer groups received 236 ml of low-fat cow milk every day. Blood samples were collected before and after the 8 weeks with 14 hours fasting conditions. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). P<0.05 considered statistically significant. 

   

Findings: Chemerin, resistin and CRP levels in exercise, exercise-milk and milk groups compared with the control group had a significant decrease. Furthermore combined intervention were associated with significantly greater decreases in this biomarkers compared to other groups (p<0.05).

Discussion & Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the use of non-pharmacological methods such as aerobic training and milk consumption can improve inflammatory markers in overweight children.

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Introduction: Recently, investigation about the effects of magnetic fields on human cardiovascular parameters becomes a subject of a public concern and private debate. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of static magnetic fields (SMFs) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on cardiovascular parameters such as LDL physicochemical modifications.

Materials & methods: LDL was separated from a pooled serum of 20 male volunteers by sequential ultracentrifugation. Then effect of SMFs and EMFs on LDL modification such as LDL aggregation and surface charge of LDL was investigated.

Findings: The results demonstrated that the static magnetic flux densities of 0.25 and 0.5 mT decrease, and static magnetic flux densities of 3 and 4 mT increase the zeta potential in comparison to the control. Weak ELF-EMFs of 0.125-0.5 mT cause to decrease in LDL zeta potential in a time and dose dependent manner while in moderate ELF-EMFs of 1-4 mT  LDL zeta potential was started to increase after the initial decrease at the first hour of exposure. All doses of SMF and ELF-EMF used in this research increased the LDL aggregation in a time and dose dependent manner.

Discussion & conclusions: It is concluded that weak and moderate SMFs and ELF-EMFs can alternate the tendency of LDL to aggregation and this alteration is dependent on the applied magnetics flux density and time of exposure. Static and electromagnetic fields in addition to their role in producing and stability of free radicals and promoting lipid peroxidation can influence the metabolism of lipoproteins and their interaction with other molecules such as apo lipoproteins, enzymes and receptors through the alteration of the LDL zeta potential and its particles tendency to aggregation. With regard to the effects of ELF-EMFs and moderate SMFs on LDL aggregation as important modifications of LDL that involved in the promotion and progression of atherosclerosis, these magnetic fields can be considered as a risk factor in CVD and atherosclerosis.  

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Introduction: Migration and invasion features, which were associated with inflammatory response, play a vital role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Metalloproteinases (MMPs) as one of the most important catabolic bio-markers play a critical role in THP-1 invasion and migration induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-invasive and anti-migratory properties of Zizyphus jujuba seed essential oil by inhibiting metalloproteinase 1, 2, 3, and 9, which are expressed during the development of osteoarthritis.
 
Materials & Methods: The seeds of Z. jujuba were collected from Isfahan. The seeds were separated and the essence was extracted in the Center of Genetic Resources of Iran. The effect of Zizyphus jujuba seed essential oil on cell viability, migration, and invasion of THP-1 cells was analyzed using MTT assay and transwell chambers assay, respectively. The expression of MMP-1, 2, 3, and 9 genes was evaluated by Real-time PCR, protein expression with Western blotting and ELISA, and the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was investigated by gelatin-zymography.
 
Findings: Zizyphus jujuba seed essential oil (50 μg/ml) could remarkably suppress the migratory and invasive capacity of THP-1cells stimulated with LPS compared with the control group (P<0.05). Results showed that Zizyphus jujuba seed essential oil significantly suppressed LPS-stimulated THP-1 migration and invasion by inhibiting MMP-9 expression and activity (P<0.05).
 
Discussion & Conclusions: Zizyphus jujuba seed essential oil could inhibit THP-1 migration and invasion induced by LPS by suppressing MMP-9 expression, providing a theoretical foundation for the clinical treatment of osteoarthritis with Zizyphus jujuba seed essential oil.

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Introduction: Changes in plasma adipicin and inflammatory parameters in type 2 diabetes are due to obesity and directly related to the condition of diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of High intensity interval training (HIIT) on the ratio of adiponectin to leptin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in type 2 diabetic rats.

 
Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 42 Wistar rats with mean weight of 205±54 were randomly assigned to healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic training groups. The diabetic training group received ten weeks of HIIT training following the induction of diabetes. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were taken to assess leptin, adiponectin and insulin resistance. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at a significant level of 0.05%.
 
Findings: The induction of diabetes by streptozotocin-nicotinamide resulted in a significant decrease in adiponectin (P =0.000) and leptin (P=0.000) and a significant increase in C-reactive protein (P=0.000) in diabetic control group compared to healthy control group Became 10 weeks of HIIT training resulted in a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (P=0.109), C-reactive protein (P=0.024), and a significant increase in serum leptin levels (P=0.001), adiponectin (P=0.42) In the HIIT training group compared to the diabetic control group.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: It seems that HIIT training improves inflammation (C-reactive protein) in type 2 diabetic rats by altering serum levels of adiponectin and leptin. In the present study, 10 weeks of HIIT training led to an increase in the ratio of adiponectin to leptin and consequent reduction of C-reactive protein.

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Introduction: Vibrio cholera is a gram-negative bacterium that causes cholera which is an acute diarrheal illness. Cholera outbreak mostly happens in hot seasons when the bacteria reproduce rapidly in water contaminated with feces. Severe diarrhea and mortality have been the prevalent symptoms of cholera which affect the hygienic status and economic features of humans during centuries. There is a challenge currently to plan and propose a quick and reliable method to detect vibrio cholera which has been one of the fast growing and contagious disease in this decade.
 
Materials & Methods: New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with vibrio cholera Ogawa and Inaba whole cells. The obtained gamma globulin from the whole serum was purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation method and then concentrated in this study. Subsequently, the purity of these antigens increased with the use of mixed mode-chromatography in the next step. The purified antibodies were connected to staphylococcus aureus cowan 1 NCTC-8325 whole cells. Rectal swab samples were inoculated into an enriched Alkaline Peptone Water medium (pH 8.6) incubated for 5 h at 37 °C. One drop from each sample was mixed with one drop of vibrio cholera co-agglutination complex. Subsequently, the results were read in 2-3 min.
 
Findings: The obtained results showed 97%, 99%, and 98% of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy from the proposed assay, respectively, compared to the standard culture methods. This proposed assay is considered as a rapid and reliable method to evaluate endemic or epidemic transmission of fatal illnesses.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: The proposed co-agglutination test is a simple, rapid, and reliable method to detect Vibrio cholera in fecal specimens. This method can be utilized to detect and control severe diarrhea which results from vibrio leading to the prevention of mortality, especially in areas with minimal laboratory facilities.
 
 

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Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurodegenerative disease leading to the movement disorder and destruction of myelin. Physical exercise delays the onset of neurodegenerative processes by preventing the destruction of myelin and oligodendrocytes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity exercise preconditioning on gene expression associated with mylein synthesis and a nerve growth factor-induced gene (NGF) in hippocampus of an animal model of demyelination induced by cuprizone (CPZ).
 
Materials & Methods: In total, 40 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into 4 groups, namely control (C), cuprizone induced demyelination (CPZ), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and interval training plus CPZ (ITCPZ). The training program was performed on treadmills for 4 weeks, followed by MS induction with 0.2% cuprizone feeding. Meanwhile, the training program continued for 5 weeks with MS induction. The incidence of MS was confirmed by open field test. A real time-PCR was utilzied for the measurment of NGF gene expression, myline basci protein (MBP), and mylein proteolipid protein (PLP). The hippocampus was also stained with hematoxylin-eosin to measure the number of oligodendrocytes.
 
Findings: The results showed that the CPZ group had poorer motor activity, lower expression of NGF, lower levels of MBP, and PLP, and fewer oligodendrocytes in hippocampus than those in control group (P<0.05). In addition, the mRNA levels of NGF, MBP, and PLP as well as the number of oligodendrocyte cells increased in ITCPZ group, compared to the CPZ group (P<0.05). Moreover, cuprizone prevented the abnormal motor activity.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: According to the results, high-intensity exercise preconditioning could enhance the remyelination process in hippocampus. Moreover, it improved neuroprotective effect against MS by increasing the expression of NGF gene in hippocampus.