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Introduction:Neurofeedback is used not only for diagnosis and treatment of different disorders but also for improvement of healthy person's daily activity and its quality.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of neurofeedback training on competitive-trait anxiety in athletes. Materials&Method:The present study is semi-experimental and applied type of research in which pre-test and post-test of three groups,including interventional,control and sham,are compared.Therefore 36 volunteer athletics have been chosen and organized into groups. Intervention was made in a form of increased Alpha-wave in O1 and O2 regions over 12 sessions. SCAT questionnaire was used for evaluation of trait-competitive anxiety state. Findings:Univariate analysis shows significant relationship between the actual neurofeedback training and decreased trait-competitive anxiety state(p= 0.015). Hoc test revealed the only significant discrepancy exists between interventional group and control group(p=0.009) and no significant difference exists between interventional group and sham group(p=0.058) and between sham and control group(p= 0.477). Conclusion:Normal brain reaction to stress is decreased Alpha-wave and increased beta-wave. Therefore when a person is faced to a stress situation,brain function is increased and beta-waves appear.Alpha-waves induce alert relaxation,mind integration and anxiety reduction.

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Introduction: Insomnia is a common sleep disorder in which, one is unable either in sleep onset or its maintenance and continuity. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of neurofeedback training on improving sleep quality of patient with Insomnia.

Materials and methods: The present study is a Semi-experimental and applied type of research in which pre-test and post-test of two groups, including interventional and control are compared. Statistical population was all the patient with insomnia referring to psychological-psychiatrical clinics of Isfahan placed in region 3& 7 who were selected randomly. In this respect, 20 volunteer patients were chosen and placed into groups via random sampling. Besides, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used for evaluation of Sleep quality. Data analysis was done via covariance statistical method using SPSS 18. 

Findings: The results showed that neurofeedback training has significantly improved the sleep quality of patients. The Markova analyses showed that 91/8% individuals' difference in the subscales of sleep quality was due to the membership of groups.

Discussion &Conclusion: Neurofeedback training can be a safe alternative compared with other treatments for insomnia. Changing the brain waves will lead to some changes in the brain. After treatment, each change was made in electrical activity of brain causes re-organization in the whole bio-electrical system and makes a comprehensive, natural and normal reaction and reflection in the brain which leads to improvement of sleep quality.

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Introduction: Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is one of the most common complex partial syndromes which its common treatment is medication. The present study aims at comparing the efficacy of drug therapy and drug therapy combined with neurofeedback on decrement of severity of epileptic symptoms in patients with refractory left temporal lobe epilepsy in Isfahan city.

Materials & methods: This is a single case study, with MBD design and multiple baselines, in which two patients with refractory left temporal lobe epilepsy were recruited from Masih Epilepsy Centre in Isfahan city. The subjects were entered to MBD design after the baseline phase. They received 30 sessions of neurofeedback individually, and two weeks after the intervention, they were reassessed in the follow up phase for three consequent weeks. Scale of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Symptoms" was used to collect the data.

Findings: The results showed that according to the visual analysis of the data, neurofeedback intervention was effective for both of the patients, with PND 100% for the first patient, and PND 90% for the other. The decrement of severity of epileptic symptoms was maintained constant three weeks following the intervention.

Discussion & conclusions: The findings suggest that neurofeedback is effective on decrement of severity of epileptic symptoms in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy in Isfahan city.

  

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Introduction: A potential limitation of current ACL injury prevention training may be a deficit in the transfer of conscious, optimal movement strategies rehearsed during training sessions to automatic movements required for athletic activities. Instructional strategies with an internal focus of attention have traditionally been utilized, but may not be optimal for the acquisition of the control of complex motor skills. Conversely, external-focus instructional strategies may enhance skill acquisition more efficiently and increase the transfer of improved motor skills to sports activities

Objective: The purpose of the current study was investigation of the effect of feedback training utilizing external focus of attention on kinetic, kinematic, and functional factors of active subjects. 

Materials and Methods: Twenty-four males (aged 24.83±2.77 years, BMI 22.20±1.8 kg/m2, and weight 72.20±9.30 kg) were randomly assigned to feedback (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. The Feedback group completed training 3 times a week for 8 weeks; training lasted 45 min in each session. Peak knee flexion angle was measured using 3D motion analysis during landing, peak vertical and posterior ground reaction force was measured using force plate set, and functional movement was measured using triple hop test. For data analysis repeated measures analysis of variance, independent-sample, and paired t tests were used. 

Findings:  Results revealed that feedback training caused significantly increased peak knee flexion angle (p=0.001, pre=44.88±4.89, post=51.26±4.80, effect size=1.266), increased functional movement of subjects (p=0.006, pre=5.11±.51, post=5.21±.49, effect size=0.911), and decreased peek posterior ground reaction force (p=0.011, pre=-303±55.39, post=-271±45.83, effect size=0.877). There was no significant effect in peak vertical ground reaction force (p=0.134, pre=2076±426.79, post=1884±328.18, effect size=0.612 ). 

Conclusion: Given the reported significant effect of training on peak hip abduction moment and functional movement of participants, coaches and athletes recommended that to reduce the risk factors associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury and increase athletic functional performance, feedback training should be used during training sessions.

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Evaluations of the acidity or alkalinity of solutions are used in many industries such as food industries, medicine, chemical engineering, petrochemical industries, agriculture, animal husbandry, industrial laboratories, etc. Portable and stationary pH measurements are very common and are an integral part of these studies, due to the importance of pH. In most of these evaluations and studies, a solution with the preferred pH magnitude must be prepared. Therefore, it is necessary to have a device that can instantaneously control and reset the pH of the solution. In this study, a pH meter equipped with an automatic pH regulator by instant feedback method is described.
This system was designed and constructed to create an automatic pH regulator without manual intervention for toxic and dangerous solutions, which could accurately adjust the desired pH in the shortest possible time. The automatic pH adjustment system is equipped with a pH measuring unit that can instantaneously present the pH of the solution. The user determines the desired pH value and the system decides to use the acid or alkaline reference tanks to reach the target point. These operations can be done in a fully automated or manual manner. The error (tolerance) of the automatic pH adjustment of the solution is 0.02, which is very small in the pH evaluations.

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Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of neurofeedback exercises on executive performance, cognitive flexibility, and attention in students with learning disabilities.
Material & Methods: In this study, a total of 30 male students with learning disabilities were referred to the Movafaghiat Clinic in Tehran, Iran, and were randomly assigned to two groups (each including 15 students). The first group (experimental group) received 16 sessions of neurofeedback training (two sessions per week) and the second group (control) did not receive any intervention. The study instruments included the Wisconsin cognitive flexibility test and the Stroop attention test. The data were analyzed using the univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software (version 24).
Findings: The results showed that the experimental group had superiority in terms of the indicators of the Stroop Attention test and Wisconsin Cognitive Flexibility test.
Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, neurofeedback training is effective in improving the executive functions of students with learning disabilities. Accordingly, this method can be used to improve the executive functions of these groups of students.
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