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Dental anxiety is one the most important reasons preventing children to enjoy dental services. Several methods can be applied in order to reduce dental anxiety and manage children’s behavior. Both dentists and parents mostly prefer not to use medications. However to treat anxious children, those with systemic disease or movement disorders, sedation or general anesthesia can be beneficial. In this review, both sedation and general anesthesia has been described and the literature was searched for studies comparing these methods. We did not find any randomized clinical trials comparing general anesthesia to sedation for the provision of dental care in children. There were a few publications comparing any form of sedation to GA using other methodologies. We proposed some suggestion for designing a precise randomized clinical trial

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Tissue engineering is knowledge of designing tissues such as maxillofacial bone. Three key factors of tissue enginee-ring comprise of morphogenesis factors, responding stem cells and scaffolds. Growth factors have an important role in differentiation and cell morphogenesis. In this review, literature was searched for bone engineering in craniomaxillofacial tissues and the use of growth factors was reviewed. Reviewing MEDLINE indexed articles shows various growth factors applied in jaw bone regeneration. Application of growth factors should be standardized in order to improve their use in future bone tissue engineering.

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Currently autografts are gold standards for craniomaxillofacial bone regeneration. But autografts have some limitations. Bone tissue engineering has been introduced to overcome these limitations. It consist three components: stem cells, growth factor, and scaffold. Scaffold provides an environment for bone growth and simplifies cell adhesion, differentiation and proliferation. In this review, application of natural, synthetic and composite scaffolds in animal and human studies were described. Based on this review, autografts are still gold standards for bone regeneration. However, it seems that recent advances in technology of designing scaffolds would help designing more appropriate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in near future.

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In modern implantolotology there are several indications for laser. Different laser systems can be applied in soft and hard tissues surgery. In this review, literature was searched for application of laser in second-stage surgery of implants, treatment of peri-implant bony defects, removal of peri-implant hyperplastic tissues, and the preparation of bone cavities for implant placement. This report describes the application of different laser systems in treatment of peri-implantitis. Our study evaluated in vitro, animal and clinical examinations. The exact selection of the appropriate laser system was dependent on the evaluation of recent literature, the effect of laser on implant surface and, the level of temperatures rise during laser application. Two major advantage of laser which are reduction in bacteriae and the cutting effects associated with the coagulation properties of the lasers are the main reasons for laser application in the treatment of peri-implant lesions and can improve the prognosis of ailing implants.