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Introduction: Using non-invasive techniques are necessary to reduce the premature infant pain. This study aimed to determine the effect of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) on premature newborns’ pain due to invasive procedures in neonatal intensive care unit. Materials & Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 70 hospitalized preterm infants were selected and then randomly divided in two case and control groups. In case group, the physiological and behavioral signs of pain 15 minutes after KMC (minutes zero), during the invasive painful procedures (minutes 15) and 15 minutes after the re-establishment of KMC (minutes 30) and in control group, that signs in three same time zero (15 minutes after supine position of Infant in the incubator), 15 (during a painful procedure) and 30 (15 minutes after painful procedures) was observed and recorded by physiological & behavioral sign scale. Findings: According to results, there were significant differences between case and control group in heart rate, oxygen saturation, facial flushing and sweating from physiological signs (P<0/05). There were significant differences between case and control group in breathing pattern, the level of consciousness (P<0/05), positioning arms and legs (P<0/01) from behavioral signs. Discussion & Conclusion: KMC is an applicable and non-invasive method to relieve hospitalized premature newborns’ pain due to painful invasive procedures in neonatal intensive care unit.

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Introduction: This study aimed at investigating the effect of good governship on public health expenditure in Iran
 
Materials and methods: This research is an analytical study about good governance and health expenditure from 1994 to 2014 in Iran, data was gathered from World Development Indicators (WDI) from World Bank database. This study is an analysis of the Swoop and Raj Kumar model, the technique was ordinary least squares (OLS) and the Eviews software was used to analyze the data.
 
Findings: The results showed a negative relationship between under 5-year children mortality rate and GDP when there is no control over corruption is less than 5 years. By increasing corruption control index by 0.01 under 5-year children mortality rate would decrease by 0.11 percent.
    
Discussion and conclusion: The results show that when the level of corruption is low or corruption control index goes up, under 5-year children mortality rate would reduce and the life expectancy increased. The results emphasize that health spending increases are less likely to improve the health status unless considering corruption control index.

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Introduction: Investigations have shown that the emotional stress during the pregnancy period could have sustainable effects on the embryo .In High Risk Pregnant women the risk of babies with health, behavioral, and mood problems will be more. Different investigations have shown that the effect of relaxation training on emotional stress .This study was conducted to investigate the effect of progressive Muscle Relaxation Training on infant's outcome such as Apgar index, weight, height, head circumference, and jaundice in infants after delivery in High Risk pregnant women.
 
Materials & methods: The present study was done as a clinical trial on 150 High Risk Pregnant Women referred to Health and Medical Center in the city of Shahreza on 1392 -1393. High risk pregnant women were randomly divided into two groups. The control group only received routine pregnancy care and case group received routine pregnancy care and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training (Jacobsen). At the time of delivery, infant's outcome including Apgar index, weight and height, head circumference, and jaundice was assessed.
 
Findings: Intervention and control groups in terms of demographic and obstetric variables were not significant (P>0/05). The results showed a significant difference between the two groups in height, weight, and head circumference (pvalue< 0/001).There was no significant difference between the two groups in Apgar scores in 1-5minute and jaundice.
 
Discussion & conclusions: According to this study, progressive muscle relaxation training is promoting and improving the health of infants in high-risk pregnant women. The progressive muscle relaxation training can be   safe and beneficial to pregnant women in order to improve the health of infants.

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Introduction: Salmonella is one of the most important food-borne pathogens and zoonotic agents all over the world. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in Salmonella isolates and spreading of resistance genes by integrons to susceptible strains is one of the major concerns in the emergence of resistant strains. The aim of the current study was the identification of classes of integrons in the Salmonella infants isolated from clinical samples and their antibiotic resistance profile.
 
Material & Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 101 salmonella isolates were obtained from the stool samples. The antibiotic susceptibility test was determined using the disk diffusion method agreeing with CLSI guideline. Cellular DNA was extracted by AccuPrep Genomic DNA Extraction Kit and MPCR was performed for the identification of the intI, intII and intIII genes.
 
Findings: Sixty S. infantis isolates were collected using biochemical and microbiological tests. The lowest resistance rate in all isolates was related to Ceftriaxone (45%). The molecular analysis of classes of integrons showed 59 (98.3%), 51 (85%) and 23 (38.3%) isolates caring intI, intII and intIII genes, respectively.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: The result of this study showed that due to increased level of drug resistance in S. infantis and the presence of class 1 integron in these strains, resistance can be transferred to other food borne pathogens.

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Introduction: The nutritional status along with physical and mental development of infants is an effective factor on children’s health  throughout the life. Various strategies have, so far, been used to achieve optimal infant growth.  Using  non-professional support is one of these methods . This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of peer support on the growth patterns of infants aged below one year old.
 
Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial, 240 primiparous women were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The control group received standard education and the experimental group was, besides receiving the same education,  supported by 30 breast feeding consultants (women with successful breastfeeding records) during the 6 months of  postpartum. The infants’ growth and developmental patterns were evaluated at the end of 1,2,4,6 and 12 months, respectively. This clinical trial was carried out in all the maternity hospitals and health centers of Ilam city (western Iran) during July 2010 to April 2012. Data were collected using a questionnaire and then analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and statistical tests including mean, percentage, Chi square test, Fisher test.
 
Findings: At 1, 2, 4.6 and 12 months of our reaerch, the two groups demonstrated a significant difference in terms of accommodation with the standard curve of weight gain, (P=0.001). The mean heights in both the groups was significantly different at 2, 12 months(P=0.001). The mean of head circumferences in the groups did not show any differences significantlym, (P>0.05).
 
Discusion & Conclusion: Our investigation came to the ocnclusion that besides encouraging mothers to continue lactation, peer support can be effective in promoting the growth and developmental patterns of children.