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Abstract Introduction: Despite great gains in diagnosis, treatment and control of blood pressure, systemic hypertention is still a main cause of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Considering the role of blood pressur in lower years of life in causing hypertention and it`s complications in a dulthood and loss of knowledge about different populations in different years, it seems necessary to care about BP. variations in childhood. Meterials & Methods: This study was carried out on 1057 children including an equal number of males and females at the age of 7-11 years and measured titer BP from right humorous in two mediums at a relaxed and stressless condition. The first cortocof sound determined the systolic BP and the fourth cortocof sound determined the diastolic BP. Findings: The mean systolic BP of the students was 10.3 mmHg and the mean diastolic BP was 69.8 mmHg. 13% of children had systolic hypertension over 140 mmHg and prevalence of diastole BP over 90 mmHg equaled 1.5%. Incidence of hypertonic in female was 9.1% and in males 8.7%. In general, the systolic BP level in female was in average 5-10 mmHg more than that of the males. Conclusion: An strong and positive Association was proved between the age and blood pressure in the students of 7-10 years old. Diastolic & systolic pressures increases with the increase of weight and height of children. There fore, conducting a screening diagnostic plan, probable cases of abnormal boold pressure at childhood can be discovered and treated.

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Abstract Introduction: Bacterial diarrhea is very common particularly in devoloping countries and is still one of the most causes of mortalities in children.The aim of present study was to identify the most common of bacterial agents causing acute bacterial diarrhea in children under 12 years old and detection of their resistance to antibiotics in patients referred to pediatric word de of academic hospitals of Hamadan. Materials & methods: During two years) 2003-2005(, 610 samples obtained from children under 12 years old with gastroentrotitis were investigated for bacterial cultures, frequency of age, serogrouping of isolates and antibiogram patterns. Polyvalent (I ،II، III, IV) and monovalent anti-sera (055، 0111، 011، 086، 026 ،0125، 0119، 0146، 0128، 0142، 0157) were used for sero-grouping of E. coli (EPEC). Antibiogram tests were also performed by gel-diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer. The data were gathered through a questionnaire and analysed using SPSS software. Findings: Out of the 610 tested samples, 155 cases (25.4%) had positve cultures for intestinal pathogenic bacilli. The most common isolate was Escherichia coli (EPEC) with 105 cases (67.8%) and the lowest isolate was Shigella with 18 cases (11.6%). The most common serogroup of E.coli was 0128 (26.6%) and the lowest serogroup was 0119 (5.7%). The most common serogroups of Salmonella were S.typhi (34.4%) and S.typhimurium and the lowest serogroup was S. para A (3.1%). The most common serogroup of Shigella was S.sonnei (55.6%). The most effective antibiotics against bacteria were ceftriaoxne, nitrofurantoin, imipenem, amikacin and gentamycin. Conclusion: The present study showed that Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Salmonella species are predominant causes of bacterial diarrhea in children under 12 years old in this region. In many other countries, the most common serogroups of E.coli are 0157 and 055, but in our study the serogroup of 0128 was common. Most species showed high resistance to routine antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim and chloramphenicol.

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Introduction: Studies show that the poor movement in kids leads to paralysis which in turn affects their growth in general. Movement is an important element in the natural growth and development of human beings. Children who lack movement capabilities are deprived of this merit. Materials& Methods: The samples consisted of 37 teenagers (boys & girls) infected with diplegia spastic. They were assigned into two groups based on thrombly CA test (1983), one experimental group and one control group. Different instruments were used in the study such as thrombly CA, an attitude questionaire for the parent's Shtrass Myrse and the dynamometer approach. Findings: Statistical analysis of data before and after the investigations demonstrated of significant differences in test results of Thrombly both in the experimental and control groups. Besides, significant differences were seen in test results out of the questionnaires provided by parents in the experimental group but not in the control group. Self-help skills proved meaningful in experimental groups than the control groups, while significant development of power tiller in left and right hands in both the groups were indicative. Disussion & Conclusion: Through training the therapists, the kids and the parents, one can improve the levels of skills among the given subjects. Also, the confidence level of the parents can be boosted. The results seemed to be consistent with the findings reported in rehabilitation centers.

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Introduction: The iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common anemias in children with poor diets. Appetite in infants with abnormal growth is more affected by iron deficieny anemia, aggrevating the anemia in such situations. Anemia can cause depletion of iron deposits and, as a result, the level of iron in serum will decrease. MCV, hemoglubin and the level of ferritin will also decrease. Materrials & Methods: This prospective analytical study was carried out on 195 children (86 males & 94 females) using Gomes method for analysis of weight, height and growth abrormealities. Data were collected using questionaires, physical examinations by physicians, laboratory tests for MCV, iron, Hb and level of ferritin in serum. Findings: 145(80.6%) out of all the 195 cases showed low levels of wasting, while 27 ones(15%) had moderate, and only 4.4% people were diagnosed with servere wasting. According to Hb level, 97 (67%) out of 145 were among patients with mild wasting, 20 (73%) out of 27 among children with moderate wasting, and 3 (75%) out of 4 amongst those with servere wasting showed iron deficiency anemia. Concerning ferritin level in serum, 123 (84.8%) out of 145 individuals with midwasting, 26 out of 27(96.3%) among those with moderate wasting, and finally 3(75%) out of 4 of those with servere wasting demonstrated a decrease, (P=71). The iron deficieny anemia using MCV index was detected in 40% of mild wasting infants and 48% of moderate wasting children and finally in 75% of those with servere wasting. Discussion & Conclusion: As the correlation between MCV levels and the anemia was statistically significant, this index is a better means for anemia assessment than other indexs such as fextin and Hb levels.

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Introduction: In recent decades, psychologists have concluded, in considering behavioral disorders and social corruptions, that many disorders and harms result from lack of ability in correct analysis of self and self situation, lack of control sensation, and personal competence in order to face difficult conditions as well as lack of intelligence for solving real life problems in an approperiate way. Thus, the purpose of current research was to study the effect of training social skills on behavioral disorders of preliminary children. Materials & Methods: This research was accomplished on 90 students (45=male, 45= female) in third, forth and fifth grades, based on children symptom inventory (CSI-4) affected with behavioral disorders. Educations included educating social skills for Stephens class and list of social skills of Walker that were presented by group discussion, role playing, and modeling. Findings: The results showed that training social skills resulted in reducing behavioral disorders indicators (F=2, 026/785). This reduction implied a significance level = /001 in male and female groups. (F= 840/777= for male and F= 2,149/150 for Female). Discussion & Conclusion: Analyzing the finds showed that the children's problems, affected with behavioral disorders who were under social skills training, reduced. These results indicated that hygiene and health affair professionals must try to consider trainig social skills from the preliminary course on. As a result, it can be said that training social skills culminates in an increased mental health and plays an effective role in preventing behavioral problems and psychosis.

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Introduction: The frequency of obesity in the childhood and developing in developed countries is increasing. Childhood obesity as a health problem has been due to changes in food habits and decreased physical activity as the most common causes. Existing reports indicate disability and death in higher ages an important result of this problem. The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school students in Yazd(south-west Iran). Materials & Methods: The cross-sectional study of 2768 male and female students of first-grade elementary schools in Yazd was accomplished. Simple random school students in each school were selected through census. Their height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. The collected data was statistically analyzed using the software EPI 6. Findings: 6.3 percent of the children were overweight and 2.4 percent obese. The frequency of overweight and obesity in boys 5.9% and 2.6% and in girls 6.7% and 2.2%, respectively. Prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI at or above the sex-specific 85th) in children with high frequency of snack chips intakes per week, mothers' education, and higher birth weight was significantly more. Also, a non-significant relationship was found among gender, duration of breast milk consumption, history of consumption of supplementary feedings, watching TV and using other junk foods and overweight or obesity. Discussion & Conclusion: Changes in lifestyle such as changing food habits in children is recommended. Parents and schools important are target groups in public health intervention programs to reduce obesity and overweight in children.

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Introduction: Transportation of patients from operating room to recovery can cause hymodynamic changes. Factors that can affect hemodynamic and O2sat include: type of anesthetic, duration of surgery, transportation, age, previous underlying disease, …. There are poorly documented studies about such changes in children. So, the goal of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and O2sat variabilities among children at recovery room. Materials & Methods: In this prospective-discriptive study, 120 children aged 1-12 years undergoing minor surgery with general anesthesia were investigated. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure and O2sat were measured before the anesthesia and surgery, immediately before transfer to recovery and after arrival at recovery room. Data was analyzed by SPSS software. Findings: Mean systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure and O2sat in recovery room decreased and pulse rate increased significantly compared with the other times, (P<0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: Hypotension can be due to hypoxemia, decreasing in venous return and cardiac output. Tachycardia may be the result of compensatory response to hypotension, pain, hypoxia, and the stress due to extubation. Hypoxia may indicate upper airway obstruction, atelectasia and anesthetic depression. It can be suggested that careful and rapid transfer of children and O2 supplement during transfering to recovery room can prevent instability of the above parmeters.

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Introduction: Amphetamine intoxication is a new life threatening poisoning among children. This study was designed to eval-uate the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and outcomes of children younger than 13 years due to exposure to derivatives of amphetamines referred to Loghman Hak-im hospital between 2010 and 2011. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive study, Children (lower than 13 years old) who poisoned with derivatives of amphet-amines and referred to Loghman Hakim hospital between 2010 and 2011 were studi-ed. Vital signs, neurologic, psychologic and gastrointestinal findings, laboratory results, electrocardiographic changes, and also their outcomes before discharge were gathered. Finding: Collectively, thirty children were studied. There found 96% agitation, 91%, repetitive movements, 69% insomnia, 60% logorrhea, 94% tachycardia, 84% midriasis, 81% increased deep tendon reflexes, 9% tachypnea, 9% seizures, and 3% hyperthe-rmia. 31 patients (97%) needed intravenous benzodiazepines (diazepam or midazolam). Of them, 12 patients (37.5%) need to adm-inister one dose of intravenous benzodiaze-pines 9 cases (28%) required second dose of intravenous benzodiazepines, and 10 cas-es (31.3%) required repeated doses of int-ravenous benzodiazepines or benzodiaz-epine infusion or intravenous use of halop-eridol. Discussion & Conclusions: Symptoms and signs of poisoning with amphetamines may be mistaken with meningitis and brain hem-orrhage. Hence, knowing the signs and sy-mptoms of this type of poisoning can be treated early to prevent its dangerous side effects.

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Introduction: Kawasaki disease happens mostly in children less than 5 years of age and presents itself as an acute and self-limiting disease with world wide spread. One of the important consequences of this disease, if undetected, is the cardiovascular morbidity that caused by the disease. The aim of this study was to determine demog-raphic findings about cardiovascular afflict-tions in Kawasaki patients. Materials & Methods: The study was a descriptive and retrospective study and data were provided through reviewing of medi-cal records of Kawasaki patients who had been hospitalized between 1998 to 2003 at Imam Hossein and Mofid Children's Hosp-ital. Finding: In the aforementioned period, 97 patients with Kawasaki disease were hospit-alized in two centers, 65(67.1%) males and 32(32.9%) female). 75(77.3%) patients we-re under the age of 5 years and 22(22.7%) were older than 5 years. 32(32.9%) patients had one or more heart involvements. The number of patients with heart involvements were 20 males (62.5%) and 12 females (37.5%). The most heart involvements were pericardial effusion (23.7%) and the least heart involvements were coronary artery dilation and aortic stenosis(2%). Discussion & Conclusions: Timely diagn-osis and preventive treatment can prevent the complications of Kawasaki disease. The cardiac rehabilitation program could impro-ve the life quality of the patients

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Introduction: Physical and bodily activities could affect the quality of life in children. In the present study, we decided to evaluate the relationship between the quality of life and the amount of physical activity in chil-dren. With the research, it is possible to ide-ntify the interventional points for the mana-gement of the problem. Materials & Methods: The present rese-arch, was a cross sectional survey. A rand-om sample of female students aged 8-12 years were entered to the study. Sampling method was multistage. Sample size was estimated 384 students. The generic of Iran-ian-version of pediatric quality of life inve-ntory (PedsQL 4.0) was used to measure HRQOL. In addition, some questions about the level and amount of activity were asked. Statistical methods that we used were T-test and ANOVA. Findings: Totally, 366 female students we-re selected for the study. The mean of age was 10.37 years (SD=1.13 years). Mean of total score of quality of life was 84.45 (SD=10.16) .The lowest mean of total score of quality of life was 82.23(SD=15.73) for emotional function and the highest mean of total score of quality of life was 88.47 (SD=13.99) for social function. Relatio-nship between social functioning score and video games was significant (P=0.03). Discussion & Conclusion: Because of the long time that students spend for video games, reduced quality of life especially in the social and other functional affairs was evident. Therefore, more attention should be dedicated to this problem. Furthermore, structured programs and educational appro-aches for their parents are also needed.

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Background: Biological characteristics of the parents (height, age, nutrition, history of disease, drugs and substances abuse, blood groups and duration of pregnancy) have fundamental role in the birth of handicapped children. This study aimed to comparison of biological characteristics between parents with more than one exceptional child and parents with more than one normal child in Region of Urban and Rural Kermanshah. Methods: in this Ex Post Facto research, 800 parents (400 parents with more than one exceptional children and 400 parents with more than one normal children),that were selected by random sampling and multi-stage sampling , responded the Checklist that has made by researcher (Afroz, 2008). Data was analyzed using SPSS, t-test, ChI test. Results: The finding indicated that there are significant difference (p< 0/01) between father,s age, mother,s age, mother,s age at marriage, duration of pregnancy,good nutrition, history of disease, drugs and substances abuse, blood groups in two study groups. But there are no significant difference (p< 0/01) between mother,s age at birth child and mother's height in the two study groups. Conclusion: this study showed that there are difference between Biological characteristics of the parents with more than one exceptional child and Biological characteristics parents with more than one normal child. Therefore, recognition this damage factore can be prevented from occurring handicapps and influence to psychological health and wellbeing of the society.

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Introduction: Cardiomyopathies are referr-ed to those diseases accompanied with he-arth dysfunction which the most common of them is dilated cardiomyopathy. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical sympt-om, prognosis, complications, treatment and mortality in patients with cardiomyo-pathy over a 10 years period. Materials & Methods: In this retrospective descriptive study, all patients had been dis-charged with the final diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy and referred to the Rajaee Hospital in Tehran, Iran during the past 10 years were studied. The necessary data of each patient was individually collected. Data analysis was performed using descrip-tive and inferential statistical tests. Findings: From 87 patients in the study, 54 (54%) and 40 (46%) patients were female and male, respectively. The most common reason of referring to the Hospital was dys-pnea (70%) and the most common clinical finding was systolic murmur 3.6 in the left corner of sternum. The blood group of most patients was B+. There were a big heart in the radiography of chest, left ventricular di-latation in echocardiography, reduced left ventricle contractility in catheterization (EF=35%). The most common complicat-ions in the patients were mitral valve reg-urgitation and left heart failure. The embo-lism was reported as a rare complication. In evaluation of the relationship between pres-cribed medications and prognosis, the digi-talis compounds, Lasix and Aldacton (with 2 died patients), were the most prescribed medications. The three above drugs along with Hydralazine had been led to the death of 1 patient. Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is appeared that the type of blood group may predispose subje-cts to dilated cardiomyopathy. Overcrowde-d environment and air pollution may incre-ase the incidence of the disease the presc-ribed medications may influence the prong-osis and mortality of the diseases.

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Introduction: Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the prevention of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to review these studies. Materials & Methods: At first, we searched the ISI and Pub Med databases for studies containing the key words "Health Education","Intervention", "prevention", "Programs", "Obesity" and "Overweight" plus the key words "Adolescent", "Children" and "Child'. Only, those papers in English language were selected. Finally, 20 appropriate papers were evaluated. Findings: Most of the programs and educational interventions had focused on the behaviors such as daily regular physical activity, consumption of fruits and vegetables, consumption of sugar-free drinks and limiting television watching. Educations were conducted by school staff and health educators and most of the interventions reported a positive impact of the programs and trainings. Discussuin & Conclusion: Educating the obesity preventive behaviors in children and adolescents have been largely successful. According to the studies, it seems that there is an urgent need to pay more attention to the using of models and theories and innovative strategies for better learning and creating healthy behaviors.

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Introduction: The rapid decline in fertility rate and disassembling in the balance of age pyramid can exert irreparable damages to the country's economic and social structu-res. In this study, effective factors which could affect the fertility patterns among families with one or without child were investigated. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sect-ional study, 180 married women were recr-uited from many health centers by random simple sampling. Inclusion criteria were married women who had married at least 2 years ago and with no child as well as the married women who had only a child over 4 years old. Data collection instrument was a valid and reliable researcher-designed questionnaire (α=0.73) used to determine demographic data and to measure maternal attitudes toward childbearing. The data was analyzed by the SPSS software, version 16.0. Findings: Mean of score for attitude tow-ard childbearing was 48.29±13.64 and there was a significant direct relationship betw-een the score of attitude and age, age at the time of marriage, duration of marriage and education. Causes of disinclined to child bearing were noted by the highest perce-ntage of participants(83.3%) as increase in costs and economic pressures and by the lowest percentage of participants(8.3%) as fear of recurrent miscarriage and stillbirth. Discussion & Conclusion: Three important factors, that is, high costs and economic pressure, lack of governmental support and facilities for childbearing and the wrong attitude that having more children is a sign of poor social culture, were among the ones that had affected childbearing. Hence it is recommended that the authorities consider the factors in population policy making.

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Aim: The World Health Organization defines mental health as communicate with others, improving the environment and conflict resolving. In recent years, the prevalence of mental disorders has increased and the prevalence of mental disorders has been reported to be 18-23% in Iran. Methods: This study is a descriptive- comparative research that the mental health of boys and girls in schools has been studied. The required information is obtained by means of the GHQ 28 standard questionnaire that is distributed among 118 students. The mental health is divided into four categories, the first category with 0-21 score, the second with 22-42, the third with 43-63 and the latter group which received the scores of 64-84. The SPSS software was used for data analysis. Results: The sample included 64 (54%) male and 54 (46%) female and the overall score of the students were classified into 4 categories. Among the samples, 38 students (32.2%), 61 students (51.7%), 17 students (14.7 %) and two persons (1.7%) are received the were received the scores of 0-21, 22-42, 43-63 and 64-84, respectively. Also, the statistical meaningful relationship is observed between the age, the grade and mental health (P <0.05). Conclusion: Relatively large numbers of children are of good mental health state. It is found that as age of participants is increased the mental health of children degraded. Students have a maturity period of less than mental health. Therefore, schools can make physical changes of puberty class advice on the mental health of students to increase during puberty

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Introduction: Promotion and improvement of children's health is a part of the global obje-ctives of primary health care. This study inve-stigated psychometric characteristics of quality of life in elementary students of Kashan city in 2011. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 400 elementary stud-ents (Grades 3 to 5) who were selected through random sampling. Content validity of the Per-sian version of the PedsQL 4.0 was checked and tested through the process of translating interview with children 9-12 years (N = 30) and their parents (N = 30) in the primary schools of the Kashan city. Construct validity and reliability of the PedsQL on the sample of elementary children in Kashan (N = 400) and their parents (N = 400) were tested. Criterion-related validity (concurrent) was estimated through investigating the correlation between child self-report of quality of life and parent proxy-report of quality of life along with demographic variables. Data were analyzed by using the SPSS V.18, and LISREL8.8 soft-wares. Findings: Totally, content validity of PedsQL was 0.84 and of the four subscales, physical, emotional, social, and school performances w-ere 0.80, 0.86, 0.83, and 0.88, respectively. Construct validity was good. (RMSEA = 0.047, NFI=0.99, GFI =1.00, P =0.15, df = 2, χ2 =3.77). All inquiries showed a moderate to higher than 0.40 loading over for four factors, physical, emotional, social, and school perfo-rmances. The correlation coefficient between the PedsQL and its four subscales were ace-ptable (r>0.7). The PedsQL had a good internal consistency (α =0.82). Cronbach alpha coefficients range of different categories of the mentioned tool was from 0.65 to 0.77. There was a significant relationship between PedsQL of children and parents and, also the demo-graphic characteristics of the population under study. Discusion & Conclusion: The findings indic-ated the suitability of psychometric properties of the Persian version of PedsQL to measure the quality of life in elementary students. Sch-ool administrators and health system profess-sionals can use this study to design guidelines for creating a healthy environment and devel-opment of the programs of health-based edu-cation in order to improve the quality of life and health of students

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Introduction: The purpose of this research was to Study the Effectiveness of resilience training on reduction of parental stress of Autistic Children's mothers.
Materials &methods: The method of this study was a semi experimental study with pre-test and post-test in two experimental and control groups. The statistical population comprised Autistic Children's mothers referred to houses of health in No. 5 of Tehran municipality. The research sample consisted of 26 mothers that were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received resilience education for 12 weekly sessions. Data were gathered by using Childhood Autism Rating Scale and Parental Stress Index. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
Findings: Resilience training on parental stress of Autistic Children's mothers was significantly effective and mothers of the experimental group showed significant reduction (p<0/05) in parental stress.
Discussion &Conclusion: According to the results of this research effectiveness of resilience training on decreasing the level of parental stress of Autistic Children's mothers was confirmed. Thus it can be concluded that using of the Resilience education is an effective method that can decrease parental stress of Autistic Children's mothers.

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Introduction:Minimum data set(MDS) is the first important step in the development of healthcare information systems, becauseit makes a standard method for collecting key data elements .The aim of the current study was to determine the minimum data set forIranian children's healthcare records.

Materials & methods: This study is an applied and descriptive-comparative research carried out in 2015. Data collection was done through a researcher made check list of children's health care data which was modeled by observing Australia, Canada, United States and Iran and contained 242 items. The check list was subjected to debate in Delphi method by 20 experts in the field of Child Health and health information management.

Findings: Out of 242 elements of children's health care discussed, 146 and 86 agreed by more than %75 and by 50-75% of experts respectively while 10 elements were rejected by them. Out of 242 items,just two (contraceptive method and mother unsuccessful experience in previous lactation) showed significant differences between responses of alumni groups of pediatrician, midwifery, public health and health care management experts with medical record and information management professionals (P<0.05).

Discussion & Conclusions: This study showed that some of the essential data elements presented in other countries’MDS are required for Iranian organizations and health care providers. So, a complete list of a minimum set of data elements was created.

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Introduction: Children are the most vulnerable individuals in society and oral disease is one of the most common human diseases, especially among this group. The role of oral health behavior is very important in the prevention of diseases; it is, therefore, a top priority for the Ministry of Health and World Health Organization. This study aimed to predict the factors affecting oral health status based on Health Belief Model.

Materials & methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 children of 3-6 years age from urban health centers. The data were collected by a researcher made HBM questionnaire. Some of oral health behaviors were surveyed through interviews with mothers and then children's oral examinations were carried out. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software at the significant level of 0.05.

Findings: Most of children's mothers participating in the study (96 %) were housewives. Almost half of fathers (48 %) had high school educations. Self-efficacy, cues to action, perceived threat and perceived benefits were significant predictors for oral health behaviors and totally accounted for 33 % of the variance in behavior. In terms of importance in the regression model, self-efficacy was the strongest variable and perceived benefits were the weakest one.

Discussion & Conclusions: The findings showed that self-efficacy is the most important variable to strengthening oral health so; it is suggested to promote self-efficacy for promoting oral health status.