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Abstract Introduction: Safety and hygiene are of considerable importance to a healthy life. They guarantee people`s protection against disease and fatal dangers. Having knowledge about the environmental pollutants helps to realize how hazardous these harms are and can result in providing the ground to develop an economically and technically proper technology. Examples of dangerous elements at workshops are fume, smoke and vapour rising from electrical arch which expose workers to health risk factors. Therefore, for controlling such pollutants, we have to use appropriate technology materials & procedures. The semiautomatic weld mask with capability of protecting eyesight and breathing system against metal vapour and radiations during welding controls the rays from electrical arches and prevents the rising fume form being breathed in by workers. Materials & Methods: Invention of this mask has been developed academically at Ilam Medical University. The fiberglass part of this specifically shaped mask is placed on the chest and prevents the dense fume with high rate of pollutants to be breathed by workers. However, this mask has a fixable length from both sides which is higher than the vertical position of the worker`s nape. The quality of this mask considering its two-sided feature and suitable length helps workers breathe less-dense fume and by blocking the way of dense fume upward, also decreases the pollutants and facilitates the way of fresh air from behind. The density of fume is less in comparison to that moving in front of the worker`s heads. This mask is registered in the national invention registeration department with the registration number 33786. Conclusion: The invented mask was examined. Considering the investigative results, using this mask can decrease a high amount of pollutants in the air workers breathe in. Furthermore, harmful rays such as infrared and ultraviolet will not strike worker`s eyes anymore. The shortage of desired technology in our province and high expenses in other cities of Iran were, unfortunately, the significant reasons for not developing such an essential device.

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Abstract Introduction: Every year, millions of job accidents occur in the world. Studies on the job injuries show about 150000 injuries in Iran. Unhealthy behaviors are considered serious problems in public health. Education is one of the best ways to change such unhealthy behaviors. Interventions based on models and theories have many capacities for behavioral changes. BAZNEF model is one of the health useful education models for behavior change in developing countries. The aim of this study was to increase safer behaviors of workers in coke industry based on BAZNEF model. Materials& methods: This study was a semi-experimental case control study to investigate the effects of health education on the safety behavior of workers in the coke industry. 54 workers as an experimental group and 54 workers as a control group were randomly selected and according to BAZNEF model were subjected to the investigation. SPSS was used for analysis of data and independent t-test, t-paired and R.M.ANOVA were applied for analysis. Findings: The results indicated that the mean of knowledge, attitude and performance mark of the workers about safety and use of personal preventive equipment increased so that significant differences were observed. The mean of availability of PPE increased after the intervention. Conclusion: It can be concluded that programming in health education and health problems according to BAZNEF model for increasing safety behavior among workers of coke industry is an effective way to decrease job injuries.

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Mine working environment has been considered one of the most high risk environments. 85 per cent of the work accidents are attributable to unsafe working conditions. 85 to 95 per cent of these accidents are attributed to attitudes, culture and behaviour. The safety climate is a multi-faceted construct which shows the individuals’ attitudes towards and priority they set upon the safety in working environment. Measuring safety climate provides a glimpse of safety condition in an organization in a given time. The present research is an attempt to study safety climate and its structural aspects in Gol gohar mine complex in Sirjan, Iran. The cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical research has been carried out during the winter of 2012on 534 workers in the Sirjan Gol Gol gohar mining and industrial company as subjects. The safety climate questionnaire has been used to measure the safety climate. The findings indicate that production pressure with the score of 5.38 was the least effective factor, and training with the score of 7.70 was the most effective factor. The total score of safety climate has been calculated in a 1 to10 scale for the 6.35 score location. The safety climate of the mine has been shown to be moderate.

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Introduction: In many developmental projects, the tunnel drilling is fraught with various health and financial dangers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risks of the Amirkabir tunnel drilling pro-ject in Iran. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive study, the tunneling process was divided into 3 phase. The data including the type of risks, their effects and possibilities were gathered using failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). The cumulative fre-quency of risk grades was calculated, and then ranked by Pareto principles. Findings: The highest percentage of risk grades included hitting with tunneling ma-chineries and equipments, falling-down of workers and crashing of equipments. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the Pareto diagrams, by removing or cont-rolling the risks, it would be possible to optimize the safety of Amirkabir tunneling project.

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Introduction: Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), is a technique that evaluates and documents analyze of failure modes, potential effects of any failure on the success of system, personnel and system safety, system performance and maintainability. In this study, at the first killen analyzed for two approaches, RPN and critically matrix of FMECA technique and then the results of these two approaches was compared. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess and identify the risk of a cement killen using RPN and critically matrix approaches of FMECA. Then, the results obtained from qualitative and RPN approaches were also compared with each other. In this study, the effects of defects on the production and system, how to fail, severity of fails and their criticality level and controls of fails were considered. Findings: The number of identified defects using FMECA was 100 cases. The body warping defect had the highest risk priority number (RPN=270) among the defects analyzed with approach RPN. In the qualitative approach, the defects of maximum and minimum realizing of the original gears, contact between the rotor and stator in the engine were the highest critically rate. Discussion and Conclusion: This study showed that analysis FMECA was proper tool to identify and prioritize failures of their critically, especially for the machinery and complex systems. Moreover, this study showed the significant differences between the results obtained from RPN and qualitative approaches of FMECA.

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Introduction: Offering the Health-care ser-vices by hospitals at critical conditions is very important. So, it is essential to eval-uate the level of hospitals safety in emer-gency situations and ensures that hospital provides an acceptable performance in criti-cal conditions. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the saf-ety condition of Ilam´s hospitals during di-sasters in 4 hospitals of Ilam in 2013. Observation, interview and questionnaire of hospital safety index presented by the World Health Organization (WHO) were applied in order to collect data. This form studies 145 hospital safety indices in three scopes of performance, structural and non-structural safety. Finally, the hospitals are classified in one of the three safety levels A, B, C. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 18 and descriptive statistics. Findings: In this study, all hospitals were observed in the safety level B. Imam Khomeini hospital had the highest scores in all three above-mentioned scopes. Other-wise, the lowest score in the performance scope concerned to Taleghani hospital, and in structural and non-structural scopes, Ko-wsar and Taleghani hospitals had the lowest scores. Discussion & Conclusion: Totally, despite the differences in the scopes of functional, structural and non-structural, the safety lev-el in all hospitals was moderate (level B). However, some appropriate measures must be conducted in every scope, and the safety factors must be annually and repeatedly assessed to reach the universal standard level (A).

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Introduction: Actually, food sanitation is a guarantee of proper food quality and it is an essential pillar in health promoting of community. The aim of this study was to study of knowledge and attitude among Ilam University of medical sciences students regarding to food sanitation and safety on 2013.
 Material and method: 430 Ilam University of medical sciences students was determined in present cross-sectional study by stratified random sampling. Data collected through a questionnaire consisting of three parts including personal information, knowledge and attitudes towards food sanitation and safety. The data were used by SPSS16 software and analyzed by Mann- Whitney and kruskal-wallis tests.
 Findings: overall, results showed that 3.5% of students had good attitude, 77.6% moderate attitude and 18.5% poor attitude. In the field of knowledge 18.5 % had adequate knowledge, 16.2% moderate knowledge and 2.4% poor knowledge about food sanitation. Results showed that there is a significant relation between students' attitudes regarding food sanitation and safety and their sex (p = .036), and also there isaa significant relation between knowledge (p = .000) and attitude (p = .048) of students and passing the food sanitation course.
Discussion&Conclusion: It is proposed that according to relation between knowledge, food sanitation and safety, educational programs to be held in the form of workshops or incorporate food sanitation courses for fields of medical science that does not pass this course.

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Introduction: Safety climate is one of the factors related to nurses' satisfaction, and therefore, quality of patient care. This study aimed to determine the safety climate in medical-surgical units of teaching hospitals in Zanjan, Iran.
Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 247 nurses working in five teaching hospitals in Zanjan, Iran, in 2021.  Participants were selected by the Poisson sampling method. The required data were collected using a demographic characteristics form and the standard nurses' safety climate questionnaire by Sarsangi et al. (2015). This scale measures the nurses' perceptions regarding the dimensions of nursing education, communication with physicians, communication with nurses, supervisors' attitudes, reporting errors, and burnout. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 18) through descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient.
(Ethic code: IR.ZUMS.REC.1399-202)
Findings: The total mean score of safety climate was 3.12±0.53 out of 5. The highest mean safety climate scores were related to the ‘communication between nurses’ (3.61±0.83), followed by ‘reporting errors ‘(3.53±0.69). The lowest mean score was related to ‘burnout‘(2.32±0.90) out of 5. The total score of safety climate was statistically different and significant based on the organizational position and city in which the participants were working. However, the total mean score of safety climate showed no significant relationship with gender, marital status, education, employment, ward, age, and work experience.
Discussion & Conclusion: This study showed the moderate level of safety climate of nurses working in Zanjan, Iran. Cumulative burnout was one of the components of the safety climate that obtained the lowest mean score, compared to other dimensions. In other words, burnout was highly prevalent among the nurses in this study. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the safety climate of nurses, especially in the cumulative burnout dimension.
 

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