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Introduction: If the fluoride concentration in drinking water is lower than the standard level, it causes dental caries and if it be more than standard level it causes dental fluorosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between the groundwater fluoride(F) concentration and dental caries in children living in 7 areas of Nourabade Mamasani town in Iran. Materials & Methods: F level of the town drinking water was measured by the SPADNS method. All the children of the 4 age groups of 6, 9, 10, and 12 were sampled for a total of 3349 in seven districts of the town. All the 28 teeth of the children were subject to this test. The drinking water in the region is totally of groundwater supply. The residents have essentially the same socio-economic living standards and nutritional conditions. Findings: In these 7 areas, the F level in the drinking water was from 0.53 to 1 mg/L., While the number of decayed permanent(Dt) teeth per child ranged from 0.13and 0.34 to the number of decayed deciduous(dt) teeth ranged from 0.5 to 3.9 Although the F level in the drinking water was below the national level, the dental caries were below the national level. Over this narrow concentration range, there appeared to be a weak association between the F level in the drinking water and Dt and dt. Linear regression analyses showed very weak decreases of the Dt and dt scores with increasing water F level is not significant. Discussion & Conclusion: This study shows that in low concentrations of F ranging 0.1 to 0.53mg/L, there is a negligible effect on prevention of dental caries.

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Introduction: Environment contamination by heavy metals is a major issue threatening human health. One of the biological processes for removing toxic metals from wastewater  is biosorption. The aim of this study is to determine the rate of zinc (Zn+2) biosorption in industrial sewages by Chlorella vulgaris.

 Materials & methods: This laboratory scale experimental study was performed during April 2014 to October 2014 in Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. For determining zinc biosorption by Chlorella was measured under different conditions (pollutant concentrations, adsorbent dosage, contact time and pH). The rate of residual zinc was determined using atomic absorption instrument. Experiments were also performed in real conditions on electroplating industry sewage sample. Adsorption isotherms and metal ions kinetic modeling onto the adsorbent were determined based on Langmuir, Freundlich and first and second order kinetic models.

Findings: At constant temperature of 25ºC, optimal pH 7, contact time of 60 minutes and adsorbent concentration of 2g/L, zinc adsorption efficiency was reported to be 67.72% for real sample and 90.23% for synthetic sample. Based on the obtained results, zinc adsorption followed Langmuir model and second order kinetic equation.

Discussion & Conclusions: As a result of  high adsorption potential in real sample, 67.720/0, Chlorella vulgaris can be efficiently used for zinc removal from industrial wastewaters.

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Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of nosocomial infections. Different mechanisms of drug resistance and acquired-resistance genes from other bacteria, caused the treatment of infections of this opportunistic pathogen with serious problems. So even with the newer antibiotics, the treatment has failed. The use of medicinal plants is one way to develop antimicrobial agents. Given the widespread use of Urtica Dioica and Zataria multifloraherbs in traditional medicine and the potential effects against many infectious agents are going to eveluate the antibacterial effect of methanoland acetone extracts of Urtica Dioica and Zataria multiflora against metallo beta-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa carring bla VIM and bla IMP genes.

Materials & methods: This study was performed from October to February year 2014 on 448 burn patients hospitalized in Shahid Motahari Hospital, Tehran. For all MBL-producing strains, antibiotic resistance by disk diffusion method were done according to CLSI guidelines.CDDT method for detection of MBL and PCR and Sequencing methods for Identification of metallo beta-lactamase gene, bla IMP and bla VIM,were used. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics meropenem, cefepime, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin, piperacillin/ tazobactam and ceftriaxoneand the minimum inhibitory concentration of methanol and acetone extracts of Urtica Dioica and Zataria multiflora herbs were donebased on agar dilution method.

Findings: Among 83 imipenem resistant P.aeruginosa strains, 48 (57.9%) isolates produced MBL. PCR and sequencing methods confirmed that these strains were blaIMP-1positive genes, whereas none were positive for bla (VIM) genes. Hospitalized burn patients with MBL-producing P.aeruginosainfection had 4/48 (8.3%) mortality rate. It was demonstrated that Urtica Dioica and Zataria multiflora extracts had a significant antibacterial effect on regular and IMP-producing P. aeruginosa strains.

Discussion & Conclusions: Prevalence of MBL-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains among patients is high. Also due to high resistance of chemical drugs, the use of medicinal plants such as Urtica Dioica and Zataria multiflora can be a better alternative for treatment, which requires further studies. In this study the extracts of U.dioica and Z. multiflora had a high antibacterial effect against β-lactamase producing P. aeruginosa isolates.

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Introduction: According to the increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria against antibiotics, searching to find new alternatives to chemical drugs and antibiotics has recently become popular. Therapeutic and pharmaceutical effects of medicinal plants have been considered for decades. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alcoholic extract of Geranium plant on the growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria that are prevalent in hospitals.
 
Materials & methods: To investigate the antimicrobial activity of Geranium, clinical and standard strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli bacteria and standard strain of Enterococcus faecalis were treated by 25 and 50 mg/ml concentrations of alcoholic extract of Geranium. For this purpose, disk diffusion method was employed. In order to measure minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), micro broth dilution method was applied.
 
Findings:  The most sensitive bacterium was Pseudomonas aeruginosa due to showing the highest diameter of the inhibition zone (24 mm). The results showed that the alcoholic extract of Geranium plant at a concentration of 50 mg/ml had a higher antimicrobial effect.
 
Discussion & conclusions: The results showed that the alcoholic extract of Geranium plant has anti-bacterial properties. According to being indigenous and having therapeutic effects, further are is recommended to identify the therapeutic effects. 

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‌Introduction: Spinal cord injury is one of the important unresolved problems in the medical society leading to adverse consequences, such as motionlessness and neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain is seen in both forms of hyperalgesia and allodynia. In this study, the effects of low-level laser radiation on hyperalgesia pain have been investigated.
 
Material & Methods: In this experimental study, animals (N=16) were divided into two groups(i.e., spinal cord injury and laser treatment). Aneurysm clip was used to induce spinal cord injury. Half an hour after the induction of spinal cord injury, animals were exposed to laser for 45 seconds every day up to four weeks. At the end of each week, the animals underwent a heat-hyperalgesia test. The results were analyzed in Prism software,version 6 .The value of  P <0.05 was considered significant.
 
Findings: Surgery of the induced spinal cord injury reduced threshold of hyperalgesia pain, compared to the control group (P<0.001). Low-level laser radiation for four weeks increased the pain threshold so that the pain proved equal to the control group and there was a significant difference between treated and spinal cord injured animals (P<0.001).
 
Discussion & Conclusions: Using a low-level laser as an anti-inflammatory agent in the first line treatment can be useful in controlling injury side effects shortly after a spinal cord injury; moreover,it can reduce the pain and inflammation caused by spinal cord injury.

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Introduction: There have been several reports showing that the rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse has increased in athlete and non-athlete adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of anabolic steroid misuse, as well as the awareness level and attitude toward its negative effects on male bodybuilder athletes in Kermanshah, Iran.
Material & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. The statistical population included all male bodybuilder athletes in Kermanshah, Iran. The data were collected using a 25- item self-reported anabolic-androgenic steroids questionnaire (demographic characteristics: n=7, awareness level: n=9, attitudes: n=5, and the prevalence of abuse: n=5) which was distributed using the multi-stage clustering method among 250 male bodybuilder athletes in Kermanshah, Iran. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) through descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean±SD) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Findings: The results indicated that anabolic-androgenic steroid use was prevalent in 65.2% of the subjects. The most common cause was to increase muscle mass and strength. According to the results of this study, the prevalence of androgenic-androgenic steroid use showed a significant inverse relationship with attitude (r=-0.78; P=0.021), awareness (r=-0.73; P=0.032), an education level (r=-0.79; P=0.022). Moreover, sports background correlated significantly with the prevalence of androgenic-androgenic steroid use (r=0.68; P=0.035), attitude (r=0.84; P=0.013), and awareness (r=0.85; P=0.012).
Discussion & Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated the high dose of anabolic-androgenic steroid use; moreover, the awareness level of the athletes was low in this regard. The low level of awareness, false attitude, and access to these steroids can lead to an increase in the use of them among athletes and different populations. Accordingly, health care professionals and sports specialists should consider these issues in the development of prevention plans and programs.

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Introduction: Lungs are one of the most common sites for metastatic tumors in the body. In addition, primary lung tumors are the most common cause of death due to neoplasms in both genders. Treatment strategies are completely different for primary and metastatic lung tumors making accurate diagnosis of lung tumors an effective factor in planning the correct treatment. The development of personalized medicine and targeted therapy, especially in the treatment of primary lung tumors, has highlighted the importance of correct diagnosis of these tumors.
Case report: The Pathology Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital Cancer Institute in Tehran, Iran, as a referral center for cancer across the country, is faced with a large number of lung biopsies, and therefore, there will be numerous diagnostic challenges. In this article, we presented two cases of primary female genital tract (cervical) tumors that during follow up lung masses were detected. Diagnosis on lung biopsy assigned as primary lung adenocarcinoma. Both cases referred to our lab for second opinion accompanied with related resected sample and implementation of further supplementary markers documented metastatic origin of tumors.
Discussion & conclusion: In both cases, similarity in immunohistochemical characteristics of metastatic tumors with primary lung adenocarcinoma, especially positive nuclear TTF1 staining led to misdiagnosis of lung tumor origin. This finding emphasizes on the use of other specific markers related to primary site of tumor to decrease possibility of incorrect diagnosis of the origin of the tumor in metastatic setting. Due to remarkable influence of primary versus metastatic origin of lung tumor on selection of treatment, pathologists should be considered correct diagnosis and notice to similarity of immunohistochemical markers of primary lung tumors to other organs and implementation of more specific markers are necessary.

 

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