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Introduction: Nowadays, cancer is the second cause of mortality in the world and among its variants the most common cancer in women is the breast cancer. One of the methods for cancer treatment is radioth-erapy, in which to enhance the efficiency of radiation therapy some of radio sensitizer can be used for enhancing tumor cell radiosensitivity. Some nanopa-rticles can be considered as a sensitizer because they enhance the cytotoxicity due to oxidative stress and increase the free radicals, especially reactive oxygen species (ROS), within cells resulting in cell death. In this study, elevated synergistic effect of TiO2 nanoparticles as radiosensitizer was evaluated in presence of cobalt-60 gamma rays on human breast cancer cell line. Materials & Methods: After cell culture, the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7 cells) was exposed to 2 Gy of radiation and 30 µg/ml concentration of the aforementioned nanoparticles. Viability was calculated using (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) MTT assay. Findings: Viability of cells in presence of gamma radiation and the nanoparticles, sig-nificantly reduced compared to the viability of cells exposed only to radiation or nano-particle, alone. The effect may dependent on nanoparticle crystals type and conce-ntration. Discussion & Conclusion: Nano-TiO2 inc-reased sensitivity of breast cancer cells to gamma radiation, due to an increase in ROS production and cytotoxicity. Anatase crystals have more severe effects than rutile crystal because of having a larger surface area and creation of more free radicals. Therefore, this nanoparticle has the potent-ial to be used as a radiosensitizer.

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Introduction: The lifespan of organic coa-tings is reduced in outdoor applications by attacks of solar radiation, oxygen and atom-spheric pollutants. Degradation of coating and recoating introduce pollutants into the environment. For solvent based coatings like alkyd paints, volatile organic comp-ounds (VOC) are the main source of pollut-ion. Undesirable mechanical, physical and chemical consequences of the resulting degradation can be substantially restricted by properly selected photo stabilizers. Materials & Methods: Carotene than carr-ots extracted by ethanol and 2 - propanol at a temperature of 60 º C in 4-2 hours. In this regard, samples and control were analyzed by UV spectroscopy and results were compared with samples after past 30 days exposure on the UV sunlight. Findings: Beta carotene acts like a subs-tance against UV light and can increase the resistance of the material to be used as anticancer drug however it's not able to do the task by itself. In a view, beta carotene is counted as a powerful anti-oxidant material. If such material is increased in UVAs, the UV absorbing quality will be increased. Such work is considered a big advantage in anti-cancer drugs. Tautomerization and co-njugation in phenols makes them to be con-sidered as important UV absorbers and eff-ective class of UV-absorbers. Discussion & Conclusion: In this paper we have investigated the effect of phenolic UVAs on increasing UV absorbing quality in beta carotene, viable cancer cell numbers or MTT test was also performed

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Introduction: Periodontal disease in its advanced chronic forms, can involve all or parts of periodontium. While periodontal diseases are accompanied with extensive destruction of periodontal tissues (include-ing cementum, alveolar bone, gingival and periodontal ligament), the tissue has a limited ability to regenerate itself. Due to the limited regenerating capacity of the tissue, application of cells with high pote-ncy of regeneration may be for the treatm-ent of periodontal disease. Materials & Methods: Cord blood was collected from the umbilical cord vein of 30 mothers who gave informed consent. The isolated mononuclear cell layer was washed in PBS, and then re-suspended in growth medium. The cells were analyzed with flowcytometry for superficial mar-kers. Critical-sized (8 mm) calvarial defe-cts were created in the parietal bone of ad-ult rabbit. Defects were either left empty, treated with a collagen alone, or a collagen with human cord blood-derived mesenc-hymal stem cells (USSCs). Histology and histomorphometry were performed. Finding: USSCs were positive for the markers CD73 and CD105, negative for the marker CD34 and had the normal kary-otype 44XX. Quality of the regenerated bone and its connection to surrounding bone tissue were significantly improved in the treated rabbits. Discussion & Conclusions: Results of the study demonstrated that from the viewpoint of histomorphometric, the rate of lesion regeneration was about 90% higher in the treatment group and the complete reconst-ruction was accomplished after 8 weeks

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Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis is the diseases that determined by progressive demyelinization of central neurons. These diseases as other chronic disability cause the stress and affected on dimension psychological as body esteem and perceived social support. Therefore, this study was to examine the relation between body esteem with perceived social support in multiple sclerosis patients. Materials & Methods: This research Study was descriptive Correlations and in this study, 395 patients of the MS Society in Tehran were selected by continuous sampling. Data gathering tool were questionnaire of body esteem and questionnaire of northouse social support. For data analysis, SPSS version 16 was used. Findings: The results showed that a significant percentage of patients' perceived social support (39/5%) were at moderate levels. with consideration score of body esteem (3/25) and the overall average score for body esteem (42/25), Patients with multiple sclerosis had favorable body esteem. The results of the spearman correlation showed that there were between body esteem and perceived social support (p=0/001, Discussion & Conclusion: By attention to findings of this research, body esteem with perceived social support has significant linear relationship. Because of the perceived social support had main roles in quality body esteem, this is the responsibility of nursing that by offer appropriate supportive intervention to patients walk for decrease of their tension and increase body esteem.

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Abstract Background & Purpose: Adipose tissue have an important role in inducing lung dysfunction through production and secretion of adipokins such as leptin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of aerobic training on lung function indices and serum leptin levels in obese men. Methods: Twenty three overweight and obese subjects were randomly assigned to aerobic training (obese EX, n = 12) (45.26±2.45 yr, body mass index (BMI) 31.81±0.77 kg/m2) and control (obese CON, n = 11) (47.03±3.36 yr, body mass index (BMI) 31.45±0.96 kg/m2) groups. Another control group (n = 9) was sampled from normal weighed individuals to compare at the base level (45.1±4.1 yr, body mass index (BMI) 24.63±0.45 kg/m2). The obese EX group participated in 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training 3 sessions a week. Body composition (CT scan), serum leptin levels and lung (pulmonary) function were measured before and after training. Results: At the baseline, the normal weight participants had significant lower serum leptin concentration and higher lung function compared with obese participants (P<0.05). Also, the results indicated that there is an inverse correlation between leptin and obesity with lung function indices (P<0.05). After the aerobic training, obesity and lung function indices were significantly improved (P<0.05). In contrast, serum leptin concentration was significantly decreased after the aerobic training program (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise improves indices of obesity and lung function in obese men which is associated with reduced levels of leptin. Keywords: Aerobic training, leptin, lung function، obesity.

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Introduction: Addiction is one of the most important psychosocial injuries in our country. Estimation of number of addicts in communities have always been a difficult and and controversies. The aim of the present was to estimation of number of addicts to drug abuse addicts by using capture-recapture method in Ilam city.
 Materials & methods: Data were collected by using questionnaire based on check list and capture-recapture method from addicts referring to addiction treatment centers and camps. Then, geometric probability distribution was used to estimate the number of hidden population of drug users with 95% confidence interval.
Findings: There were 1713 addicts in recovery campuses in Ilam city. According to capture recapture methods, it is estimated that the number of addicts in this city is within 7939 people (95% CI: 6694-9184). So, percent of drug users than total population 15 years and over of the city was estimated 10%. Also, the use of drugs among identified addicts illustrated that use of drugs was started with 28% in the 70s and in 80s have increased to extremely alarming rate of 67.2%.
 Discussion & Conclusion: The overall results of the study indicate that addiction has an increasing trend in Ilam and its growth in was began in 1370s and accelerated in late 1380s and a shift is happening from use of traditional materials (such as drugs) to the new drugs, industrial and kitchen (such as glass and crack).

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Introduction: Majority of researches have referred to reduction of stress oxidative, during consumption of antioxidant supplements or exercise training. The aim of the present study, was to investigate "the effect of endurance swimming training plus consumption of vitamin C supplement, on the indices of oxidative stress among male wistar rats".

Materials & methods: Twenty four male wistar rats weighing 250 to 300 g, were randomly divided into four groups:1-Taining (T), 2- Training plus vitamin C (T &VC), 3- control (C), and 4- control plus vitamin C (C &VC).Training groups participated in a swimming program 5 d/w, 1 h/d, for ten weeks. Using vitamin C supplement (100 mg/kg) ) started one week before starting training protocol, and continued to the end of tenth week. One day after the end of training protocol, sampling blood of rats were obtained to measure the indices of oxidative stress including malondyaldehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), uric acid (U.A), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Results were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey test. Significance level was 0.05.

Findings: The results of this research indicate that T &VC significantly reduced the level of MDA in comparison to C group (P = 0.008). A significant increase in the level of TAC was also observed in C &VC group in comparison to T group (P = 0.01). But there was no significant difference in the level of CAT and U.A.

Discussion & conclusions: In conclusion, results of the current study indicates that consumption of VC may decrease the lipid peroxidation and increase the level of TAC, while it did not affect CAT and U.A antioxidants.

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Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of intravenous acetaminophen with combination of suppository diclofenac and incisional bupivacaine on post cesarean section pain.
 
Materials & methods: This was a double blinded randomized clinical trial study. Patients were randomly allocated to the intravenous acetaminophen group (A) and combination of incisional bupivacaine and diclofenac (B) group. Secondary outcomes included: assessment of the time of first request for analgesic, 24 hr morphine consumption, patient's sleep, sedation score (by Wilson criteria), drug side effects (nausea and vomiting and pruritus) and pain intensity during ambulation and global satisfaction of the patients. Data analysis was done by SPSS software.
 
Findings: There were no significant difference between the mean age and mean weight of groups (p value was 0.15 and 0.41 respectively). During this study, pain score (p<0.001) and morphine sparing effect (p<0.001) in group B was significantly less than group A and in group A patient's  pain started earlier than group B (p<0.001).
 
Discussion & conclusions: We noted that combination of suppository diclofenac and intraincisional bupivacaine could relieve pain better than intravenous acetaminophen and can be used for post cesarean delivery analgesia with more efficacy than intravenous acetaminophen for an opioid-sparing effect. 
 
 

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Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes constant irreversible functional deficits. Poor prognosis of such a disease prompts scientists to work on an effective way of treatment. Stem cell transplantation provides a promising strategy for such researchers. Using olfactory ensheathed cells (OECs) has, so far, indicated very good results. Hensce, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of transplanted OECs on functional recovery of delayed phase of SCI in rats.
 
Materials & Methods: In this survey, eighteen adult male wistar rats were divided into sham, control, vehicle, and treatment groups. Sham group received only laminectomy in the T9 segment of spinal cord, while in other groups, contusion model was induced following laminectomy.7 days  after  injury, DMEM medium alone or with OECs was injected to the vehicle and treatment groups, respectively. For cell culture, the olfactory mucosa of 7-day-old male wistar rats was used. Locomotor behavior of animals in all the groups was evaluated by BBB, (Basso, Bresnahan and Beattie) test.
 
Findings: Comparison of the results by the second week to the end of the study illustrated significant changing differences between the OECs receivers and the control group, (p< 0.05).
 
Discussion & Conclusion: Our investigation demonstrated a positive impact of the OECs on functional recovery in the delayed phase of SCI.

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Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious clinical disorder, which involves the patient’s family as well as the community. After sever SCI, astrocytes of the central nervous system become reactive astrocytes, and produce glial scar which is a major obstacle to axons regeneration in the spinal cord. However, some studies have confirmed a spontaneous partial locomotor recovery in injured animals in the course of time and without any therapeutic interventions. Thus, in this study, locomotor function of animals with SCI was assessed to determine the exact scope of such a recovery through BBB (Basso, Bresnahan and Beattie) locomotor test during 20 weeks.
 
Materials and Methods: In this research, 18 adult male Wistar rats were used and randomly divided into 3equale groups: the  normal control, the sham, the injured. Animals in the normal control group did not received any intervention, but for the sham and injured groups, laminectomy and contusion model in segment T10 of spinal cord were accomplished, respectively. Locomotor improvement of animals in all the groups was evaluated for 20 weeks.
 
Findings: According to our investigation, comparison of the results of locomotor assessment of the second week against that of the 20th week of the spinal cord injured group without treatment demonstrated  a partial locomotor recovery, since the BBB score of lesion in these animals was 1.4 in the second week and reached up to 16 in the Twentieth week.
 
Discussion & Conclusion: Our Results showed that spontaneous locomotor recovery in animals with spinal cord defects increases after 20 weeks (from 16 21 score) in the course of  time and without any therapeutic interventions.

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Introduction: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among Iranian women. ELF5 gene as a transcription factor member of the ETS family could play a key role in breast cancer neoplasms, especially basal-like and endocrine-resistant subtypes. The changes in the gene promoter methylation pattern are considered proper targets in the therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of this epigenetic phenomenon and ELF5 gene expression as well as their association with pathologic and clinical characteristics of Iranian patients suffering from this cancer.
 
Materials & Methods: In order to investigate the ELF5 promoter methylation, 134 breast tissues were analyzed using methylation-specific PCR method. Moreover, 164 tumoral and 10 normal breast tissues retrieved from breast reduction surgery were assessed using Real-Time RT-PCR to analyze the gene expression.
Ethics code: 52d/4922, 6.10.2016
 
Findings: The data revealed that about 70% of the breast cancer tumoral specimens showed ELF5 promoter methylated pattern. Furthermore, the down-regulation of ELF5 gene expression was significantly associated with higher cancer stages, being triple-negative, and invasion.
 
Discussions & Conclusions: The results revealed that an increase in the ELF5 promoter methylation frequency in patients, compared to the control tissues, and its association with poor prognosis indicators may propose the ELF5 promoter methylation as a possible candidate in further studies to confirm the poor prognostic role of this biomarker in breast cancer.

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Introduction: Experimental and clinical studies have shown that exercise training is one of the most effective strategies for reducing the progression of cardiomyopathy and decreasing the incidence of cardiovascular complications and mortality due to myocardial ischemia. This study aimed to investigate the role of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the expression of Hand2 and Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) genes in cardiac ischemia rats.
 
Materials & Methods: In this study, 28 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into four groups of sham, ischemia, exercise, and exercise-ischemia. Myocardial infarction was performed by the closure of the left anterior descending artery for 30 min. In total, 40-min HIIT (each interval consisted of 4-min very high intensity running with approximately 85% to 90% maximum rate of oxygen consumption [VO2_max] followed by 2-min active recovery with approximately 50% to 60% VO2_max) were performed three days a week for eight weeks.
 Ethics code: IR.SSRI.REC.1396.134
 
Findings: The results showed that the expression level of the Hand2 gene in the ischemia-training group was significantly increased, compared to the sham (P=0.001) and ischemia (P=0.001) groups. Furthermore, the concentration of PI3K in the exercise and exercise-ischemia groups was significantly increased, compared to the sham (P=0.001) and ischemia (P=0.001) groups. However, there was a decrease in the ischemia group, compared to the other groups (P<0.05).
 
Discussions & Conclusions: The findings of the present study showed that HIIT leads to increased expression of the Hand2 gene and PI3K. Furthermore, the HIIT results in physiological hypertrophy. On the other hand, the pathological hypertrophy of these variables is reduced in this study.

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Introduction: Abortion is a common complication that refers to the early termination of pregnancy with the death of the fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy. Previous studies show that many genes are involved in this disease, including the CX3CR1 gene, which is one of the inflammatory response genes in the immune system. The pathogenicity of these variants was determined in this study using bioinformatics analysis.
Material & Methods: In this study, the effects of rs3732378 and rs3732379 mutation were predicted using bioinformatics tools including SIFT, PolyPhen2, PROVEAN, Predict SNP, and Exome Variant Server. Changes in the stability of mutant proteins were investigated using I-Mutant and DynaMut tools. Moreover, modeling of the protein structure, docking, and protein-ligand interaction were performed using SWISS-MODEL, SwissDock, and FRODOCK tools as well as PyMOL, Hawkdock, and MolSoft software, respectively.
Findings: Many polymorphisms related to the CX3CR1 gene have been known to date. Out of 244 missense mutations in the dbSNP database, two variants (rs3732378 and rs3732379) have been reported in association with recurrent pregnancy loss related to the CX3CR1 gene. The results of bioinformatics analyses showed that both variants were predicted as pathogenic mutations and changed the stability of the protein structure and played a key role in interaction with the ligand.
Discussion & Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that two missense mutations in the CX3CR1 gene are an important candidate for recurrent miscarriage and their identification in patients with recurrent miscarriage can be regarded as a risk factor.
 

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