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Abstract Introduction: Maintaining a sound and healthy environment along with accomplishing a sustainable development have always been considered by higher policy markers in any country . Therefore based on such a goal , this investigation was theorized and fulfilled to recognize the best possible procedures on how to have a sounder urban environment . Materials & Methods : In this descriptive – analytic investigation , necessary data and statistical figures were collected and analyzed in accordance with the current indicators of environmental standards . The data questionnaire covered 10 indicators items as follows city – construction and housing , energy consumption style , public green space, transportation and traffic and load , keeping and collecting sheep , air pollution , drinking water , waste water disposal , solid waste disposal , public knowledge about the environment , and current activities to develop green areas. Findings : It was deduced that 81% of Ilam buildings had been constructed with irresistant mass .90% of all the construction projects did not respond to the standards . About 28.8% of all the studied families ere keeping sheep in their residence . The average annual density of particles floating in Ilam air has been reported as 97.27 micro gram in meter which is almost 1.6 times more than clean – air standards . Microbial contamination of water is a bit more than its standards limit while water wasting in the distribution network is about 40% - Approximately , 1.4 of the sewage is transferred 180-220 tons daily in Ilam 70% of which is made up of decaying materials . Conclusion : The findings show that most the investigated indicators prove far from the national and international standards . Thus , providing green belts considering the 12-15 sq- meter standards of green space for the country encouraging an economical culture of energy consumption , improving public transportation , educating citizens through mass media in the adverse consequences of sheep – keepings in urban parts , improving water deposits and healthy usage of them , accelerating the sewage network , keeping citizens informed of hazards caused by infected rubbish and establishing green government topics among schools were of significant point to influence the achievement of such great social goal .

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Introduction: The iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common anemias in children with poor diets. Appetite in infants with abnormal growth is more affected by iron deficieny anemia, aggrevating the anemia in such situations. Anemia can cause depletion of iron deposits and, as a result, the level of iron in serum will decrease. MCV, hemoglubin and the level of ferritin will also decrease. Materrials & Methods: This prospective analytical study was carried out on 195 children (86 males & 94 females) using Gomes method for analysis of weight, height and growth abrormealities. Data were collected using questionaires, physical examinations by physicians, laboratory tests for MCV, iron, Hb and level of ferritin in serum. Findings: 145(80.6%) out of all the 195 cases showed low levels of wasting, while 27 ones(15%) had moderate, and only 4.4% people were diagnosed with servere wasting. According to Hb level, 97 (67%) out of 145 were among patients with mild wasting, 20 (73%) out of 27 among children with moderate wasting, and 3 (75%) out of 4 amongst those with servere wasting showed iron deficiency anemia. Concerning ferritin level in serum, 123 (84.8%) out of 145 individuals with midwasting, 26 out of 27(96.3%) among those with moderate wasting, and finally 3(75%) out of 4 of those with servere wasting demonstrated a decrease, (P=71). The iron deficieny anemia using MCV index was detected in 40% of mild wasting infants and 48% of moderate wasting children and finally in 75% of those with servere wasting. Discussion & Conclusion: As the correlation between MCV levels and the anemia was statistically significant, this index is a better means for anemia assessment than other indexs such as fextin and Hb levels.

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Abstract Introduction: Information Communication Technology (ICT) has been influential in all aspects of human life as in medical education. This study has been conducted with the aim of investigation of students’ skills and knowledge regarding working in e-learning environments, their belief in the effectiveness of these environments in learning, and their application of these environments. Materials & methods: Participants of this study were all medical sciences students in west universities in Iran that 370 students of them were selected as sample of the study. Instrument of the study was a questionnaire, developed by the researcher, which its reliability was turned out as acceptable by adopting Cronbach Alpha coefficient. Findings: The results of this study indicate that 69.5 percent of respondents at a medium level believe in the effectiveness of e-learning environments, knowledge and skill of 48.9 of respondents regarding working in these environments was low, 43 percent of respondents used such environments at a low level. Male respondents had more knowledge, skill and application of e-learning environments than female ones. Discussion & Conclusion: Inspired by the findings, it is recommended to investigate obstacles and elements confronting students in application of e-learning environments in medical universities from students’ viewpoints.

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Introduction: Studies show that prenatal stress causes an increase in the volumes of the adrenal gland in young prenatally stressed rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of environmental condition during adolescence on reversibility of prenatal stress-induced alterations at adrenal function and structure. Materials & methods: 2-month-old Wistar male prenatally restraint stressed rats were maintained in either an enriched-environment or standard living cages throughout the third month of life. At the end of housing period, blood corticosterone levels were measured before, after the acute stress. Also, the volume of adrenal gland was estimated using sterological techniques. Findings: Statistical analysis of data showed that corticosterone levels after the acute stress were not significantly different among control and prenatally stressed rats exposed to enrichment environment. However, these levels were significantly higher in prenatally stressed rats exposed to standard environment in comparison to other groups. The total volume and the volume of zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex in prenatally stressed adult rats significantly decreased following enrichment of environment while it had no effect on these parameters among other animal groups. Discussion & conclusion: This experimental study showed that the enrichment of living environment could normalize the response of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis to acute stress together with decreasing the volume of cortex of adrenal gland in adult male rats whose mothers exposed to restraint stress during the last week of gestation. Keywords: Enrichment of environment, prenatal stress, stereology, Adrenal gland

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Abstract Introduction: Cadmium is dangerous due to the properties such as persistence and accumulation in the environment. The aim of study was the survey of cadmium ions removal in various conditions by nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles and manganese compounds. Material & Methods: Absorbents were prepared according to used methods in literatures. After batch study of cadmium adsorption in synthetic solution by nZVI particles and manganese compounds (under various conditions of pH, concentration, and contact time), removal efficiency of cadmium from industrial wastewater sample was studied. Findings: The average size of the nanoparticles was 78 nm (by Dynamic Light Scattering analysis). Maximum Cadmium ion adsorption capacity from synthetic solution by nZVI particles in optimal conditions (pH = 7, the initial cadmium ions concentration= 20 mg/L, and contact time =60 min) was 58.1 mg/g, with hydrated manganese dioxide and the its composition with ferric hydroxide in optimal conditions (pH = 9, the initial cadmium ions concentration= 1 mg/L and contact time = 10 min) was 13.5 and 12.8 mg/g, respectively. Maximum efficiency of cadmium removal in the industrial wastewater by nZVI particles, hydrated manganese dioxide and its combine with ferric hydroxide were 91 %, 28 % and 27.8 % respectively. Discussion & Conclusion: Results showed that nZVI particle is more effective than manganese compounds in cadmium removal from synthetic solution and industrial wastewater with provide optimal conditions. Therefore it is more effective for removal of cadmium in contaminated aqueous environments.

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Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a serious issue of health care and is one of the most important nutritional problems in the world. This study was aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of female students in Ilam city considering IDA in 2013.

Material & methods: In this descriptive (cross- sectional) study, 291 high school girl students participated selected by cluster random sampling from 25 schools in the city of Ilam,. The Data were collected by valid and reliable questionnaire and were analyzed by SPSS16 software.

Findings: The results show that 18.2% of the students had good knowledge, 49.5% good attitude and 13.7% had a good behavior. Chi-square test shows a significant relationship between student practice about IDA and their field of Study (p<0.05). But the relationship between the knowledge, attitude and practice of students about IDA and other demographic variables was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

Discussion & Conclusion: According to the result of this study and the importance of IDA and its consequential effect on learning and educational failure, performing the educational program about IDA for this group of students seems necessary.

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Introduction: The synthesis of hepcidin is greatly stimulated by inflammation or iron overload. Hepcidin is an antimicrobial peptide which is known to be as an inflammatory marker for many diseases. This study attempts to determine hepcidin levels in patients with pneumonia and introduce it as a perfect diagnostic marker for pneumonia.

Materials & methods: In this study, 30 patients with pneumonia and 20 healthy controls participated. Plasma hepcidin, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and ferritin values were measured by Elisa method and plasma iron levels were also assayed by using a spectrophotometry method. Data were compared by using «t-test, ROC curve and Correlation test».

Findings: Plasma levels of hepcidin, IL-6 and ferritin in the patient group showed a significant increase compared to the control group (p<0.0001). A significant positive correlation was detected between hepcidin by IL-6 (p< 0.0001, r: 0.807) and ferritin concentrations (p< 0.0001, r: 0.718) in patient group, but there was a significant negative correlation between plasma hepcidin concentration and iron (p< 0.0001, r: - 0.679). Area under ROC curve (AUC), diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of hepcidin for detection of pneumonia were 1, 90 – 96.7 % and 100%, respectively. Hepcidin values were increased in individuals by pulmonary infiltration and fever.

Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results, plasma hepcidin has good sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of pneumonia and it can be used as a perfect diagnostic biomarker for this disease.

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Introduction: DMFT (Decay-missing-filled teeth index) and dmft (the equivalent of DMFT index for deciduous teeth) indexes are dental epidemiological indicators showing the status of oral health in the population. This study evaluated the DMFT index of 6, 9 and 12-year-old students in Hashtrood city in 2013.
 
Materials &  methods: The present descriptive-analytical study using interview, examination and recording of information, in the study population included students aged 6, 9 and 12 -year-old conducted in Hashtrood city. Gender, parents’ income, toothbrushing frequency and carbohydrates intake frequency were recorded. Data analysis was done using SPSS 18.
 
Findings: The average DMFT index of 6 years old children was 0.13 ± 0.78, for 9 years old children was 2.86±1.39 and for 12 years old children was 4±2.17. The average dmft index of 6 years old children was 4±2.57, for 9 years old children was 3.83±2.36 and for 12 years children was 0.483±1.26. The analysis of Kruskai Wallisfound, significant differences between the amount of dmft and DMFT indexes of students based on brushing frequency and carbohydrate consumption (p <0.05). However, no significant association was found between gender and amount of family income
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Discussion & conclusions: DMFT and dmft indexes of students of Hashtrood city according to WHO goals were not in good condition.
 

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Introduction: The resistance of opportunistic fungal strains has been on a growing trend in the recent years. The toxicity of antimicrobial drugs, development of fungal resistance, and incidence of drug interactions account for the consideration of new drug combinations against fungi. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to perform an in vitro investigation on the effect of paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and magnetic water on Fusarium oxysporum.
 
Materials and Methods: The synthesis of paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch, Falavarjan, Iran, using the co-precipitation method. The antifungal effects of paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and the impact of magnetic water with an intensity of 0.1 Tesla on Fusarium oxysporum were investigated using pur plate technique. Accordingly, the percentage of Fusarium oxysporum growth inhibition was determined.
 
Findings: The results of X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy showed that iron oxide nanoparticles had a diameter of 20-25 nm with a cubic shape. Based on the results of pur plate technique, 0.1 Tesla magnetic water reduced the diameter of Fusarium oxysporum colonies by more than 49.64% on all days. In addition, the iron oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 500 ppm inhibited the diameter of the fungal colony by more than 30% on all days. Furthermore, the combination of iron oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 500 ppm with 0.1 Tesla magnetic water inhibited the growth of fungal colonies by more than 50%. Therefore, the combined method exerted the greatest synergistic impact on reducing the diameter of the fungal colony. Similar to ketoconazole (concentration of 0.003 mg/ml), on the first day, iron oxide nanoparticles with a concentration of 500 ppm inhibited fungal growth.
However, on the twelfth day, 0.1 Tesla magnetic water had a better performance, compared to ketoconazole as a conventional antifungal drug.

Conclusion: As the findings indicated, paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with a diameter of 20-25 nm alone and in combination with 0.1 Tesla magnetic water had magnetic antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum.

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Introduction: Prenatal stress causes brain alteration and long-term effects on its structure and function. Parkinson's is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and one of the factors driving Parkinson's is the prenatal stress. The use of enrichment environments is a good way to prevent this disease. This survey has been done due to studying the measurement of environmental enrichment effectiveness on Substantia nigra tissue in rats who are suffering from Parkinson's disease and have prenatal stress.
 
Materials & Methods: A Laboratory research method was used .We divided 48 Wistar male rats who had been affected by prenatal stress and enriched environment, to 8 groups with 6 members; with stress (Control, sham, Parkinson, Parkinson + enrichment) and without stress (Control, sham, Parkinson, Parkinson + enrichment).
After eight weeks, we anaesthetized all the rats by the use of Ketamine and Xylasein and then injected 6mg of 6OHDA within %0/9 salt solotion of Ascorbic Acid in to the brains of the rats by Stereotaxic Surgery, and after 3 weeks the signs of Parkinson's disease became confirm by Apomorphin Test. Then we emit brains of the rats from their skulls, and after tissue process, cutting and painting, we calculated the numbers neurons by use of microscope and then the data were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's Post Test.
 
Findings: The findings showed that environmental enrichment did not completely prevent the destruction of Substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, but the number of Substantia nigra  neurons in the environmental enrichment group was significantly higher than that of the Parkinsonian group of degeneration with neurotoxin.(P≤0.001) Environmental enrichment also prevented the destructive effect of perinatal stress on the reduction of the number of Substantia nigra neurons and behavioral tests.(P <0.001)
 
Discussion & Conclusion: The results show the beneficial effects of enrichment in the protection of the number of more Substantia nigra neurons and suggests that enriched environmental conditions can be used as a beneficial factor in reducing the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease Reducing the effect of prenatal stress is effective.

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Introduction: Recent findings revealed the biological effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on the central nervous system. Moreover, the brain cholinergic system plays a role in the modulation of anxiety behaviors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the role of dorsal hippocampal muscarinic cholinergic receptors of the CA1 area on anxiety induced by iron oxide nanoparticles in adult male rats.
 
Materials & Methods: This experimental study was conducted on adult male Wistar rats with a weight range of 200-250 g. All animals were cannulated in the CA1 area using stereotactic surgery. One week after the recovery the intracerebroventricular injection followed by intraperitoneal (IP) injection after 5 min were administered. Anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity were performed by elevated plus maze apparatus one week after the injections. The groups were divided into control (saline), iron oxide nanoparticle (5, 7.5 mg/kg,IP), pilocarpine (1,2 µg/rat, intra-hippocampal injection), pilocarpine (1µg/rat, intra-hippocampal injection)+iron oxide nanoparticle (7.5mg/kg, IP) ,and pilocarpine (2µg/rat, intra-hippocampal injection)+iron oxide nanoparticle (7.5mg/kg, IP). Ethics code: EE/96.24.3.88369/SCU.AC.IR
 
Findings: Iron oxide nanoparticles (7.5 mg/kg) increased the anxiety level, compared to the control group (P<0.05). However, pilocarpine injection (1μg/rat) before iron oxide nanoparticles (7.5 mg/kg) improved the anxiety induced by iron oxide nanoparticle (P<0.05).
 
Discussion &Conclusions: It seems that probably the anxiogenic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles is mediated through the reduction of dorsal hippocampal muscarinic cholinergic receptor functions in CA1area.
 

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Introduction: Box jellyfish stings are painful and may be life-threatening. The venom of Chironex fleckeri contains a variety of bioactive proteins as well as two of the most abundant proteins, namely CfTX-1 and CfTX-2 which cannot be isolated easily using electrophoresis or chromatography techniques. Recombinant expression technology may offer an alternative to the isolation of native C.fleckeri venom protein. This study aimed at expressing C-CfTX1-STxB protein in Escherichia coli and assessing its antigenicity in Syrian mice.
 
Materials & Methods: Synthesis of the artificial CfTX1complete gene was prepared in plasmid pUC57. The C-cftx1 was cloned using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subcloned with BamHI and SalI restriction enzyme sites in pET28a-stxB expression vector and transformed into E.coli. Gene expression was artificially induced by Isopropyl β- d-1-thiogalactopyranoside. After the purification of the protein and its injection into the Syrian mice, the amount of produced antibody was measured in the serum. The rats were also challenged by the venom of the jellyfish (i.e., Rhopilema nomadic).
 
Findings: In this experimental study, the C-CfTX1-STxB gene was cloned in the expression vector pET28a (+), sequenced by PCR, and analyzed by enzymatic analysis. Moreover, the produced recombinant protein was confirmed by Western blotting. The produced antibody in the serum was quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: After 60 days, the immunized mice tolerated 50x LD50 of jellyfish venom. Considering the ineffectiveness of cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity of the recombinant protein, this produced protein can be suggested as a jellyfish venom vaccine candidate in Syrian mice or at a later stage of a clinical trial in humans.

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Introduction: Today, organizations need employees who have high levels of energy and psychological capacity to identify and use resources and promote positivism in the organizations. The weakness of traditional management approaches in understanding the exact motivation of employees and improving their performance, given the internal environment of organizations, requires a new approach based on intrinsic motivation and self-management, which is called work-oriented positivism.
 
Materials & Methods: In this regard, the present study aimed to design a positive-oriented organizational behavior model in government organizations with an emphasis on Iranian Islamic values. Also, the reliability of the modle questionnaire based on Cronbach's alpha test was confirmed. This research is a descriptive-correlational and basic study in terms of purpose.
 
Findings: Data analysis of the study was performed using SPSS software which was expressed using different tests such as T-test, correlation coefficient and analysis of the relationship between variables. In order to prioritize and determine the importance of each component of the research, the software expert choice was used, which performs the prioritization work based on the hierarchical analysis process method.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: Based on the findings, the priority of the components of each of the research variables was expressed and when comparing the dimensions of the proposed conceptual model with the components of Lutans' positive positivist organizational behavior model, it can be said that the proposed model is in accordance with other components of Islamic values, ​​ which were approved by experts under the title of Islamic Organizational Positive Behavioral Organizational Behavior.
 

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Introduction: The use of plants is one of the most effective methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles based on green chemistry. The magnetic properties of nanoparticles let the attached drugs conduct by a magnetic field in the body. This study aimed to use the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized via green chemistry as a carrier for the chloramphenicol drug delivery system.
 
Materials & Methods: Extraction of Echinops Persicus was performed at 60°C by water solvent. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using plant extract as a reducing agent. The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer (PSA), and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The antibacterial activity of coated nanoparticles was also investigated in this study.
 
Findings: The results of the XRD showed the cubic shape of iron oxide nanoparticles. The mean size of the nanoparticles was determined to be in the range of 16-56 nm. The coating of chloramphenicol on iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, FT-IR confirmed the functionalization of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with chloramphenicol. The magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with chloramphenicol showed good antibacterial activity against infectious Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The highest antimicrobial activity and the diameter of the growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus (11.25±0.35) and Escherichia coli (9.5±0.17) were determined at a concentration of 100 μg/ml.
 
Discussions & Conclusions: According to the results of this study, the coating of Iron oxide nanoparticles with chloramphenicol antibiotics increased the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles and confirmed the appropriateness of the loading method of chloramphenicol antibiotics.
 

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Introduction: The location of sanitary landfills is one of the most important environmental issues in cities. If the design of landfills is not appropriate, it will threaten human health. This study aimed to detect a suitable location for a landfill in Ilam, Iran.
 
Materials & Methods: A questionnaire and consultation with experts were used to conduct the research. For this purpose, three main criteria of the environment (e.g., vegetation, surface water resources, and habitats of animal species), hydrology (e.g., groundwater depth, and distance from springs, wells, as well as aqueducts), and access roads/population centers (e.g., distance from protected areas, the prevailing wind direction, and distance from the main roads) were considered in this study. The data were then weighted based on Analytic Network Process, and Super Decision software was used to integrate the information layers. Subsequently, based on the studied criteria and sub-criteria, four areas were proposed for waste disposal in Ilam. Finally, based on the weight and ranking of criteria, their coefficient, and the paired comparison matrix tables, the most appropriate option was selected for landfilling.
 
Findings: According to the results, location 1 with a weight of 0.419 and a consistency ratio of 0.05 is the most suitable place for landfilling in Ilam among the four selected options.
 
Discussions & Conclusions: The results showed that Super Decision software has a good ability to locate the landfill.

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Introduction: Tussilago farfara L. is a perennial forb belonging to the Asteraceae family. The leaves and flowers of this plant have medicinal properties, and its essential oil has been used for the treatment of dry coughs and inflammation of the mouth, throat, and respiratory tract. This study aimed to assess some phytochemical characteristics of Tussilago farfara L. and compare changes in this plant at different altitudes.
Material & Methods: To investigate the changes in the amount of the effective substance of the studied plant in the altitude gradient, altitude classes of 1100-2600 meters were considered in Golestan province, Iran, considering the presence and abundance of the species. In each phenological stage (before and after flowering time), plant samples were randomly collected in each altitude class and transferred to the laboratory. Total phenol content and flavonoid content were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was also evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) reagent.
Findings: The results showed that the highest amounts of total phenol content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were observed at altitudes above 2200 meters, and there was a significant difference in plants (Tussilago farfara L.) grown in different altitudes in terms of phytochemical properties. Based on the comparison of phytochemical properties of this plant in different phenological stages, the highest content of total phenol and flavonoids were observed in the phonological stage of flowering and the highest (42.08%) antioxidant activity of leaves was observed in the vegetative stage.
Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study can help activists in the field of medicinal plants to determine the appropriate height range and phenological stage in harvesting the leaves of this plant to achieve the highest levels of phenol content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity.