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Background and Objectives Chromium is a common contaminant in ground and surface water, soil and waste water. Chromium is of considerable because of toxicity and environmental and human health. The aim of this research were to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and determining its efficiency in chromium removal from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized and the effects of pH and contact time on cadmium removal efficiency were investigated in batch system. Then kinetics and isotherm models coefficients were determined based on optimum conditions. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD were used to characterization of the synthesized magnetite nanoparticles. Results: SEM results showed that the diameter of the particles is 40-50 nm. Results showed that the optimum pH value for chromium adsorption was 2 and the equilibrium time was 60 min. The magnetite nanoparticles have advantages such as high removal efficiency and short reaction time and can be used as a method to remove cadmium from aqueous solutions. The adsorption kinetics fitted using the type1- pseudo second-order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherm could be described by the langmuer. The langmuer maximum adsorption capacity of magnetite nanoparticles for Cr(VI) was found to be 24 mgg-1. Conclusion: These results indicated that magnetite nanoparticles can be employed as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of chromium from contaminated water sources. The results also revealed that the magnetite nanoparticles supported have a better adsorption capacity, better magnetic properties and separation, and therefore, lower cost.

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Abstract Introduction:Bacteria is the most of nosocomial infection creating agent that has created many problems for human health by resistant to conventional antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles have high antimicrobial properties which can be used in various fields of medicine and public health control. The purpose of this study was to produce silver nanoparticles with single-stage Biological method through applications of oak fruit extract and investigate its anti-bacterial activity. Materials & Methods: the extract of oak fruit was prepared and added to the silver nitrate solution. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles in solution was investigated through checking color change and the degree of absorption in different wavelengths by spectrophotometer. The Anti-microbial Activities of the Silver nanoparticles in solution against Escherichia coli PTCC 1330، Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1112، Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1074 و Bacillus subtilis PTCC 1715 bacteria was investigated by inhibition zone method. Findings: The color changing was observed from transparent to deep brown in the solutions . the degree of absorption was increased and in 420 nm maximum absorption was observed. The antibacterial activity against all bacteria was investigated and approved. Discussion & Conclusions: the Silver nanoparticles was synthesised in a single-stage and little time and showed suitable antibacterial activity.

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Introduction: Peptide Brevinin-2R has been isolated from frog Ranaridibunda skin secretions. This peptide has anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties. Cerium oxide (CeO₂, ceria) is a lanthanide metal oxide which has the ability to participate in the reduction and oxidation reactions. In this study, antioxidant properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles conjugated with the peptide Brevinin 2R were measured.

Materials & methods: Cerium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized in starch solution. Then, the surface of cerium oxide nanoparticles was functionalized with amine and conjugated with peptide Brevinin-2R. Furthermore, antioxidant activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles conjugated with peptide was evaluated by scavenging of DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. Also, inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation was investigated.

Findings: The results showed that cerium oxide nanoparticles conjugated with peptide inhibits oxidation of linoleic acid and also served as radical scavenging of DPPH (IC₅₀=0.2 mg/ml), ABTS (IC₅₀=0.54 mg/ml), superoxide (IC₅₀=0.078 mg/ml) and hydroxyl (IC₅₀=0.1 mg/ml).

Discussion & Conclusions: The results showed that cerium oxide nanoparticles conjugated with Brevinin-2R peptide isolated from frog skin had a strong antioxidant activity. Its antioxidant activity is probably because of presence of amino acids such as cysteine, phenylalanine, and hydrophobic amino acids including leucine and alanine. The antioxidant properties of peptide conjugated nanoparticle could be due to the presence of cerium oxide.

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Introduction: Magnetic nanoparticles are as nanoscale materials causing a great revolution in the diagnosis and treatment methods in medical science. Suitable half-life of the In-111 radioisotope makes use for in vivo studies. In this study, in order to obtain optimal absorption and stability the first synthesis of the silicate magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂) and stabilization of the In-111 radioisotope were investigated. Then, the permeability was examined in SKBR3 breast cancer cell line for using the diagnosis of diseases.

Materials & methods: The magnetite core was prepared by precipitation method. Then it was used as the core for the synthesis of magnetic silicate nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were synthesized according to sol-gel method in the reverse micro emulsion using tetraetoxy silane (TEOS) and 3-amino propyl tree-ataxia silane (APTS) as the monomers and precursors. Then the In-111 radioisotope adsorbed on the surface of the magnetite silicate nanoparticles and formed the radio-conjugated. Finally, the entry of the radio-conjugated nanoparticles on SKBR-3, breast cancer cell line, is studied through the cell culture.

Findings: TEM results were shown the average size of the nanoparticles about 40 NM. The size is suitable for biological applications. The radio-analysis revealed more than 92 percent of the primary In-111stablized on the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles cell culture results are revealed the highest entrance efficiency about 26-27%- during the first hour from beginning the cultivation. The stability tests results revealed the stabilized radio-conjugated are stable during of washing and scattering and then considered as stable conjugation.

Discussion & Conclusions: Due to the unique properties of In-111the mentioned nanoparticles, which are prepared using nano biotechnological methods would be able to apply for diagnosis purposes.

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Introduction: The use of antimicrobial compounds in plants and nanoparticles for control and treatment of disease agents have been extensively studied. The present study aimed to biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf aqueous extract of Sambucus ebulus L. and study of their antimicrobial activity.

Materials & methods: To biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, fresh extract was prepared and added to silver nitrate solution with concentration 1 mM. Effective parameters on synthesis of silver nanoparticles such as; pH, the volume of extract, silver ion concentration, temperature and reaction time were optimized and studied to obtain individual shape and size of nanoparticles. Antimicrobial activities of extract and silver nanoparticles were studied with the Disc diffusion and MIC methods against four bacterias such as; Staphylococcus aureus (PTTC 1112), Bacillus cereus (PTTC 1154), Escherichia coli (PTTC 1399), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PTTC 1707) and two Fungus such as; Aspergillus niger (PTTC 5012) and Candida albicans (PTTC 5027).

Findings:  After adding the extract to the silver nitrate solution, the color changed to brown that represents to successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles showed maximum absorbance at 405 nm and they were spherical shape and the average size of them had been between 8-12 nm. These nanoparticles showed significant antimicrobial activity on samples, so that they were prevented the growth of bacterias and fungus in very low concentration.

Discussion & conclusions: Because of existing the antioxidant properties and many secondary compounds in plant, they have a role in reducing and stabilizing the nanoparticles. In this study, the silver nanoparticles synthesized by leaf aqueous extracts of S. ebulus. The silver nanoparticles showed high antimicrobial activity.

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Introduction: Nanoparticles with the different sizes, surfaces and chemical characteristics can have different applications. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterium that has the ability to produce pigment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on pigment production of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Materials & methods: In this description cross-sectional study, 15 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from hospitals in Mashhad. Bacteria were identified using biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by specific primers of exoA gene. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (diameter of 4-7 nm) were determined by agar dilution method. Glycerol- alanine (GA) medium containing different concentrations (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/ml) of nanoparticles were used for investigation of the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on pigment production. The pigment was extracted by adding chloroform. 

Findings: All clinical isolates were identified by biochemical experiments as P. aeruginosa and exoA gene was detected in all bacteria. The average MIC and MBC of ZnO nanoparticles were 60 mg/ml and 70 mg/ml, respectively. All isolates were examined and compared for pyocyanin pigment production. The pigment production was significantly reduced with increasing concentrations the ZnO nanoparticles (p < 0.05).

Discussion & Conclusion: Zinc oxide nanoparticles had inhibitory effect on bacteria and pigment production. Pigment production decreased with increasing concentrations of nanoparticles. ZnO nanoparticles could be used in prevention or helping to treat P. aeruginosa infections.

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Introduction: Nanotechnology and nanoparticles have significantly been considered for their potential in various fields including medicine and treatment. Silver nanoparticles are the most important nanoparticles that play an important role in treatment of cancer. Previous studies showed that silver nanoparticles have several properties such as antioxidants, anti-cancer and antibacterial. Therefore, in this study, the antioxidant properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Rubina tinctorum L (Ru-AgNPs) were investigated, using standard protocols. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity effects of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated on cancer cells (HepG2) compared to normal ones (HDF).

Materials & Methods: In this study, the antioxidant effect of Ru-AgNPs was evaluated using ABTS and DPPH free radicals scavenging assay.  The MTT procedure was used to evaluate the cytotoxic properties of the nanoparticle against two cell lines examined 24 hours after exposure.

Findings: The results showed that Ru-AgNPs was able to inhibit ABTS and DPPH free radicals depending on the concentration. The MTT results demonstrated that this nanoparticle can inhibit liver cancer cells in very low concentrations (IC₅₀: 6µg/ml), but does not have an inhibitory effect in similar concentration on normal cells (IC₅₀: 100µg/ml).

Conclusion & Discussion: Our results show that Ru-AgNPs has an antioxidant effect and is able to inhibit the HepG2 cells in a low concentration too, but it does not have any toxic effects in a similar concentration on HDF cells, which makes this nanoparticle a suitable candidate for use in inhibiting cancerous cells.

 

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Introduction: The resistance of opportunistic fungal strains has been on a growing trend in the recent years. The toxicity of antimicrobial drugs, development of fungal resistance, and incidence of drug interactions account for the consideration of new drug combinations against fungi. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to perform an in vitro investigation on the effect of paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and magnetic water on Fusarium oxysporum.
 
Materials and Methods: The synthesis of paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch, Falavarjan, Iran, using the co-precipitation method. The antifungal effects of paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and the impact of magnetic water with an intensity of 0.1 Tesla on Fusarium oxysporum were investigated using pur plate technique. Accordingly, the percentage of Fusarium oxysporum growth inhibition was determined.
 
Findings: The results of X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy showed that iron oxide nanoparticles had a diameter of 20-25 nm with a cubic shape. Based on the results of pur plate technique, 0.1 Tesla magnetic water reduced the diameter of Fusarium oxysporum colonies by more than 49.64% on all days. In addition, the iron oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 500 ppm inhibited the diameter of the fungal colony by more than 30% on all days. Furthermore, the combination of iron oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 500 ppm with 0.1 Tesla magnetic water inhibited the growth of fungal colonies by more than 50%. Therefore, the combined method exerted the greatest synergistic impact on reducing the diameter of the fungal colony. Similar to ketoconazole (concentration of 0.003 mg/ml), on the first day, iron oxide nanoparticles with a concentration of 500 ppm inhibited fungal growth.
However, on the twelfth day, 0.1 Tesla magnetic water had a better performance, compared to ketoconazole as a conventional antifungal drug.

Conclusion: As the findings indicated, paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with a diameter of 20-25 nm alone and in combination with 0.1 Tesla magnetic water had magnetic antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum.

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Introduction: Nowadays, antibiotic resistance is a major problem for the Iranian society. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on gram-negative bacteria causing urinary infections resistant to multiple antibiotics.
 
Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on gram-negative bacilli from multitude of speciesstrains, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Citrobacter freundii. A total of 140 samples (i.e., 20 samples from each) were selected through a variety of biochemical tests to isolate and identify the bacteria. The samples were all the primarily cause of urinary tract infections and resistant to multiple antibiotics. The sensitivity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles with the size of 10 nm were assessed through in vitro methods, such as disk diffusion, agar-well diffusion, and broth microdilution.
 
Finding: The results of agar-well diffusion and agar disk diffusion methods on silver nanoparticles with the concentration of 1000 ppm indicated that the largest and lowest values for the diameter of growth were in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia, respectively. Moreover, macro dilution analysis of silver nanoparticles revealed that the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were at their lowest levels in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, similar in size and shape to silver nanoparticles, had no effect on bacteria.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: Regarding two metal types of nanoparticles, the obtained results of in vitro revealed that silver nanoparticles could significantly affect the investigated types of bacteria, whereas, titanium dioxide nanoparticles had no effect on them.

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Introduction: There are many reports on the application of medicinal plants in traditional medicine, as well as numerous applications of metallic nanoparticles in different biomedical fields. Plant extract mediated green synthesis of nanoparticles and investigations on their therapeutic effects are new concepts. The medicinal plant of Cuminum cyminum L. includes a wide range of secondary metabolites with a high reducing power, which can be used for green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The main aims of this study were phytochemical analysis of seed aqueous extract of Cuminum cyminum, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using this extract, the achievement of optimization condition for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, and assessment of biological activaties of both the extract and the synthesized nanoparticles.
 
Materials & Methods: Total phenol and flavonoid, reducing sugar, starch, and ascorbic acid contents were measured by Folin-Ciocalteo, aluminum chloride, dinitrosalicylic acid, anthrone, and dinitrophenyl hydrazine reagents, respectively. The Ag⁺ ions reduction and characterization of silver nanoparticles were assessed by UV-Visible spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Antioxidant activity of the samples was screened by DPPH free radical scavenging. Antibacterial activity of the samples was also evaluated against four gram-positive and -negative bacteria namely, Bacillus cereus (PTCC 1247), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) by disc diffusion method. In addition, antifungal activity was assessed against Fusarium oxysporum.
 
Findings: The indings indicated that the seed extract contained the high amounts of total phenolic and flavonoidic compositions, as well as sugar, starch, and ascorbic acid. Different analyses showed that the mean size of the synthesized nanoparticles was 5-45 nm in the optimal condition. The samples had proper antioxidant potential (IC₅₀=1.35-1.67 mg/ml) and the extract in combination with silver nanoparticles represented synergistic effect in DPPH free radical scavenging (IC₅₀=1.35 mg/ml). In addition, the investiogated samples had a good antibacterial activity against some of tested bacteria and also antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: It seems that the secondary metabolites of Cuminum cyminum have good potential for the reduction and stabilization of the synthesized Ag nanoparticles. Both the seed extract and synthesized nanoparticles using this extract have considerable biological activities and may be used in antioxidant nutrient production or medicinal supplements in future.
 

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Introduction: There has been growing interest in using environmentally friendly methods of synthesizing nanoparticles without using substances risky to the environment and human health. The aims of this study were biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using different tree gum extracts and evaluation of the toxicity of nanoparticles and their salts against two bacteria: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
 
Materials & Methods: In this study, silver nanoparticles (SNPs) synthesized from manna of Quercus, Cerasus avium, and Prunus armeniaca gum extracts were investigated for their antibacterial activity. Silver nanoparticles were prepared from the reduction of silver nitrate. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were formed by reduction of CuCl₂ with L-ascorbic acid. Prepared nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and TEM techniques. Antibacterial activities of the nanoparticles were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Findings: In the present study, biosynthesis and characterization of SNPs using Cerasus avium and Prunus armeniaca gum extracts is reported for the first time. The spectrum of the reaction mixture showed a strong absorption peak at 420 nm. TEM image showed that Ag-NPs (SNPs) formed were well dispersed with a spherical structure and 10 to 30 nm particle size range. Bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus) showed clear hypersensitivity to silver and copper nanoparticles, and the effects of SNPs were more notable than those of CuNPs. Data analysis showed that CuCl₂ and AgNO₃ nanoparticles had a lower inhibitory effect.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: Our results showed these microorganisms had sensitivity against the tested nanoparticles; however, E. coli showed higher sensitivity than S. aureus to both nanoparticles.
 
 

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Introduction: The use of nanoparticles to inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancer cells is one of the achievements of the nanotechnology science. Studies have shown that silver nanoparticles have cytotoxic effects on the growth of cancerous cells. On the other hand, the antioxidant properties of this nanoparticle have been proven in many studies. Therefore, in this investigation, antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Root of Persicaria bistorta L (Bi/Ag-NPs) on liver cancer cells (HepG2) compared with normal skin cells (HDF) were studied. In addition, ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of Bi/Ag-NPs was evaluated using colorimetric tests.
 
Materials & Methods: In order to evaluate the cytotoxicity effects, first the cancerous and normal cells were cultured and treated with various concentrations of Bi/Ag-NPs and finally, the cell survival rate was estimated using the MTT assay. The antioxidant activity of Bi/Ag-NPs was evaluated according to the amount of ABTS and DPPH free radicals inhibition.
 
Findings:  The results showed that Bi/Ag-NPs inhibited cancer cells with an IC₅₀ value of about 3 μg/ml, while at this concentration they were ineffective on normal cells (IC₅₀: 50 μg/ml). The scavenging of ABTS (IC₅₀: 15 μg / ml) and DPPH (IC₅₀: 20 μg/ml) free radicals confirmed the antioxidant properties of Bi/Ag-NPs.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: The cytotoxic and antioxidant results show that Bi/Ag-NPs can be used as auxiliary agents for treating many diseases that are caused by oxidative stress and other biomedical applications.    

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Introduction: Antibiotic-carrying nanoparticles have cytotoxic effects on drug-resistant bacteria. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chitosan nanoparticles carrying amoxicillin and clavulanic acid on the viability of staphylococcus aureus strains. 
 
Materials & Methods: In this study, chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method and were loaded by amoxicillin and clavulanic acid leading to the production of nanoparticles with dimension less than 100 nm. To evaluate the effect of different nanoparticle concentration on the bacteria, chitosan and amoxicillin concentrations of 0.25-8 and 1-128 µg/ml were prepared, respectively, using the microdilution method. Subsequently, 100 nm of different chitosan nanoparticle concentration with antibiotic was transferred to each well and 1 μl of bacterial suspension was added to the wells.  Turbidity in the wells was observed without armed eye and the light absorbance was read in the wavelength range of 630 nm by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
 
Findings: The results showed that minimum inhibitory concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles carrying amoxicillin and clavulanic were 0.9 and 3.6 µg/ml in susceptible and resistant specimens, respectively.  Moreover, their minimum destructive concentrations were obtained at 1.8 and 7.2 µg/ml, respectively.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: According to the results, the obtained combination showed more antibacterial effectiveness, compared to chitosan and amoxicillin alone. This reveals the synergistic effect of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and chitosan.
 

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Introduction: Traditional medicines cannot adequately reach the target tissues, due to their large size; therefore, the attention of researchers has been drawn to the use of nanomedicines. In fact, the use of biological active compounds loaded on the surface of nanoparticles can be effective the in the promotion of their antimicrobial activity. In the earlier studies, it was demonstrated that biologically synthesized Phycocyanin Zinc Oxide nanoparticles were able to prevent the biofilm formation and growth deriving from some native clinical medicine-resistant isolates.
 
Materials & Methods: In the current research the effect of these nanoparticles on the growth and biofilm formation of three standard strains of pathogenic bacteria has been carefully studied. The bacterial growth kinetic, exopolysaccharides and biofilm formation in the presence of nanoparticles were examined under the microscope.
 Findings: Treatment of tested strains at 2750 μg/ml concentration of nanoparticles prevented the growth of all strains and bacterial growth decreased over time by the increase in the concentration of nanoparticles. Furthermore, microscopic analyses showed that the formation of biofilms in the presence of nanoparticles significantly reduced, compared to the control samples.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: The results showed that the biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles not only have the ability to inhibit the development of biofilms of tested strains but also they can reduce the pathogenicity of these strains by influencing their growth.
 

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Introduction: The combined therapy of cancer is more effective than using a single medication for the treatment of cancer. This study aimed at investigating the anticancer effects of cisplatin and cisplatin in combination with Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles on the PC-3 prostate cancer cells.
 
Materials & Methods: The PC-3 cells were cultured in a RPMI1640 medium. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay during 24, 48, and 72 h, and IC₅₀ was determined. The RNA was extracted, and then the cDNA was synthesized. The expression level of BCL2L12 gene was compared to that of the TBP reference gene using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction method.
 
Findings: Cisplatin and cisplatin with TiO₂ nanoparticles exerted a dose and time dependent inhibitory effect on the viability of PC-3 cells. The expressions of the BCL2L12 gene in cisplatin-treated PC-3 cells at 24, 48, and 72 h were 3.58, 0.08, and 0.17, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding values in cisplatin-treated cells with TiO₂ nanoparticles (10μg/ml) were 0.09, 0.05, and 0.02 at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, and in cisplatin-treated cells with TiO₂ nanoparticles (25μg/ml) were 0.54, 0.04, and 0.07 at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively (P<0.05).
 
Discussion & Conclusions: This study revealed that simultaneous treatment with cisplatin and TiO₂ nanoparticles (10μg/ml) at low concentration (6.2 and 12.5) can cause more cell death than cisplatin treatment alone. This may be due to the facilitation of cisplatin entry into the cell in the presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles.
 

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Introduction: Today, with the advancements in technology and the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)in various products, serious concerns have been raised about the use of this substance. This study aimed to determine the effect of Alpha Lipoic Acid(ALA) as a potent antioxidant against the toxicity of AgNPs on kidney tissue of NMRI mice.
 
Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 24 adult male NMRI mice with a mean weight of 36±2 g were randomly allocated into four groups of control, AgNPs (500 mg/kg/day), ALA (100 mg/kg/day), and AgNPs+ALA. Subsequently, they were treated orally for 35 days and sacrificed. The left kidney was taken out, fixed, sectioned, processed, and stained using the hematoxylin-eosin method. Following that, the biochemical and stereological parameters of the kidney, such as the volume calculation of its various components were measured in this study. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16). Ethics code: P/2/97s3113
 
 
Findings: In this study, there was a significant increase in the mean volume of the renal corpuscle (P<0.005), glomerulus (P<0.001), Taft (P<0.001), and Bowman capsule membrane (P<0.001); however, a significant decrease was observed in the mean total volume of Bowman capsule space (P<0.001) and proximal tubule lumen volume (P<0.05) in the AgNPs group, compared to the control group. The level of urea and malondialdehyde (P<0.001) was increased in the AgNPs group, compared to the control group.  In addition, total antioxidant capacity (P<0.001) showed a significant decrease.
 
Discussions & Conclusions: The ALA has a protective role in ameliorating kidney damage caused by silver nanoparticles.

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Introduction: Recently, much attention has been paid to the biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) due to their eco-friendly, cost-effective, and easily applied nature. This study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs using Eriobotrya Japonica seed aqueous extract. Moreover, it was attempted to evaluate their antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
 
Materials & Methods: Initially, the Eriobotrya Japonica seed aqueous extract was prepared, and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured in this study. After the preparation of ZnO NPs by the extract, the antioxidant activity of ZnO NPs was evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method. In addition, the antibacterial activities of the extract and NPs were determined using a disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli gram-negative bacteria. Ethics code:  Ir.ausmt.rec.1398.11.33
 
 
Findings: The results showed that aqueous extract had a specific amount of phenolic and flavonoids (9.86 mg/g and 27 mg/g dry weight of extract, respectively). Moreover, the synthesized ZnO NPs were <30 nm in diameter with a good absorption rate at 349 nm. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the extract and NPs indicated an increase in the antioxidant activity following an increase in the concentration. Furthermore, the anti-bactericidal activity results demonstrated an appropriate antibacterial activity against S. aureus, whereas the aqueous extract had no antibacterial activities.
 
Discussions & Conclusions: The findings revealed that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs had appropriate antioxidant and bactericidal activities. This suggests that the NPs can be used in various sectors, such as cosmetic products and food packaging, as a potential alternative to synthetic antibiotics.
 

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Introduction: Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a member of the Lamiaceae family used in nutrition, health, and industrial products. Flaxseed accumulates many biologically active compounds, including linolenic acid, linoleic acid, lignans, cyclic peptides, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and cyanogenic glycosides. Recent research suggests that flaxseed lowers cholesterol, stabilizes blood sugar, prevents osteoporosis, helps with weight loss, strengthens the immune system, and prevents cancer. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant, and phenolic content of extracts of various flaxseed solvents and the biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using these extracts.
 
Materials & Methods: In order to evaluate the antioxidant power and phenolic content of flaxseeds, flaxseeds extract was extracted using three different solvents, namely ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and normal hexane by the soxhlet method. Phytochemical tests were used to identify chemical compounds. Following that, for the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles, HAuCl₄, 3H₂O, and AgNO₃ salts, as well as dichloromethane extract were used in descending order. Moreover, the characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was performed by various techniques, including UltraViolet-Vis spectrophotometry. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle size analysis techniques were used to examine the size and distribution extent of nanoparticles.
Ethics code: EE/1400.3.02.4678 /scu.ac.ir
 
Findings: After extracting different extracts of flaxseed, various phytochemical tests and different reagents were used to qualitatively identify the secondary metabolites in the extract. The results showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids, as well as a lack of tannins and saponins. The highest and lowest phenolic compounds were related to the extract of dichloromethane and n-hexane of flaxseeds, respectively. The highest antioxidant properties for the extract were obtained from flaxseeds using dichloromethane solvent. After the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles, the colloidal solutions of the prepared nanoparticles became purple and yellow, respectively. The absorption spectra of the gold and silver nanoparticles showed maximum wavelengths of 525 and 420 nm, respectively, which indicated the characteristic wavelengths for these nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy studies showed that the synthesized gold and silver nanoparticles had a spherical shape with uniform distribution and mean diameters of 40 and 90 nm, respectively.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: The results revealed that the use of different solvents was effective for the extraction of total phenolic content. There was also a direct relationship between the amount of total phenol and the results of measuring the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Moreover, gold and silver nanoparticles were easily prepared using flaxseeds extract.

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Introduction: The use of plants is one of the most effective methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles based on green chemistry. The magnetic properties of nanoparticles let the attached drugs conduct by a magnetic field in the body. This study aimed to use the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized via green chemistry as a carrier for the chloramphenicol drug delivery system.
 
Materials & Methods: Extraction of Echinops Persicus was performed at 60°C by water solvent. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using plant extract as a reducing agent. The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer (PSA), and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The antibacterial activity of coated nanoparticles was also investigated in this study.
 
Findings: The results of the XRD showed the cubic shape of iron oxide nanoparticles. The mean size of the nanoparticles was determined to be in the range of 16-56 nm. The coating of chloramphenicol on iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, FT-IR confirmed the functionalization of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with chloramphenicol. The magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with chloramphenicol showed good antibacterial activity against infectious Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The highest antimicrobial activity and the diameter of the growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus (11.25±0.35) and Escherichia coli (9.5±0.17) were determined at a concentration of 100 μg/ml.
 
Discussions & Conclusions: According to the results of this study, the coating of Iron oxide nanoparticles with chloramphenicol antibiotics increased the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles and confirmed the appropriateness of the loading method of chloramphenicol antibiotics.