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Glomerular Diseases affect the filtration function of nephrons. In many patients, kidney failure eventually leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The causes of the glomerular diseases should be diagnosed to appropriately treat the disease. Although a renal biopsy determines definitive diagnosis of the cause of the disease, it is an invasive and potentially hazardous procedure. Urine testing for biomarkers could replace renal biopsy as a simple, safe, and accurate test that could be repeated to follow up progression of the disease and monitor response to therapy. In recent years, in order to understand the mechanisms involved in glomerular disease, kidney injury and to distinct between them, notable proteomics studies have been done. It seems that by improvement of proteomic techniques in future, better results will be achieved. This article discusses this issue in detail.

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Introduction: More than 60% of the office staff in developing countries complain about physical discomfort that many of the discomforts associated with musculoskeletal disorders. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among developing countries, according to the type and duration of work with computers, between 15 to 70% has been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate musculoskeletal disorders in computer users and determination of correlation between the results of CMDQ, RULA and ROSA methods.
 Materials & methods: Participants were 71 office users that were selected using systematic random sampling. The method used in this correlation study was using CMDQ questionnaire and evaluation of those methods.
 Findings: According to the final results of the RULA 46% of participants were in risk level 3 and 4 (ergonomic intervention) and results of the ROSA 21% as low risk, 48% as medium risk and 31% were at high risk. Also there is a significant relationship between the risk level of two method results (p<0.05).
Discussion & Conclusion: Two evaluation methods have a high correlation to estimated risk levels of musculoskeletal disorders and they can be used as an alternative method to assessment of ergonomic risk of office environments.

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Introduction: Ferulagoangulata plant is native to Iran and west regions. It has been used as a traditional medicine. It can prevent the food spoilage, by adding to dairy products, especially oil and provide savory pleasant flavor. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of this plant on four strains of pathogenic bacteria.

Materials & methods: To investigate the antimicrobial activity, the test was used by methods, disk-diffusion at different concentrations of extract (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/ml) on two types of gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Klebsiellaoxitoca and two gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Entrococcusfaecalis. Antimicrobial activity of extracts was compared with tetracycline and gentamicin.

Findings: The most sensitive bacteria, Escherichia coli with maximum inhibition zone diameter (23±1mm) and MIC, 25 mg/ml. Extract revealed greater inhibitory effects on gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity is reduced by reducing the concentration of the extract.

Discussion  &  Conclusion: The Ferulag-oangulata extract has an anti-bacterial property. Then native plantains effects are valuable for further research to identify therapeutic properties.

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Introduction: Oxidative stress is resulting from the imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant system of the body. Increased oxidative stress in the brain causes impaired brain activity, neuronal death, and diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, the protective effect of Ferula szowitsiana plant against oxidative stress caused by cerebral ventricular injection of ethidium bromide was evaluated.

Materials & methods: With direct single injection of 0.01 % ethidium bromide (EB) into the Cornu ammonis (CA₁) of hippocampal formation the induction of MS was done. One week after MS induction, animals received intrahippocampal (5 μg/rat and 10 μg/rat) administration of the extract for 3 consecutive days. At the end, the bilateral hippocampi was dissected and used for the measurement of oxidative stress markers. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed using one-way ANOVA.

Findings: Hippocampal injection of EB caused significant increment of total antioxidant capacity (p< 0.001) and activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and decrease activity of CAT (p< 0.01). Short-term local injection of Ferula szowitsiana extract significantly reduced the total antioxidant capacity (p< 0.001) and activity of CAT and SOD enzymes (p< 0.001) to the normal levels.

Discussion & conclusions: The results of the present study show that local injection of EB cause increasing production of the free radicals. The Ferula szowitsiana extract as a potent antioxidant modulates oxidative stress markers, probably through scavenging of reactive oxygen species )ROS( and clearing of free radicals from the cellular milieu.

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Introduction: Trichomonas vaginalis infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Moreover, there are reports indicating the increasing rate of refractory trichomoniasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Ferula gummosa on T. vaginalis. To this end, the chemical compositions of Ferula gummosa essential oil were identified in this study. 
 
Materials & Methods: The essential oil, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract of F. gummosa were prepared and subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and growth inhibitory percent (GI%) determination against two in vitro axenic cultured T. vaginalis isolates in comparison to metronidazole. Moreover, the chemical compositions of F. gummosa essential oil were identified using gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Ethics code: IR.UMSHA.REC.1396.885
 
Findings: After 24 h incubation, the MIC of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract was 125 µg/ml and for that of essential oil was 500 µg/ml. The GI% values were 50% and 70% for the extracts at a concentration of 62.5 µg/ml and the essential oil at a concentration of 250 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, the metronidazole MIC values were 12.5 and 6.2 µg/ml for T. vaginalis isolates. According to the results obtained from the chemical identification of F. gummosa essential oil composition, three main compounds of its essential oil include β-Pinene (28.7%), α-Pinene (10.7%), and β-Eudesmol (6.5%).
 
Discussion & Conclusions: The results showed that the compounds in the essential oil and extracts of F. gummosa had a significant antitrichomonal activity. Therefore, it is necessary to isolate these compounds and conduct further research on their effects on T. vaginalis parasites.
 
 

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Introduction: Sperm fertilization depends on different factors, such as sperm count, motility and morphology. Ferollago angulata has many antioxidant compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hydroalcoholic extract Ferollago angulata on some semen indices and serum testosterone level in male rats.
 
Materials & Methods:This experimental study was carried out on 28 Wistar rats which were divided into 4 groups: one control, and three experimental groups treated with different doses of  Ferulago angulata extract (i.e.,100, 200 and 400mg/kg) .The extract injection was  administered intraperitoneally  for 21 days . Serum testosterone level, final body weight, testis weight and Sperm parameters including, morphology, Sperm count, high motility and viability were assayed at the end of study. The data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA test and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
 
Findings: Our results showed  sperm parameters, including morphology, count, motility and viability of  male rats increased at 200 and 400 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract of Ferulago angulata (P<0.001). Testis weight and Serum testosterone level increased at 400 mg/kg of Ferulago angulata extract (P<0.001).
 
Discussion & Conclusions: Antioxidant compounds in Ferulago angulata improved the quality of sperm and fertility.