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Abstract Introduction: Bread is the most sacred, valuable and cheap food of most the people in the world. The familiarity of human with this nutritional substance goes back to about 4-5 thousands years BC. Bread loss in Iran, despite all of the efforts made, seems to be a basic social problem. Further- more, in Ilam province, this problem is more complicated. Materials & methods: This analytical-descriptive study was performed in urban Ilam during 2007 – 2008 to investigate the bread loss in the province. In this study, 200 urban bakeries were selected. The data gathered through questionnaires, technical observations, check-lists and private tests were analyzed using x2 test and SPSS software program. Findings: The results showed that about 20/4 percent of baked bread applied traditional and about 79/6 percent used technologic approach. In terms of the kind of baking machines, 33/3 percent used revolving oven, 46/3 percent tunnel oven and 20/3 percent the traditional (brick – made) kind. 62/7 percent of the considered bakeries spent 15-24 minutes on processing the paste. 71 percent of major bakers knew how to work with baking machines (oven) and 69/7 percent of them were relatively able to work with mixing machines. 73/6 percent of the bakeries were without primary paste and 26/4 percent of them used the primary paste for fermentation. The results of the test showed that there was a significant difference between the paste separated from the bread and the oldness of the baking machines (p <0/014). In addition, there was a significant difference between the burnt part of the bread and amount of salt and the ferment used for fermentation (p < 0/0 19 and p < 0/0 24, respectively). However, there wasn't a significant difference between the paste detached from the bread and the salt consumed in baking. Conclusion: Considering the research findings, if it is desired to have usable and healthful bread, we should plan an appropriate program to promote the knowledge and technical skills of the baking agents. Some fundamental changes also seem necessary to be replaced for the current technology of baking and processing the paste in the bakeries.

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Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease in many tropical and sub-tropical countries, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and can be transm-itted by sand fly bites. This study was carr-ied out to identify the epidemiologic status of cutaneous leishmaniasis with emphasis on trend of its incidence rate in Kashan. Materials & Methods: This investigation was a descriptive and retrospective study based on existing data. Sample consists of all persons who were referred to the central laboratory in Kashan during the last five years (20 March 2005 to 19 March 2010) for parasitological diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and their diseases were con-firmed. Demographic characteristics and clinical information of cutaneous leishma-niasis (positive cases) were recorded and analyzed. Findings: The results revealed that the nu-mber of infected cases in Kashan was 1599 people during the study. Of these patients 1315 (82.2%) lived in urban and 284 pati-ents (17.8%) in rural areas. Incidence rate in rural dwellers was significantly higher than urban residents (19.10 vs. 9.46 cases per 10,000 population). During the study, patients showed a significant increaseing and positive cases of cutaneous leishma-niasis had been increased from 192 cases to 405 cases in the last year of the study. The annual incidence rate of the disease has increased significantly. Among the patients with active cutaneous leishmaniasis, 717 (45%) were females and 882 (55%) male. 92% of cases were Iranian and the rem-aining of non-Iranian. The highest incid-ence rate was observed in the age group below 10 years, with 14.87 per 10000 inha-bitants, and the least rate in the age group 40-49 years with 5.93 per 10000 inha-bitants. The prevalence of active CL pati-ents in the age group less than 20 years (43.84%) was significantly higher than the corresponding value in the same age group in the general population (34.02%) in Ka-shan. Most commonly affected organs, hands (45.8 % alone, 7.1 percent, with feet and 2.9% with face), followed by feet. Single lesion in the majority of patients, was followed by two or more ulcers on two or more parts of the body. Discussion & Conclusion: The findings showed an increasing trend of the prevale-nce and incidence rate of cutaneous leish-maniasis over the period study in the regi-on. Also, cutaneous Leishmaniasis remains a public health threat in the future. There-fore, it is recommended that the regional authorities paying more attention to control the spreading of the disease.

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Phosphodiesterase enzymes (PDEs) cata-lyze selectively the hydrolysis of the cAMP and cGMP cyclic nucleotides. Nowadays, 53 isoenzymes have been identified in 11 families of Phosphodiesterase enzymes. The enzymes control the accesibilty of sec-ond messengers to their intracellular effectors. PDEs display variation in struct-ure, kinetic characteristics, regulatory mec-hanisemes, inhibitor sensivity, and response to special factors as well as the affinity to substrate (cAMP and cGMP). Each PDE family not only have their own specific sub-strates and regulatory characteristics, but also display their own specific tissue, cellu-lar and subcellular expression patterns and consequently participate in different signal transduction pathways. The importance of physiological effects of cAMP and PDE inhibitors was clarified in 1950s. The cAMP nucleotide was introdu-ced as a second messenger that mediating many cellular impacts of nourological tran-smitters and hormones. The second messen-ger, cGMP, was discovered a few years later in rat urine. Recent studies have dem-onstrated that phosphodiesterase enzymes can be inhibited nonselectively by IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xantine) which increa-seng cAMP level and the IC50 for all PDEs were reported o be in the range of milim-olar, with the exception for PDE8A, PDE8-B and PDE9A. Obviously, the clinical usage of different PDE inhibitors has been known in recent years. Among various PDE inhibitors some compounds were not acceptable for the sake of their undesirable side effects. Overlap ping enzyme activity, drug sensivity and tissue distribution of phosphodiesterases comprised their side effects. Further invest-ingation of PDEs in order to identifiy new PDE inhibitors would lead to improve their therapeutic effects and reduce their undesir-able side effects.

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Introduction: Peroxide is the first compound that is produced because of fats and oils oxidation and it can cause thrombosis, cancer, premature aging, allergic inflammation, heart and brain ischemic, respiratory distress syndrome and various liver disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the peroxide Value of oil consumed in the deli systems (sandwich and falafel) in Ilam city in 2010. Materials and Methods: The investigation of peroxide value of oil consumed in the deli systems (sandwich and falafel) in Ilam city was a descriptive-analytical study. The samples (195 samples) were collected in the deli systems of Ilam city at three steps of the day including morning (8-10 am), evening (14-17 pm) and night (19-21 pm). The sampling and analysis were conducted on the basis of Iran's standard number of 493 and 4179, respectively. The obtained data was also analyzed by SPSS and Excel softwares. Findings: The statistical (variance) analysis showed that there was no significant difference between oil type (solid or liquid) and preservation condition with peroxide Value (p˃0.05). The results was also showed that there was significant difference between use frequency of oil with peroxide number and between temperature with peroxide Value (p<0.05). Discussion &Conclusion: The value of peroxide number in the most samples was high as a result of the high frequency use of oil. Therefore, because of the health risks of it, the continuous planning and applicable guidelines by healthcare authorities must be considered.

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Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a serious issue of health care and is one of the most important nutritional problems in the world. This study was aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of female students in Ilam city considering IDA in 2013.

Material & methods: In this descriptive (cross- sectional) study, 291 high school girl students participated selected by cluster random sampling from 25 schools in the city of Ilam,. The Data were collected by valid and reliable questionnaire and were analyzed by SPSS16 software.

Findings: The results show that 18.2% of the students had good knowledge, 49.5% good attitude and 13.7% had a good behavior. Chi-square test shows a significant relationship between student practice about IDA and their field of Study (p<0.05). But the relationship between the knowledge, attitude and practice of students about IDA and other demographic variables was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

Discussion & Conclusion: According to the result of this study and the importance of IDA and its consequential effect on learning and educational failure, performing the educational program about IDA for this group of students seems necessary.

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Introduction:Minimum data set(MDS) is the first important step in the development of healthcare information systems, becauseit makes a standard method for collecting key data elements .The aim of the current study was to determine the minimum data set forIranian children's healthcare records.

Materials & methods: This study is an applied and descriptive-comparative research carried out in 2015. Data collection was done through a researcher made check list of children's health care data which was modeled by observing Australia, Canada, United States and Iran and contained 242 items. The check list was subjected to debate in Delphi method by 20 experts in the field of Child Health and health information management.

Findings: Out of 242 elements of children's health care discussed, 146 and 86 agreed by more than %75 and by 50-75% of experts respectively while 10 elements were rejected by them. Out of 242 items,just two (contraceptive method and mother unsuccessful experience in previous lactation) showed significant differences between responses of alumni groups of pediatrician, midwifery, public health and health care management experts with medical record and information management professionals (P<0.05).

Discussion & Conclusions: This study showed that some of the essential data elements presented in other countries’MDS are required for Iranian organizations and health care providers. So, a complete list of a minimum set of data elements was created.

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Introduction: Children are the most vulnerable individuals in society and oral disease is one of the most common human diseases, especially among this group. The role of oral health behavior is very important in the prevention of diseases; it is, therefore, a top priority for the Ministry of Health and World Health Organization. This study aimed to predict the factors affecting oral health status based on Health Belief Model.

Materials & methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 children of 3-6 years age from urban health centers. The data were collected by a researcher made HBM questionnaire. Some of oral health behaviors were surveyed through interviews with mothers and then children's oral examinations were carried out. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software at the significant level of 0.05.

Findings: Most of children's mothers participating in the study (96 %) were housewives. Almost half of fathers (48 %) had high school educations. Self-efficacy, cues to action, perceived threat and perceived benefits were significant predictors for oral health behaviors and totally accounted for 33 % of the variance in behavior. In terms of importance in the regression model, self-efficacy was the strongest variable and perceived benefits were the weakest one.

Discussion & Conclusions: The findings showed that self-efficacy is the most important variable to strengthening oral health so; it is suggested to promote self-efficacy for promoting oral health status.