---

Introduction: In Iran, durating the last 20 years, the incidence of drug abuse has been three times more than the rate of population growth.To fight such a problem, the drug request has considerably decreased in recent years, such a procedure includs three main steps as follows: prevention, treatment and loss reduction. In the field of treatment, out patient clinics are providing necessary services to stop drug abuse by the addicts.The reason to take steps to give up drug-abuse is considered an essencial matter of action for stoping addiction it.This research was designed to determine the factors influencing the decision-making stimula in patients referring to out patient drug-stop clinics in northern Khorasan(north of Iran). Materials & Methods: The research was of a descriptive-analytic nature that investigated addict patients referring to the out-patient drug-stop clinics of northern khorasan province during the second half of 2007 .The samples were selected by an easy sampling method .The needed data were gathered using questionnaires on the addicts' first visit to the clinic before taking any initial treatment. Besides the demographic ,history&type of abuse ,style and frequency of addiction,some other factors such as socio-familial , economic, and individual ones were considered. Findings: Among all the 387 clients, 343 (88.5%) cases were male and 44 people (11.5%) were female with the mean age of 32.84+9.65 years, while the mean age on starting to abuse drug was 22.87+7.14 years. The most abused drugs included opium, opium nectar ,crystal and heroin respectively. On a decreasing order of frequency, 49.6% of the clients showed a positive family history of addiction.The first drug in 56% of the patients had been abused through a suggestion by a friend. In 42% of the cases, the main factor for deciding to stop addiction were their family. Discussion & Conclusion: The most significant factors encouraging the addicts to stop drug-abuse proved to be of economical ,social, empowering, and individual ones. The most important barrier factor for resistance to stop addiction seemed to be lack of self-efficiency.

---

Abstract: It is not possible having a healthy promoted community without access to safe potable water. Drinking water for potable should be desirable in addition to chemical quality, It should be desirable as a Microbiological. Quality testing of water usually done based on detection of total coliform and fecal coliform. when water is transferred due to unsuitable conditions, from a reservoir to another, there is the possibility of secondary contamination that is for drinking water of public vehicles. In case of contaminated water, there is a serious risk in Spreading of Diseases transmission by water. With this aim, this study has been done about quality of drinking water In Buses of Yazd City Terminal. Methods: This Research is a Sectional- Descriptive study. For this study samples, have been taken as randomly from Buses in Terminal of Yazd. Total number of buses was 117 that 20 percent of those were selected as samples(24 samples). Total coliform, fecal coliform (E. Coli), Bacteria HPC, pH, turbidity, Electrical Conduction (EC) & temperature was measured .The data were analyzed in Excel & SPSS environment. Result: Result of this study showed that in 34.78% of total samples positive probably steps, 13.04 % of total coliforms positive and 4.34% is also positive for fecal coliforms. Similarly about of Bacteria HPC that is 52.17% more than 300, 34.78% less than 300 and 8.69% as SPR or large range between Agar and Bottom Plates respectively. Turbidity of 21.7%, more than 1NTU and less than 5NTU, 78.2% less than 1NTU are recorded. All samples, turbidity have been less than Iranian Approved Standards and World Health Guidelines. 100% of cases residual chlorine was zero, which is not acceptable. pH and temperature, in range 7.5 to 8.5 and 13 to 18 Degree Centigrade respectively. The pH according to the World Health Guidelines in range of suitable for drinking that 60.87% is in range more than 8 and 39.13% less than 8.

---

Introduction: The use of active learning approaches, such as problem-based meth-od, is effective in improving learning skill-s. The aim of this study was to assess the skills needed to solve a complex task in students of Bushehr University of medical sciences. Materials & Methods: In this cross-secti-onal study, 182 students of Bushehr Uni-versity of Medical Sciences were selected randomly. Data were collected by using of State Meta cognitive Inventory standard questionnaire (SMI). The questionnaires were completed immediately after exams. Finding: The average and standard devi-ation of age in the students were 20.46 ± 1.35 years. The highest and lowest cor-relations were r=0.698 (between plan-ning dimension and cognitive strategy) and r=0.492 (between self-checking and cogn-itive strategy), respectively. There was not any significant correlation between scores of exam and problem solving skills. The correlation among test scores of students and different living status was significant (p=0.017), and the average of test scores w-as higher in non-native students than the native ones. Discussion & Conclusion: The average of total scores regarding to homework solving skills in considered students is not in a suitable and desirable status. The non-in-digenous students get higher scores than the native ones, because they compete with the other students living in dormitory. There-fore, to improve problem solving and thin-king skills, and exchanging experiences am-ong students, particularly native students, some procedures like individual or group counseling regarding to the correct methods for studying or even group working, should be considered.

---

Introduction: Addiction is one of the most important psychosocial injuries in our country. Estimation of number of addicts in communities have always been a difficult and and controversies. The aim of the present was to estimation of number of addicts to drug abuse addicts by using capture-recapture method in Ilam city.
 Materials & methods: Data were collected by using questionnaire based on check list and capture-recapture method from addicts referring to addiction treatment centers and camps. Then, geometric probability distribution was used to estimate the number of hidden population of drug users with 95% confidence interval.
Findings: There were 1713 addicts in recovery campuses in Ilam city. According to capture recapture methods, it is estimated that the number of addicts in this city is within 7939 people (95% CI: 6694-9184). So, percent of drug users than total population 15 years and over of the city was estimated 10%. Also, the use of drugs among identified addicts illustrated that use of drugs was started with 28% in the 70s and in 80s have increased to extremely alarming rate of 67.2%.
 Discussion & Conclusion: The overall results of the study indicate that addiction has an increasing trend in Ilam and its growth in was began in 1370s and accelerated in late 1380s and a shift is happening from use of traditional materials (such as drugs) to the new drugs, industrial and kitchen (such as glass and crack).

---

Introduction: Military service is entry to a new environment with a particular order in which various stressors can increase the possibility of forming psycho-social harms (including suicidal ideation, depression and substance abuse). The purpose of this study was to explain the suicide ideation among soldiers based on some Psycho-Social variables.

Materials and methods: In this correlation-based structural modeling study, 176 soldiers were selected using stratified random sampling. The Beck Scale for suicidal Ideation, The Beck depression Scale, Social support Scale and Possibility of substance abuse Scale were completed and analyzed by SPSS and AMOS Software.

Findings: 28.4 of the studied individuals were at high risk for suicidal thoughts, there was significant and positive association between depressions, possibility of substance abuse with suicidal ideation (p<.05). Social support and familial, socio-economic status only indirectly affect suicidal ideation. The final model showed that 73% of the overall variance of suicidal ideation was attributed to these variables.

Discussion & conclusions: According to results we can conclude that High-risk behaviors such as suicide result from the interaction of environmental, social, personal and family factors. Due to the increased risk of suicidal thoughts, taking serious action to promote mental and social health of soldiers is more crucial. 

---

Introduction: Candidal vulvovaginitis occurs in female genital by the over growth of candida especially candida albicans. This infection may be resistant to therapy and occasionally becomes chronic. In some patients this form of infection is recurrent. Candida species are the most important factors in development of fungal infection in human beings and animals. According to the daily increase of drug resistance, attempts are important for providing anti-fungal and anti-microbial drugs. With the increasing consumption of medical plants for medical treatment, this topic of complementary medicine found a unique place. This study compares the concentration effects of Cichorium intybusL. and Matricaria chamomilla L.  hydroalcoholic extract and the mixed with Nystatin on the isolated Candida albicans from Vaginal Candidiasis and standard under in vitro conditions. 
 
Materials & Methods: This experimental study assessed the antifungal effects of two plant extracts on candida albicans. Cichorium intybus L and Matricaria chamomilla L. were selected based on the previous researches and traditional usages.   C.Albicans was cultured on sabouraud dexterose agar containing chloramphenicol. On each plate, one plant extract disc, one nystatin disc (as positive control), and one blank disc (as negative controls) were placed. The mean diameter of non-growth halo around each plant extract was compared with the mean diameter of non-growth halo of positive control discs after 24 hours. Data was analysed by ANOVA statistical test (P<0.05).
 
Findings: There was a significant difference between the diameter of non-growth halo around the plant extracts and Nystatin discs. The diameter of non-growth halo in nystation discs (30 mm) was more than that for Matricaria chamomilla L. discs (21 mm). Non-growth halo in discs (28 mm) nystation were also more than Cichorium intybus L. discs (17 mm) (p<0.05). As well as the diameter of non-growth halo in Combination Matricaria chamomilla L. and Nystatin discs(47 mm) was more than that for nystatin Matricaria chamomilla L. discs(21 mm) and the diameter of non-growth halo in Combination Cichorium intybusL, and Nystatin discs(45 mm) was more than that for nystatin Cichorium intybusL discs(17 mm).
 
Discussion & Conclusions: Cichorium intybusL and Matricaria chamomilla L.  exhibited antifungal effects on C. Albincans But the effect of Matricaria chamomilla L.  on the lack of growth of Candida Albicans strains was greater than that in Cichorium intybusL.
 

---

Introduction: Busulfan-related oxidative stress reduces fertility; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective role of crocin on ovarian histological changes.
 
Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on 30 adult NMRI rats weighing 22-25 g in 6 equal groups in a 21-day period. The control group received a single dose (0.1 ml) of busulfan solvent (DMSO+PBS) intraperitoneally (IP) and the sham control group were subjected to a single dose of IP busulfan (10 mg/kg). Moreover, the experimental groups of 1, 2, and 3 received crocin intraperitoneally with doses of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg/day, respectively along with a single dose of busulfan (10 mg/kg). The positive control group received only crocin intraperitoneally at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day. After the end of the treatment period, animals were euthanized with a high-dose of ketamine. Left ovaries were used for the histomorphometric study. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version19) through a one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test. A P-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Ethics code: AECVU-192-2019   
 
 
Findings: This study showed that the antioxidant properties of crocin could neutralize the busulfan-related oxidative stress which resulted in the growth of more healthy ovarian follicles and reduced the mean number of Atretic follicles, compared to the group received busulfan. Moreover, this study revealed dose-depended effects of crocin which indicated a significant benefit on the majority of parameters with a dose of 200 mg/kg.
      
Discussion & Conclusions: The present study showed the remarkable ability of crocin in reducing the adverse effects of busulfan on the growth of ovarian follicles.
 

---

Introduction: The synthetic dyes pollution has turned out to be one of the most important environmental problems. Approximately 10000 different dyes and pigments are used industrially and over 0.7 million tons of synthetic dyes are produced annually, worldwide. Synthetic dyes are extensively in the textile dyeing, leather tanning, paper, food and medicine industries. The majority of these dyes are either toxic to flora and fauna or mutagenic and carcinogenic. The disposal of these wastes into receiving waters cause damage to the environment. Therefore, removing them from environment is imperative various methods for physical and chemical decolorization of dyes in wastewater but these methods are rather costly and sometimes product hazardous by-products. In recent years, biodegradation approach of its cost-effectiveness and safe method. In this method, microorganisms, particularly bacteria are used for removing dyes. The goal of microbial treatment is to decolorize and detoxify the dye-contaminated effluents.
 
Materials and Methods: In this study, bacillus albus bacteria were isolated Mazandaran industrial wastewater used as an example of gram-positive bacteria. Decolorization by these bacteria was investigated by a system which contained both medium and dye. The effects of operational parameters of indigo carmine including time, initial dye concentration, temperature, pH, shaking/non shaking, aerobic/anaerobic were tested. Ethics code: IR.UMZ.REC.1397.106
 
Findings: The results demonstrated that over a period of 54 h, at 50° C, 100 mg/l of concentration and pH=10, maximum decolorization of 95 percent was performed.
 
Discussion and conclusions: The present study confirms high effectiveness of bacillus strains in dye removal. The main experiment was focused on decolorization of indigo carmine in aeration conditions.

---

Introduction: Drug and psychotropic use have undesirable and devastating effects on the human body and soul that lead to an increase in family and social insecurity. Due to the difficulty of treatment, addiction prevention is always emphasized in the studies. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planning behavior on the prevention of psychotropic abuse among female high school students in Ilam, Iran, during 2018.
 
Materials & Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 120 students who were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups in the academic year of 2018-19. The data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior, which was used after the confirmation of validity and reliability at pretest and posttest. The educational content was designed based on the theory of planned behavior, and the outcome of the preliminary data was analyzed and administered in five sessions of intervention. The posttest was performed one month after the training, and the data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) through the Shapiro-Wilk test, independent t-test, and paired t-test.
Ethics code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1397.022
 
Findings: The results of covariance analysis and paired t-test showed the significance of the educational intervention in raising the awareness about the behavior of students in Ilam regarding the prevention of psychotropic abuse at an error level of less than 1%. Moreover, the educational intervention was effective in promoting abstract norms and the behavioral intention of students in Ilam, Iran, regarding the prevention of psychotropic abuse at an error level of less than 1%.
 
Discussions & Conclusions: Educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior has effects on the prevention of psychoactive substance abuse in the intervention group. Therefore, it is recommended that education officials and other relevant institutions make use of educational techniques based on the behavior change patterns, life skills training, and student empowerment in order to prevent addiction.

---

Introduction:  Domestic violence occurs in different ways in families. Parent abuse is a type of psychological, physical, or financial violence practiced by children against their parents. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of parent abuse in high school boy students during the coronavirus pandemic.
Material & Methods: The research method was descriptive-cross-sectional. The statistical population was all mothers of high school boy students in Khuzestan, Iran, in the academic year 2020-2021, of which 676 were selected by multistage cluster sampling. In this study, the Parent Abuse Scale (boy version) and demographic inventory were used. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and percentage) and t-test using SPSS software (version 22).
Results: The findings of this study showed that the prevalence of physical abuse is 6.2%, emotional abuse 5%, financial abuse 11.4% and parental abuse in Corona epidemics is 4.1%. In addition, the findings of this study compared to the studies before the Corona outbreak showed that the prevalence of parental abuse of high school boy students in Khuzestan province was lower in the context of the coronavirus epidemic.
Discussion & Conclusion: Despite the fact that the number of parental abuses in Iranian society is significant, the rate of parental abuse in high school boy students during the Coronavirus in Khuzestan showed no increase. It is suggested to investigate strategies that have created and maintained positive interactions in the family.