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Abstract Introduction: The nursing profession has long recognized the importance of performing researches as an essentiality of its task. More scientific knowledge can be obtained to improve the care provided by nurses and the health care systems. This research has been performed to determine the barriers in the way of doing researches as considered by nurses and midwives working at Shahr-e-Kord`s hospitals. Materials & methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study , the instrument for data collection was questionnaire. These questionaires were provided on the basis of valid scientific sources & liqurt scales. For data analysis, the T-test and Chi-square test were used. Findings : Out of the 300 questionnaires distributed among nurses & midwives , 238 ones (73.9%) were received back. The results showed that mean of organizational barriers was more than that of personal ones (p<0/0001). Inadequate time was clearly the greatest barrier of participation in clinical researches , lack of technical & consultative support , demotivation , poor command on English language and non-profitablity were also known as major barriers to decide on doing researches . Unintendency toward research , limited benefit of researches to their patients & ethical concerns were relatively considered minor barriers. Conclusion: It is concluded that these barriers must be removed by the research officials & hospital managers. The most important factor was perceived to be organizational support particularly in under-graduate and pastgraduate courses so that any nurse or midwife thinks of a scientific study as a promotive point in his/her profession.

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Introduction: Along with other areas (fields) in our country, the research in medical sciences is a necessity for the maintenance and improvement of community health. This task is accomplished by faculty members and research staff, which are the key factors to reach such goal. The objectives of this study were to determine the intra – organizational factors of conducting research in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in order to improve and enhance the research projects. Material & Methods: The matrix of the study included entire academic members and research staff of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences where 121 of them were randomly selected for the descriptive cross -sectional study. The variables were assessed by Likert Spectrum constructs and a questionnaire was designed to collect data. In the research, the process of approving proposals, levels of awareness of research facilities, status of collaborations among researchers, and the potential of researchers in conducting the research projects were thoroughly investigated. Statistical software, SPSS, was used to analysis data. Findings: Significant differences were seen with regard to access to facilities and conducting research (P=0.01), assessing benefits of conducting research (P=0.02), level of research awareness among academic members with and without research project (P=0.014). Differences of motivation force (P=0.8), collaboration (P=0.12), job satisfaction (P=0.09) and expecting benefits from conducting research (P=0.019) were shown to be not significant. Discussion & Conclusion: As stated by academic members, the problems due to personal factors were more apparent than those problems due to intra-organizational factors. In other words, the major problems in not doing research were the lack of sufficient time and proper skills in research method and the absence of innovation in looking for the problems to be solved. Systemic factors including lengthy procedures involved in approving the proposals and lack of awareness from the research priorities were the secondary obstacles. In other hand, levels of access to the facilities, research awareness, and evaluation of research from the corresponding benefits were higher among those involved in research projects.

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Introduction: The importance of students' research is obvious to the authorities of medical education and research affairs. It is important to address the performance of students and their related factors during education. The aim of this research was to determine the behavioral styles of students in Shiraz University of medical science in academic environments. Materials & Methods: For the cross sectional study, 400 students of second semester of 2005-2006 academic year were selected in Shiraz University of medical science by random sampling method. The data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software and Chi-square test. Findings: Results of the study demon-trated that the interest in scientific research among the students shown to be as poor (19%),moderate (38.75%) and good (42.25%) reectively. Interest in partic-pating in scientific and educational works-ops was also graded as poor (15.75%), modrate (42.80) and good (41.25%), resp-ctively. There was a significant relationship between education level and educational failure.(P<0.05) Discussion & Conclusion: Findings of the study indicated that paying attention to the effective factors on academic success of medical students is essential and authorities should improve the quality of education and students' acceptance, alleviate the problems of students' facilities and occupation and enhance the educational interests.

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Introduction: The transfer and utilization of research evidence in health promotion have caught a great attention in recent years. R-esearch has been the means of material and spiritual progress for human being. Health research is prerequisite for the enhancement of health and treatment maintenance and plays a pivotal role in medical sciences. This study was done to determine the kho-wledge and attitude of students toward re-search in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Materials & Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical survey assessing kho-wledge and attitude of students toward rese-arch in 2012. A total number of 256 stud-ents were recruited in this study using a ran-domly sampling method. Data were collec-ted using a reasercher-designed question-naire. Obtained data analyzed by SPSS18 software and two categories of descriptive and inferential statistical methods (Chi-Sq-ure and Fisher exact tests). Findings: The results of the study indicated that 64.4 % of participants had a poor knowledge toward research and 63.2 % of them had a moderate knowledge toward re-search.There was a significant relation bet-ween knowledge and educational level am-ongst students, so that the students with higher educational level had more know-ledge regarding research (P<0.05). Also, the attitude of students had a significant rela-tion with their educational level and reside-nce (P<0.05). So that students with higher educational level and resident in dormitory had a better attitude toward research. Discussion & Conclusion: Changings in the educational system to meet the needs of stu-dents may be necessary. It should pay more attention than before to the courses such as practical research methods to improve the practical implementation of research, to pr-omote students' attitudes toward research and to provide the process of collaboration and necessary support among students.

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Introduction: The importance of research and knowledge production is critical worldwide. Therefore, the number of researchers and published articles as well as the volume of investment in research is considered the indicators of development in any country. Accordingly, the most important factor in the progress and prosperity of research is to recognize the challenges and barriers. Various studies have been carried out at the Universities of Medical Sciences in order to identify the barriers to knowledge production regarding the stakeholders’ viewpoints. Therefore, this study aimed to identify barriers to knowledge production from the viewpoint of faculty members, research experts, and students in Iran.
 
Materials & Methods: This systematic review was conducted utilizing the articles and documents on Iranian web sites (i.e., Magiran, Iran medex, SID, and Medlib) as well as foreign databases (i.e., Google scholar, PubMed, and Scopus) without any time limit. Moreover, the keywords in the titles of articles were employed in the search process.
 
Findings: Totally, 16 articles and one documentary were identified in the search process. Out of all, 13 and 3 articles compared the viewpoints of faculty members and the views of faculty members with research experts, respectively. According to faculty members’ viewpoints lack of time due to heavy workload, policies to encourage researchers, adequate funding, appropriate promotion system for faculty members, and human resource shortages were the main research barriers in medical sciences. On the other hand, the research experts indicated the lack of teamwork culture and existence of defects in goals and programs as the most important challenges in research implementation. Moreover, lack of research priorities, motivation for research, cooperation with researchers, and adequate funding were the main obstacles in viewpoints of students.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: According to the results, the faculty members share same viewpoints regarding research barriers despite the variety in locations geographically and diversity in data collection tools. Generally, lack of research funding was considered as the main research barrier. Moreover, the complexity in research approval processes ranked the second main challenge confronting the researchers in the field of medical sciences.

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Introduction: Considering the ever-increasing developments in medical research, especially the use of human subjects in research projects, the implementation of such research according to the ethical principles and criteria of creditable national and international declarations is of great significance. The present study aimed to investigate the rate of observance of research ethics in proposals approved at Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran,  from 2010 to 2016.
 
Materials & Methods: This descriptive-retrospective study evaluated 489 research proposals that had been approved between 2010 and 2016. Following that, the required information was extracted using six checklists prepared using the standard questionnaires of the Ethics Review Committee in World Health Organization (WHO/ERC) and other related studies. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software.
 
Findings: According to the results, 402 (82.2%) proposals observed the ethical consideration section. However, only 20 (4%) proposals were referred to the Research Ethics Committee and approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Furthermore, in 163 (57.8%) proposals, the subjects were informed of their participation in the study, and in 177 (36.2%) proposals, informed consent was included. In the proposals with human subjects, the confidentiality of the subjects' information in the research was predicted in 257 (52.6%) proposals.
 
Discussions & Conclusions: The ultimate goal of national/regional Research Ethics Committees is the improvement of the current situation and getting closer to the related standards, which totally showed a progressive trend. Holding educational workshops for honorable members of scientific boards as well as students, and careful supervision of ethics committees, especially in clinical trials and animal studies, is presented as a proposed optimization strategy to improve the ethical environment.

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