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Abstract Introduction: Childbirth is a natural or plysiological mechanism without any medial intervention, except for cases that mother or her child are at risk .In such case , mother and infant are helped by cesarean section. Although, the goal of WHO for cesarean section is 15% by 2010, most countries report a prevalence rate of 50% or more. Material & Methods: By a cross sectional study, 140 primipar women were selected .A questionnaire was used for data to be collected. The questionnaire was designed upon behavioral intention model which included some variables such as knowledge, evaluation of results, normal subjectives, attitude and intention of participants. Results: The mean age of women was 23.2±2.8 and most of them were at high school levels. The mean knowledge score of participants was 52.7 out of 100.Evaluation of results and attitude showed mean scores of 22 out of 30 and 50 out of 80 respectively. More than 60% of selected women were doctors as the most important normal subjective and 70% or more of them intended to do a normal delivery. Conclusion: This study showed a relation between knowledge, attitude and intention. Also, a relation between normal subjective and intention to comply was proved, more intervention is needed to decrease the prevalence of cesarean section. As the social and individual factors are effective variables for choosing the type of delivery, therefore, using the Behavioral Intention Model is suggested

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Abstract Introduction: This study has been performed to assess the prevalence of behavioral disorders among the school-boys & girls in Ilam during two complete years of 2005 & 6. Materials and Methods: The investigation has been accomplished in a cross-sectional comparative descriptive approach. All the school-boys and girls of elementary grade (including a total number of 7858 boys and 7425 girls) of 2005-6 academic year were covered as the statistic at community by the search. A screening method was used to select a sample group of 840 students for investigation. Rutter questionnaires and specific from for teachers were applied as the means of this study. Findings: The results showed a 5.5% prevalence of behavioral disorder among the elementary students of which 2.42% stood for the girls while 3.08% for the boys. It was also found out that the most rate of disorders are held to be related to lack of care (by the second person), and over-activity, while the least of it goes for unfriendly treatments. Conclusion: It is concluded that the major causes of behavioral disorders among elementary school-students are held to be due to lack of adequate care and over-activity, while inconvenient behaviors are of the least effects. Thus, a significant relation was observed between variables of sex, school-grade, age, literacy degree of parents and the student's behavioral disorders. Furthermore, the finds also proved a reason for such disorders to be cause of retardation in the process of school progresses.

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Introduction: In recent decades, psychologists have concluded, in considering behavioral disorders and social corruptions, that many disorders and harms result from lack of ability in correct analysis of self and self situation, lack of control sensation, and personal competence in order to face difficult conditions as well as lack of intelligence for solving real life problems in an approperiate way. Thus, the purpose of current research was to study the effect of training social skills on behavioral disorders of preliminary children. Materials & Methods: This research was accomplished on 90 students (45=male, 45= female) in third, forth and fifth grades, based on children symptom inventory (CSI-4) affected with behavioral disorders. Educations included educating social skills for Stephens class and list of social skills of Walker that were presented by group discussion, role playing, and modeling. Findings: The results showed that training social skills resulted in reducing behavioral disorders indicators (F=2, 026/785). This reduction implied a significance level = /001 in male and female groups. (F= 840/777= for male and F= 2,149/150 for Female). Discussion & Conclusion: Analyzing the finds showed that the children's problems, affected with behavioral disorders who were under social skills training, reduced. These results indicated that hygiene and health affair professionals must try to consider trainig social skills from the preliminary course on. As a result, it can be said that training social skills culminates in an increased mental health and plays an effective role in preventing behavioral problems and psychosis.

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Introduction: Occupational accidents, because of the growing globalization, have caused substantial problems in countries. The effects of the occupational accidents can be resulted in temporary or permanent disabilities and even death. More than 80-90% of the occupational accidents are due to unsafe behavior. In recent decades, many of countries have considered more attentions to occupa-tional accidents as a result of their high costs. Petroleum industry is one of the most incoming industries in Iran that have caused many of the dangerous accidents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the type and intensity of occupational accidents in Kermanshah petroleum refinery. Materials & methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in all units of the Kermanshah petroleum refinery. The occupational accidents data within years of 1984-2009 were collected from workers health documents and registered using Tarrant check list on the basis of unsafe behavior and unsafe condition. The data obtained were then analyzed by SPSS-16 and descriptive statistics. Findings: According to the results, about 86 occupational accidents were occurred in the-refinery during last 25 years that needed to emergency measurements. The most injured organ was hands (38.4%) and the most unsafe behavior was related to facilities maintenance units (82.6%). The results were also showed that the accidents frequency as a result of unsafe behavior, unsafe condi-tion and both factors were 82.6%, 8.1% and 9.3%, respectively. The most frequency of unsafe behavior (81.4%) was observed for workers with 36-55 years old. Discussion & Conclusion: In this study, human behavior was the main factor of the occupational accidents. In order to reduce the occupational accidents, it is essential that educational courses and planning related to safety were estab-lishhed for workers. Moreover, using experiences of scientific researchers, pr-ecise supervision on accomplishment of the regulations and providing the safety culture are helpful to prevent the occupational accidents.

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Introduction: Work conflict is a major issue among nurses and conflict manag-ement requires emotion-based skills. Thus, nurses need to learn to manage conflicts effectively. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between em-otional intelligence (EI) and conflict mana-gement styles among head nurses in Milad hospital of Tehran. Materials & Methods: 55 head nurses of Tehran Milad hospital went through a quantitive study during 2009. Data was gathered by two 5-point Likert scale ques-tionnnaires. The questionnaire used for EI was “Sieberia Shrink” with 84% reliability, while the conflict management question-naire was “Robbins” with 81% reliability. Data was analyzed by descriptive and inf-erential statistics, including Mean, Kolmog-orov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation and Multiple Regression methods. Findings: Mean scores of cooperation was 11/85 and compromise was 11/16. Signi-ficant relationship was found between self awareness and empathy with coop-eration style. The result of pearson correlations revealed that both the cooperation and compromise styles have significant and positive relationships with EI. The result of Regression showed that five indexes of EI affected conflict-management styles. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of the study show that nurses EI Influences their conflict management styles and that nurses prefer to follow the cooperation style.

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Dental anxiety is one the most important reasons preventing children to enjoy dental services. Several methods can be applied in order to reduce dental anxiety and manage children’s behavior. Both dentists and parents mostly prefer not to use medications. However to treat anxious children, those with systemic disease or movement disorders, sedation or general anesthesia can be beneficial. In this review, both sedation and general anesthesia has been described and the literature was searched for studies comparing these methods. We did not find any randomized clinical trials comparing general anesthesia to sedation for the provision of dental care in children. There were a few publications comparing any form of sedation to GA using other methodologies. We proposed some suggestion for designing a precise randomized clinical trial

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Abstract Introduction: Recent evidence suggests that the implantation of artificial conduits improves peripheral nerve regeneration. Materials & Methods: We have developed an electrospun biodegradable poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) nerve conduit filled with allogeneic Schwann cells (SCs). The nanofibrous conduits were investigated by physical, mechanical and microscopic analyses. The nerve conduits with and without Schwann cells were implanted into a 30-mm in sciatic defect of rats. All groups were monitored and investigated their functional and locomotion activities by behavioral analyses: Toe out angle (TOA), Toe spreading analysis, and Nociceptive function (WRL), monthly through four months post surgery. Finding: Results of physical and mechanical and microscopic analyses showed suitable properties of designed conduits to serve as a nerve guide, also Schwann cells well attached on nanofibrous surfaces of designed conduits. Four months post-operatively, the results from behavioral analyses were demonstrated that, in the grafted groups especially conduits filled with Schwann cells, the rat sciatic nerve trunk had been reconstructed with functional recovery such walking, swimming and recovery of nociceptive function. Discussion & Conclusion: This study proves the feasibility of the artificial nerve conduit filled with Schwann cells for peripheral nerve regeneration by bridging a longer defect in an animal model.

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Bacgrond and Aim: Oral health is an important component of lifestyle. And recovery requires proper training methods to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to its population. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of lecture and video screening in improving the knowledge, attitude and practice of dental hygiene students. Methods:The survey is a quasi-experimental intervention survey done in Chabahar in 2011-2012. By sampling a regular allocation process is divided into three equal groups (each group n = 100:control, lecture and film) were divided..Knowledge, attitude and Practice student were measures by self report questionnaires and pre-test and post-test . And relevant data was analysed by using of software SPSS VERZHON 11, statistical tests ANOVA, Mann-Whitney. Results :The Lecture And Film Group knowledge And attitude immediatelly and 3 months after the intervention, the practice immediately after the intervention increased But A more effective approach to video on improving the knowledge, attitude and practice of oral health revealed (P <0/001). Conclusion:This study showed that both the training lectures and video display can be an effective way to promote Oral health Education Knowledge , attitudes and practice of the people Although video method is more effective.

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Introduction: Iran is one of the countries with the highest number of deaths from road accidents. As the incidence of these injuries (30 in ten thousand) is higher than the regional and international rates and about 13.5% of the deaths are caused by traffic accidents. Since pedestrians are one of the groups at risk, the purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of them regarding to the driving rules. Materials & Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on a target population of pedestrians in the city of Kashan. The sample size was 398 subjects that were selected by convenient method from forty spots on the streets of kashan. The Knowledge, attitude and practice of pedestrians were determined and the relationships between demographic and behavioral variables were assessed by the statistical tests, chi-square, odds ratio and its confidence interval. The reliability of questions in each domain was assessed by the using of Cronbach's alpha index. Construct validity of questions in each area was calculated by using of the principal components analysis method. Findings: A total of 398 pedestrians were studied. 54%, 61.3% and 32.2% of those surveyed people had an appropriate knowledge, attitude and practice regarding the driving rules, respectively. This study showed that the knowledge and attitude of pedestrians about road rules had statistically a significant relationship, however, the attitude and knowledge of pedestrians in this area was not statistically significant. Discussion & Conclusion: This study showed that the overall practice of pedestrians regarding driving rules in the city of Kashan was significantly poor. Given the importance of human factors in traffic accidents, the best way to reduce the occurrence of such events is the implementing of educational and preventive programs.

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Background & Objective: Health promoting activities and a healthy lifestyle are major strategies to preserve health. Regarding the importance of health in young people, health promotion in society a, this study was designed to Study of Health-promotion behaviors and Life Style among students of Dezful universities Materials & Methods: This study was a cross-sectional-descriptive survey assessing health-promoting lifestyle among students of Dezful universities. A total number of 440 students were recruited in this study using a randomly sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire (demographic questions, Health-promotion behaviors including physical, social and emotional functions). Obtained data analyzed by SPSS software in two categories of descriptive and inferential statistics (T test, ANOVA). Results: Age range of participants was 22/78. In addition, 51/1 % of the subjects were BS, 33/7 resident in dormitory, 17% married, 11/3 % of the students had a week Life Style, 54/3% moderate and 34/3% good. Statistical significant association was seen between Life Style and mother job, physical function, Restrictions of Role Playing in Condition of emotional problems and bodily pain (p<0/05). Conclusion: The results reveal that the life style of more than half of the students is week and moderate and students have lower physical and emotional function, thus need designing programs for improving university student's Health-promotion behaviors.

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Introduction: Health includes a spectrum of elements such as physical, psychological, moral, social, intellectual and environmental. Proper nutrition, enough physical activity, avoidance from dangerous behaviors and early diagnosis of ailments signs are all necessary to achieve the highest level of physical health. Moreover, health improvement will help populations thro-ugh enhancement in their own health control. Considering this fact that about 50% of all expenses are due to unhealthy lifestyle, we decided to examine health promoting behaviors amongst academic staff of Yazd University of Medical Sciences. Materials & Methods: Totally, 142 teachers in Yazd Shahid Sadoqi University participated in this cross-sectional study through census met-hod. Data were collected using an HpLp-II que-stionnaire which involved 52 items, 2 categories and 6 sub-scales. First category covered health-promoting behaviors which included health responsibility, physical activity and nutritional habits subscale. Second category consisted of psychosocial well-being, which included comp-onents such as spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and stress management subscale. Each question was valued considering likert scale ranging from 52 to 208. The collected data entered in SPSS and analyzed by statistical tests including X2, T-Test and Correlation. Findings: Results from 142 questionnaires sho-wed that 26.8% of participants were female and the remaining, 73.2%, were male. 6.3% of the participants were single and 93.7% were marr-ied. 51.4% of them were specialist. Results sh-owed that the more participants evaluated their health as good, the more they got higher scores in health promoting behaviors. Comparison of two genders in health prompting behaviors gr-oup showed that female staff achieved higher score in nutritional behavior, health respon-sibility and interpersonal relations but the differ-rences were not statistically significant. Evalu-ating health prompting behaviors with conside-ring marital status of participants showed that married acquired higher scores in physical activity and nutritional behavior in comparison with single participants, but these differences are not statically significant too. Only a few number of participants showed health respon-sibility (10.6% to 18.4%). Altogether, scores regarding physical activity in both genders were low in contrast with other measures of health promoting behaviors and only 18.24% to 28.8% of participants obeyed a scheduled physical activity program. Diet patterns showed that the portions of vegetable and whole grains in part-icipants’ diet were below the recommended amount. Moreover, only 50% of subjects ate breakfast. Data regarding stress management showed that about 40% of participants used str-ess management skills and male subjects achi-eved higher scores in this area. Discussion & Conclusion: Results from this study showed that about 60% of participants achieved scores from health promoting behave-iors. The most obtained scores were related to spiritual growth and the weakest one were from physical activity. In other subscales the subjects showed an average manner. Considering this fact that an overall improvement in health pro-moting behaviors will increase academic staff activity, efficiency and productivity, we suggest using the theories of behavior change wich are useful as a foundation for developing interve-ntions to promote health promoting behaviors in academic staffs .

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Introduction: Community based interve-ntions for enhancing the generalization of the benefits of health programs, providing information for policymakers and impro-ving the community health are more appr-opriate than the patient-centered clinical trials. The community-based approaches for preventing injuries are widely accepted but there is a little strong evidence of the effect-tiveness of programs with multiple obje-ctives in the community. Therefore current study aimed to review the community-based interventions for preventing motor vehicle inj-uries. Materials & Methods: The research was a review study. Community-based interve-ntions, injury, safe traffic behavior and seat belt were used as keywords in the databa-ses, Scienc-edirect, Pubmed, Ovid, Oxfo-rdjournals, EBS-CO and Cochrane to sear-ch systematic revie-ws. A total of 28 com-munity-based interventi-ons related articles on injuries were reviewed. The results of these articles were analyzed. Findings: The most of the studies were non-randomized controlled clinical trials (78.57%) and were mainly carried out in the USA (46.43%). The interventions were mainly as integrated approachs (60.71%). The primary outcomes of the studies were the use of helmet (35.72%), unintentional injuries (14.28%), high-risk driving behaviors (10.72%), use of child seat (7.14%), use of seat belt (10.72%) and safe traffic behaviors (21.42%) Discussion & Conclusion: In general, the integration of several strategies or the community-based interventions alone has a preventive effect on traffic injuries. We recommend a combination of multiple methods to prevent traffic injuries.

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Introduction: Pedestrians' traffic accidents are one of the most important causes of death throughout the world. Access to the information or existing status could pave the way for educational interventions to prevent traffic accidents. Theory of the planned behavior shows the relationship between some constructs relating to beha-vioral intention, attitude, perceived beha-vioral control, normative belief and the beh-avior. This research aimed to determine the relationship between constructs of the pla-nned behavior theory and road crossing safe behaviors among the fourth grade students of Tehran city in 2010 Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytic research, 160 students were sele-cted among schools in district 4 of Tehran city through random sampling method. These students answered standard question-nnaire in which their validity and reliability had been evaluated. Finally, the gathered data were analyzed with software SPSS (version16) Findings: Research results showed that there was significant relationship between road crossing safe behavior and constructs of intention (P<0.001), perceived behave-ioral control (P<0.001), compliance motive (P<0.001), consequence evaluation (P=0.04), and normative beliefs (P<0.001) and there was no significant relationship between road crossing safe behavior and construct of behavioral belief. Linear reg-ression test results specified that the beh-avioral intention with B=2.35 was a suitable predictor of road crossing safe behavior. Discussion & Conclusion: The results dem-onstrated that the planned behavior theory can be used as a suitable framework for designing of educational interventions to improve of the students' road crossing beha-viors.

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Abstract Objectives: normal sexual function is a main factor in marital satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral educating program on increasing marital satisfaction of women having hypoactivity of sexual desire in Gonabad city. Method: In this semi experimental study, The subjects were 30 women referring to the counseling and guidance center in Gonabad that have received diagnosis of hypoactivity of sexual desire disorder . They were randomly selected and then assigned to two equal groups of control and experimental. They filled out the marital gratification questionnaire (Enrich, 1996) in pretest and posttest phases. The experimental group took part in ten ninety-minute sessions for three months. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between differential means of marital satisfaction of women having hypoactivity of sexual desire disorder in two groups, that is, the cognitive-behavioral educating program was significantly effective on increasing marital satisfaction (P= 0.038). Conclusion: in according to, the effect of Cognitive behavioral Teaching on increase of marital satisfaction of women, it is recommended to use these teaching by specialist into therapeutic program of women that having hypoactive sexual desire disorder 

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Abstract Introduction: one of the major problems is that inhibition effectevence the efficiency and dynamism children and adolescent was shyness. Shyness as a definition negative reaction to being with strangers or acquaintances. The major causes of shyness damaged or abnormal cognitive processing in children. Play therapy is One of the interventions use full at reduces shyness in children. The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of play therapy cognitive - behavioral Maykenbam at the reducing shyness and social withdrawal. Materials & Methods: Method study with experimental pretest and past test at control group. For this purpose, 50 male students in the first and second grade elementary schools range malekshahy city in the academic year 90-89 were, the spatial sampling Multi-stage clusters were selected. Behavioral check list shyness as a research tool before and after implementation of the independent variable (play therapy cognitive - behavioral) was performed and then the data obtained using SPSS software and Using two levels of descriptive and inferential statistic approaches (frequencies, T-test and ANCOVA) were used. Findings: To evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions mayknbam in reducing shyness and social withdrawal student elementary schools of Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used. He results showed that two groups in terms of before treatment no significant difference at scores shyness and social withdrawal. While after the intervention (play therapy myknbam) of was observed F (69.247) in levels. /05 are significant. The overall average score of shyness and social withdrawal based on behavioral check list shyness all the indicators, after play therapy cognitive - behavioral Maykenbam than before intervention , is significant (p<0/05). Discussion & Conclusion: Play Therapy Cognitive - behavioral Mayknbam at the treatment and reducing shyness and social withdrawal at students' elementary schools is effective.

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Introduction: Health promotion behaviors can promote physical and psychological health in individuals and population, especially in veterans. Therefore, this study was performed to identify the factors which influence on health promotion behaviors based on Health Promotion Model in chemical veterans in Ilam province. Materials & methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in the entire moderate and severs chemical veterans, who they were supported by the Department of Veterans and Martyrs of Ilam province. Information was collected by using standard questionnaires for health-promoting behavior HPLP II (Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II), perceived self-efficacy, perceived barriers, perceived social support, perceived health status and structural perceived benefits. After data collection, all data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software with using suitable statistical tests. Findings: The results of the present study in 239 chemical veterans indicated that perceived benefits (P value= 0.002), perceived self-efficacy (P value= 0.000) and perceived social support (P value= 0.002) have positive and direct impacts on health promotion behaviors and physical- chemical veteran type (P value= 0.027) and neurotic-physical-chemical veteran type (P value= 0.022), veteran status (P value= 0.045) and perceived health status (P value= 0.000) have indirect impacts through self-efficacy on health promotion behaviors. Discussion &Conclusion: perceived self-efficacy was identified as the most influential factors on health promotion behaviors and this factor with social support and perceived benefit can be used in improvement of health promotion behavior in chemical veterans especially in veterans with complex types.

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Abstract Introduction:one of cases which is very important in the study of health condition is tooth and month health condition health tooth and month point to all of the health aspect and function especially tooth and gum of the teeth. At instruction using of modle is by the purpose of practical help to design effective instructional programs . this study shaped with the purpose of Effect of education based on health belief model on students' oral health behavior change between girl students in primary school at ahwaz – city . in 1391 Materials and method: the kind of this interventional research include two groups 1:eyperiment 2:example .at first questionnaire be design according to pattern sort and also be study it usefulness. this research will be complete in two stages at before and after of instruction during 8 weeks . it statistical group include 140 of students at primary school in fifth class in ahwaz city .the intervention of this research is the instruction of tooth and mouth hygiene according to hygienic belief model by the lecture method group discussion at 5 instructional session and presentation of pamfelet and teraket .at the end ¸all of figures and digits be collect by the use of spss sowftware and be analyze by use coorelation founding: according to results tooth hygienic behaviours such as teeth – brush and use of floss with all bars have meaningful statistical connection Conclusion: the results show that hygienic belief model in the relation with the promotion of mouth and tooth hygienic behaviour can be very effective.

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Abstract Background: The incidence of sharps injuries in Iran is high and therefore health care workers are at a higher risk for three major diseases, AIDS, hepatitis B and C, that are blood born diseases. This study aimed to investigate the promotional impact of educational intervention on behaviors of health care workers in Ilam province regading sharps injury prevention in 2012. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental intervention study, 66 healthcare workers in health centers in the city of Dehloran (as the experimental group) and Abdanan (as the control group) were enrolled. The data were collected by a questionnaire completed by the participants, after the approval of its validity and reliability in two previous steps, and one month before the educational intervention. SPSS19 software was used to analyze the data using appropriate statistical methods. Results: The mean difference between knowledge and attitude scores after the intervention in the experimental and control groups was significant. Number of injuries, a month before the intervention in both groups was five cases (15.15 %) while one month after the intervention it reduced to just one case (3.03 %) in the experimental group and four cases (12/12 %) in the control group. Conclusion: the design and implementation of an educational program for reducing injuries from sharps is beneficial. Keywords: Injuries caused by needles, training intervention, health care workers, prevention

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Introduction: Given the importance of he-althy lifestyle related factors such as nutrition, physical activity, smoking, sleep-ing, leisure, individual health and repr-oducetive behavior, the aim of this study was to determine the lifestyle of married women, aged 15-45 years old, referring to health centers in west of Ahvaz city. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, statistical population incl-udeed 384 married women, aged 15- 49 ye-ars old, referring to health centers in the west of Ahvaz city. Sampling was conduc-ted by stratified method. The tool for colle-cting information was a researcher designed multi-section questionnaire, which was co-mpleted by aid of trained interviewers along with interviewing. Data were analyz-ed by SPSS software and chi- square test at sign-ificant level of P< 0.05. Findings: The finding showed that the me-an age of subjects under study was 30.6 ± 7 years. There was a significant association between lifestyle and other parameters such as ethnic (p< 0.001), marital status (p< 0.004), occupation (p< 0.002) and income (p< 0.001). The subjects had an average lifestyle in terms of sleep quality (29.2%), spend leisure time (49.7%), nutrition (54.7%) and individual health status (48.2%). in overall, 50.3% of women had an average lifestyle. The most common method of contraception was condom (34.8%). Discussion & Conclusions: Considering that most of the women in this study had an average lifestyle, this emphasizes the imp-ortance of health education to familiarize most women with appropriate lifestyle and right behavioral habits acting as a protective factor.