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Introduction: Iran is one of the countries with the highest number of deaths from road accidents. As the incidence of these injuries (30 in ten thousand) is higher than the regional and international rates and about 13.5% of the deaths are caused by traffic accidents. Since pedestrians are one of the groups at risk, the purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of them regarding to the driving rules. Materials & Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on a target population of pedestrians in the city of Kashan. The sample size was 398 subjects that were selected by convenient method from forty spots on the streets of kashan. The Knowledge, attitude and practice of pedestrians were determined and the relationships between demographic and behavioral variables were assessed by the statistical tests, chi-square, odds ratio and its confidence interval. The reliability of questions in each domain was assessed by the using of Cronbach's alpha index. Construct validity of questions in each area was calculated by using of the principal components analysis method. Findings: A total of 398 pedestrians were studied. 54%, 61.3% and 32.2% of those surveyed people had an appropriate knowledge, attitude and practice regarding the driving rules, respectively. This study showed that the knowledge and attitude of pedestrians about road rules had statistically a significant relationship, however, the attitude and knowledge of pedestrians in this area was not statistically significant. Discussion & Conclusion: This study showed that the overall practice of pedestrians regarding driving rules in the city of Kashan was significantly poor. Given the importance of human factors in traffic accidents, the best way to reduce the occurrence of such events is the implementing of educational and preventive programs.

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Introduction: Brucellosis is one of the most common diseases among human and animals that occurs in the acute, sub-acute or chronic. Given the importance of this issue in terms of economic, health and also regarding to the high prevalence of the disease, we decided to determine the students' knowledge about the disease and develop the educational programs to increase their knowledge. Materials & Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study in which 413 students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences were examined. Students were assessed by using a questionnaire containing 10 questions and the analysis of data was performed by SPSS software. Findings: According to this study, the overall mean of knowledge score was 5.07. The knowledge of the students based on two factors (father's education and mother's education) was performed by two-way ANOVA. The mean of the knowledge of student whose mothers had upper the diploma education compared with the mean of the knowledge of the student whose mothers had under the diploma education was not significant (P=0.9). The means of the knowledge based on the fathers' education were also not different (P=0.7). The mean of the knowledge score of those students who were familiar with the brucellosis disease was more than those who were not familiar with the disease. Two-way ANOVA for the knowledge about the brucellosis based on two factors (gender and familiarity with the disease) was performed. Accordingly, between the knowledge of the boys and girls there were no statistically significant differences (P=0.12). Discussion & Conclusion: In spite of the students were studying at the University of Medical Sciences, their knowledge about brucellosis was not satisfactory. This may indicate a lack of training or a lack of attention to the students' educational content. So, a reprogramming action is necessary to educate the students about common diseases.

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Introduction: Promotion and improvement of children's health is a part of the global obje-ctives of primary health care. This study inve-stigated psychometric characteristics of quality of life in elementary students of Kashan city in 2011. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 400 elementary stud-ents (Grades 3 to 5) who were selected through random sampling. Content validity of the Per-sian version of the PedsQL 4.0 was checked and tested through the process of translating interview with children 9-12 years (N = 30) and their parents (N = 30) in the primary schools of the Kashan city. Construct validity and reliability of the PedsQL on the sample of elementary children in Kashan (N = 400) and their parents (N = 400) were tested. Criterion-related validity (concurrent) was estimated through investigating the correlation between child self-report of quality of life and parent proxy-report of quality of life along with demographic variables. Data were analyzed by using the SPSS V.18, and LISREL8.8 soft-wares. Findings: Totally, content validity of PedsQL was 0.84 and of the four subscales, physical, emotional, social, and school performances w-ere 0.80, 0.86, 0.83, and 0.88, respectively. Construct validity was good. (RMSEA = 0.047, NFI=0.99, GFI =1.00, P =0.15, df = 2, χ2 =3.77). All inquiries showed a moderate to higher than 0.40 loading over for four factors, physical, emotional, social, and school perfo-rmances. The correlation coefficient between the PedsQL and its four subscales were ace-ptable (r>0.7). The PedsQL had a good internal consistency (α =0.82). Cronbach alpha coefficients range of different categories of the mentioned tool was from 0.65 to 0.77. There was a significant relationship between PedsQL of children and parents and, also the demo-graphic characteristics of the population under study. Discusion & Conclusion: The findings indic-ated the suitability of psychometric properties of the Persian version of PedsQL to measure the quality of life in elementary students. Sch-ool administrators and health system profess-sionals can use this study to design guidelines for creating a healthy environment and devel-opment of the programs of health-based edu-cation in order to improve the quality of life and health of students

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Introduction: Among the cancers of women, breast and cervical cancers have the highest incidence and death rates. However, scre-ening programs are cheap, easy and acc-essible by which the cancers could be inhibited at early stages. This study aimed to investigate motivational factors and causes of nonparticipation to breast and cervical cancer screening among attending health centers in Kashan city. Material & Methods: This study was a cross-sectional one that was conducted on 233 women referring to health centers of Kashan. Sampling was made thro-ugh a two-stage cluster random sampling m-ethod. Data were collected through a questi-onnaire and then the data were analyzed by using SPSS V.14 software. Findings: Findings showed that 7.5 % of women under study were doing regular bre-ast self- examination. 21% of them had never done the Pap smear and only 22% of them were doing the Pap smear regularly. The most common motivatinal factors for screening were seriousness of cancer risk, access to the institutions of health for perf-orming examinations and recommendations. The most common reasons of nonpa-rticipation for screening were the lack of knowledge about the existence of such exa-minations, lack of knowledge on related centers to perform this examinations , no history of problem , fear and ashamed of the examinations. Discussion & Conclusion: Given the moti-vatinal factors and barriers for screening, the necessity of adequate training by health p-ersonnel was confirmed. Given the role of these individuals in promoting community health and their contribution, organizing of training programs in health centers would be very helpful to remove the barriers and strengthen motivators for screening of prevalent cancers among women

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