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Introduction: Labor pain is one of the most severe pains ever to be experienced. Fear of labor pain is one of the most important causes for cesarean section to be chosen by pregnant women. It is important for labor pain to be tolerated in parturient. Entonox that is used for pain relief is safe, inexpensive, and reasonably effective in labor analgesic. Hence, this study aimed to ascertain of entonox efficacy on reduction of labor pain. Materials and Methods: This study is a self-controlled clinical trial. In maternity ward of Imam Reza hospital, 40 nullipar, aged 16-30 years and without any contraindication for inhalation of entonox were selected. Sampling method was convenience. Mean of pain was scaled before and after inhalation of entonox according to numeric pain scale. Also APGAR score of neonatal was considered after birth. Findings: Mean numeric pain scale decreased from 8/82±1/81 to 5/98±1/59 after inhalation of entonox.(p<0/005), potential adverse effects were drowsy(41/9%), mouth dryness (37/8%), light headedness and headache(23%) and nausea and vomiting (12/2%). Discussion &Conclusion: Taking into consideration the achievements of this study, entonox provides adequate effective analgesia for many pregnant women, and is, at the same time, safe for the mother and her baby.

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Modern immunoinformatic approaches pro-vide new strategies for the identification, design and synthesis of antigen-specific ep-itops for different purposes such as vaccines production, allergies management, imm-unotherapy and etc. New developments in vaccine design, allergens identification and immunotherapy has been emerged follo-wing important discoveries in immune-ology and development of new epitope prediction tools/algorithms for B and T cells. Here, we initially attempted to intr-oduce immunoinformatic achievements to molecular biologist and then provide differ-rent approaches for B cell and T cell epito-pe prediction. Ideally, this article help rese-archer to find out more about epitope prediction methods and their challenges, how to use these approaches correctly and analysis their scientific data.

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Introduction: Glaucoma is a chronic optic degenerative neuropathy in which people may lose their peripheral vision. Since various factors are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease the aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between serum and aqueous humor selenium levels, serum glutathione and hemolysate and aqueous humor glutathione peroxidase 1 values with primary open angle glaucoma.

Materials & methods: In this study, 45 patients with open-angle glaucoma and 45 controls were randomly selected and diagnosed by specialists. Measurement of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase 1 was normalized by hemoglobin. Hemoglobin and glutathione measurements were performed by colorimetric method. Serum and aqueous humor selenium values were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy with hydride generator. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS ver.18.

Findings: Total aqueous humor antioxidant value showed no significant difference between patient and control groups (p=0.84). However, both groups showed comparable levels of aqueous humor selenium so that in patients was significantly higher than controls (p=0.02). It was also observed that serum selenium increased significantly in comparison with aqueous humor selenium (p=0.0001). It was also found that aqueous humor selenium was not correlated to intraocular pressure (p=0.045).

Discussion & conclusions: It seems that selenium has an important role in biological pathways associated with pathogenesis of disease.

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Introduction: According to previous research, Cucurbita pepo L. increases sex hormones in males. The purpose of this study was to survey the effect of Cucurbita pepo on the histomorphometrical changes of testes induced by ethanol administration in male Wistar rats.
 
Materials & Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of five as follows: 1- Control group, 2- Experimental group1 (received 20% ethanol  [1 mg/gr, i.p.] for 30 days), 3- Experimental group2 (received 20% ethanol [1 mg/gr, i.p.] along with Cucurbita pepo as 20% of their meal for 30 days), and 4- Experimental group3 (received 20% ethanol (1 mg/gr, i.p.) along with Cucurbita pepo as 80% of their meal for 30 days).
 
Findings: Results showed that seminiferous tubule wall thickness, weight of the testes, and the number of spermatogenic cells were decreased in the Experimental group1. However, all these parameters were increased in the Experimental group3 compared to the Experimental group1. These reductions in the Experimental group1 in comparison with the control group were significantly different. However, all these parameters had increased in the Experimental group3 compared to the control group with no significant difference, while they were significantly different from experimental groups 1 and 2.
 
Discusion & Conclusions: It is concluded that high doses of Cucurbita pepo (80%) may prevent reduced number of spermatogenic cells caused by the consumption of alcohol. However, low doses of Cucurbita pepo (20%) cannot impede the destructive effects of alcohol.