Introduction: Gestational diabetes, the most common metabolic disorder in pregnancy, causes serious complications in mothers and their fetus . So, knowing the risk factors of gestational diabetes is very important, because through understanding these risk factors it helps to establish screening programs for susceptible mothers and also early diagnosis of disorders. Furthermore, efficient control of blood sugar protects mothers against complications and consequently their fetus. The goal of our study was to evaluate the correlation between gestational diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome.

  Materials &Methods: This study was a case - control research. Pregnant women admitted at Akbar Abady hospital of Tehran were studied during 1998-2005. 188 women participated in this study of whom 94 mothers were put into the case group (with gestational diabetes) and the other 94 mothers were in the control group (without gestational diabetes). Then history polycystic ovary syndrome was investigated between the two groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, descriptive statistical, t- test, fisher, x2, Mann- Whitney and Odds ratio.

  Findings: The results of this study showed no dissimilarities between the two groups regarding the mean of age, educational level, apgar score and gravida. But there was significant difference in history olligomenorrea, kind of delivery, mean of the new-born weight and gestational age and body mass index in the two groups. Also, the results showed significant relations between those with gestational diabetes and women without gestational diabetes with the history of polycystic ovary syndrome. (p=0/03)

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  Discussion & Conclusion: Considering the results of our study indicating significant relations between diabetes and history of polycystic ovary syndrome, it seems necessary to establish screening programs in women with history of polycystic ovary syndrome, while early diagnosis of gestational diabetes protects mothers and their fetus against any complications.

A Comparison of Housedhold Size Among Emploed Women and Homemakers (Ilam Sample) Abstract: Introduction:The Current research tries to question if there is a difference is between household dimension among employed and housekeeping women of Ilam City. To In answer this question, firstly using a theoretical system including wise selection theories and cost and benefit, we tried to theoretically explain the problem and then theoretical claims were empirically analyzed. Materials and Methods: Research method is experimental and the statistic population includes all employed women in Medical Science University of Ilam City and The control group includes all housekeeping women of Ilam City during 2013 (1392 Hijri Shamsi) year. In experimental group, systematic random sampling method was used in the control group, multiple-stage clustering method was utilized and based on Cochran formula samples of 500 were determined for each group. Then required information was collected by questionnaire. Findings: Findings of this research show that there is a difference between job precedents variables (gender of their children, employment status of employed women, and their age, education and household dimension) of employed women. But there is not a meaningful difference between employed women and household dimension. Accordingly household dimension has less score among household with less employed woman than households with household women but the type of job has no effect in decreasing or increasing the household dimension. Discussion and Conclusion: If we consider employed women as a huge part of the society it can be concluded that this important part of the society which grows daily does have a less household dimension with respect to housekeeping group. According to this result, as long as future population policies focus on reduction of country's population, expanding the employment market for women is necessary otherwise financial supports for employed women for assuring the childbearing is inevitable. Keywords: household dimension, household, employed women, women education, comparison of household dimension.

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is the sixth common cancer in the world. Several risk factors including age, early menarche, delayed menopause, infertility, obesity and Nuliparity for ovarian cancer have already been reported. In this study, prevalence of associated risk factors with ovarian masses was assessed.
 Material & methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all (n=70) women's record were recruited with ovarian masses who referred to Ilam pathobiology centers during 2007-2009. The instrument for collecting data was a checklist that completed by phone interview. SPSS software was used and data were analyzed by Chi-Square test.
 Findings: The mean age of patients was 34.60 ± 13.63 years and more than two-thirds (70.2%) of them were overweight and obese. The most frequent detected masses were ovarian cysts (28.5%), mucinous cyst adenoma (21.4%), mature cyst teratoma (18.5%) and serous cyst adenoma (15.7%) respectively. 6.2% of women were affected by malignant tumor. There was a significant correlation between menarche age, using OCP and NSAIDS drugs and type of ovarian masses (P <0.008 and P <0.006 respectively).
Discussion & Conclusion: Ovarian cysts and Mucinus cyst adenoma were common diagnosed ovarian masses. Using OCP and NSAIDS drugs, age of menarche more than 13 years and low BMI were factors that decrease the risk of ovarian masses.

Introduction: Women as half of the population have a direct impact on the development and also removing obstacles to women's active participation in the economic, social and political affairs.

Materials & methods:  Considering objective, the research is of the fundamental type and based on method it is descriptive-survey. For data collection, Delphi method and questionnaires were used. Also, T-test was used for data analysis. Ministry of Health and Medical Education Department, being the second minisery having the largest number of working women is the statistical society of the current study.

Findings: Results indicates that the level of trust(0.80), seeking success(0.67), family support(1.16), belief in  women’s  capabilities(0.80), organizational support(1.26), equal organizational   opportunities(0.71), access to information and communication networks (1.03), gender equality attitudes(0.73), managerial knowledge (0.72), observance of religious rites(0.88), managerial skills(0.91) is less than average among women.

Discussion & Conclusion: The most important issues that organizations regularly face is that who should be the manager so that she would be able to enjoy the administrative authority, and the power of attracting others contribution. And always when a man and a woman candidate for office management male gender is considered as a weight in the scaling pan and causes victory of males in the selection process. In the Islamic system, women and men are of the same rights, namely, Education and ownership,   voting, and generally, in all aspects. However, Indicators of promotion of women in managerial positions in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education is very low and below average.

Introduction: The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of existential group psychotherapy on depression in nulliparous women with postpartum depression.

Materials & methods: This is an applied study that was conducted by a quasi-experimental. For this purpose, 100 primiparous women in their first six months delivery completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) by the phone.32 women that weren't at risk for postpartum depression, were excluded. Of the remaining 68 mothers, finally, by the clinical interview, 26 subjects (age: 29.23M =; 39.2SD =) achieved the Inclusion criteria. Then, they were appointed in control and experimental groups by random assignment. Members who attended in experimental group achieved 10 sessions of weekly group therapy by existential method,   but the control group received no intervention. Finally, members of both groups completed   Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale (EPDS).

Findings: The results of comparing post-test of depression scores in two groups with using analysis of covariance by controlling the effect  variables showed that there were significant differences in Depression scores in intervention group and the control group (05.0p <, 86.12 = (2,28) F). 

Discussion & Conclusions: Thus, based on the findings of this study it can be said that the method of existential group psychotherapy decreased depressive symptoms in nulliparous women with postpartum depression.

Introduction: Studies have shown that half of the mothers complain labor pain. Because of the side effects of pharmacological pain killers on mothers and neonates, those medications are used lower than non-pharmacological methods in these days. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lavender essence inhalation on labor pain in nulliparous women.

Materials & methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 120 pregnant women were selected by convenient sampling method and divided to case and control groups equally. The severity of the basal pain was measured at the beginning of active phase (4-5 cm cervical dilation) based on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).Then, the case group received 2 drops of Lavandula oil inhaled at three stages  ) 4-5, 6-7, 8-9 cm cervical dilation( and severity of the labor pain was measured before and after intervention. Analytical statistics such as t-test and &chi;2 were used.

Findings: The results showed that difference in the labor pain before and after intervention in two groups was significant (P=0). But there was no difference in  mean duration of the active phase and second stage of labor  between the two groups .

Discussion & Conclusions: The results indicated that lavender essence can reduce labor pain. Therefore, the results of this study can be used to make the process enjoyable and also reduce the cesarean section because of the fear of vaginal delivery. Besides, one can reduce the patients' need to sedative drugs and their side effects.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases especially atherosclerosis, are the main causative of disability and death in all over the world and they have increasing spread in Iran. Homocysteine and fibrinogen are two new risk factors for prediction of atherosclerosis. Considering this, our aim in this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on serum predictive inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis and lipid profile in obese elderly women.

Materials & methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 44 obese women (BMI&ge;30) 55 to 65 years old as volunteer, were selected and randomly divided into two groups of experiment (22 individuals) and control (22 individuals). Training program included aerobic exercise with 45 to 65 percent of maximum heart rate for 1 hour per session and 3session per week and continued for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected after 12 hours fasting in the pre-test and 48 hours in the post-test to measure homocysteine, fibrinogen, high-sensitivity protein (CRP) and lipid profile.

Findings: Present study data shows that a significant decrease was observed in homocysteine (p=0.004), hs-CRP (p=0.009), cholesterol (p=0.037), triglyceride (p=0.017) and LDL-C (p=0.047) levels in experimental group; while there wasn't significant relation between study variability in control group. Also, a significant difference was observed in comparison between control and experimental groups about homocysteine (p=0.000), hs-CRP (p=0.037), cholesterol (p=0.049), triglyceride (p=0.000) and LDL-C (p=0.012). There was a significant relation between body fat percentage(r=0.87) and body mass index(r=0.68) with homocysteine.

Discussion & Conclusions: To sum up, by losing weight  and body fat, homocysteine, CRP and also the increase of HDL study results showed that 8 week aerobic training can lead to reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and improving the health status in the elderly women.

Introduction: Healthy behaviors are influenced by physical, social, and personal activities of people. Self-efficacy is one of the effective factors influencing health promotion behaviors. This study aimed to examine the Self-Efficacy and Health Promoting Behaviors among Women of Reproductive ages in Shiraz during 2013.

Materials & methods: In this cross-sectional study, 392 women (15-49 ages) of Shiraz selected thorough multiple stage cluster sampling in 2013 were interviewed. In order to gather information, a questionnaire consisting of personal-demographic question, health promotion behaviors, general self-efficacy and social support was utilized. To examine the association between variables, Independent sample T-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and Multiple Regression were performed.

Findings: the study indicates that mean and standard deviation of age is 30.91 ± 8.89. Most of women (79/6%) have moderate and high level of self efficacy. In general, Mean and standard deviation of health behavior of women is 53/69±12.82 (in 0-100 scale) which varies in different groups. Study in field of Health, self-efficacy, Marital Status and Social support show a significant relation with healthy behavior. Among age, the marital status, employment status, experience of some particular diseases, the study in areas of health, classical identity, Social support, education and the use of communication media, Self-efficacy indicates the most significant factors affecting health related behavior.

Discussion & Conclusions: Self-efficacy is the most significant factors affecting pursue of health related behavior and Life-style. Thus, executors should pay attention to the importance of social-psychological dimension, consideration to promotion self-efficacy increase cultural programs in planning of health care system promoting awareness of people. 

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease shared between humans and animals which occur as a result of infection with the intracellular parasite called toxoplasma Gondii. Toxoplasmosis in pregnant women, can lead to miscarriage or congenital abnormalities in the fetus. The congenital toxoplasmosis occurs when the mother is infected for the first time during pregnancy. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of serum anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in Iranian pregnant women.

Materials & methods: Required data were collected by searching Googlescholar, Irandoc, Magiran Pubmed, SID, Embase, Cochrane, and ISI databases without any time limitation. Then, 28 articles were selected among 112 collected articles and considered in the Meta-Analysis and their data were analyzed using Meta-Analysis and random effects model. Heterogeneity of the study was assessed using the I2 index. Also, data were analyzed using R and STATA(Ver11.2) software.

Findings: With a sample size of 12818, the overall prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies was calculated equal to 34.2% (CI 95%: 23-45.3), the prevalence of IgG antibody was 34.9% (CI 95%: 31.2-38.7), and the prevalence of IgM antibody was 5.7% (CI 95%: 3.6-7.8).

Discussion & conclusions: Our findings suggested that the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in Iran is at an average level. Therefore, considering the high cost of serologic screening method, it is recommended to improve public and especially women awareness in the period before pregnancy through development and extension of health programs in order to prevent the infection in pregnant women or timely treatment of infected infants.