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Introduction: In this study, we investigated the hypothesis of whether short term and moderate intense treadmill exercise could lead to a sustained reversal of peripheral neuropathy induced cold aversion by activation of endogenous opioidergic systems.
 
Materials & Methods: The tibial nerve transection (TNT) was performed in the anesthetized rats. 28 days after TNT surgery, the animals were randomized to three sedentary and four treadmill exercise (14 days, 30 min/day with max speed of 1.2 Km/h) groups. Animal activity and thermal preference behavior were determined by double plate technique (thermo-neutral plate: 24 ºC and cold plate: 14 ºC), equipped with a video tracking software. For determination of opioidergic system involvement, intraperitoneal injection of naltroxone (2 mg/kg) was done before exercise. Morphine (2.5 mg/kg) and naloxone (1 mg/kg) were also used exactly after the end of the last session of exercise.
 
Findings: Tibial nerve transection significantly decreased the animals’ activities (P<0.001), the time spent in cold plate (P<0.002) and increased escape index from the cold plate (E.I), (P<0.0001), in comparison with intact animals. Treadmill exercise significantly prevented cold allodynia (P<0.002), increased animal activity (P<0.01) and decreased E.I (P<0.0001) 42 days after TNT surgery. Administration of morphine in the both exercised and none-exercised groups significantly reduced E.I., (P<0.0001). Injection of naltrexone before exercise training or naloxone immediately after exercise prevented anti-allodynia effect of exercise on the exercise trained animals.
 
Discussion & Conclusion: Our investigation came to the conclusion that a short period of moderate aerobic exercise could reduce cold aversion and improve animal locomotor activity after peripheral neuropathy via activation of opioidergic system.

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Introduction: Supply chain management in healthcare sector is of utmost importance due to its effect on individuals’ health status compared to other industries. In the current world economic situation wherein logical thinking should be based on lifetime costs of products ,as well as supply chain sources and processes, it is essential to have an agile supply chain to have a socio-environmental performance creating competitive advantage.
 
Materials & Methods: This study was a survey with a correlational design considering its methodology and purpose. The statistical population of this study included the staff of public hospitals in Ilam province, Iran; of which, 340 individuals were selected as the participants based on Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size determination table. Moreover, the SPSS Statistics Software and LISREL Software were used to analyze the data in this study.
 
Findings: The statistic of the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) index was equal to 0.844 implying sampling adequacy. Moreover, all the factors affecting supply chain agility had a normal distribution and the test statistic was larger than 1.96 for all the factors, suggesting their relationship with supply chain agility. The positive correlation between supply chain agility and competitive advantage was further confirmed based on the research findings.Additionally,the value of the goodness of fit index (GFI=0.96) showed the fit of the model and the test statistic of the model (T=9.60) revealed the significant impact of supply chain agility on creating the competitive advantage.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrated that the seven dimensions of computer-based technologies, flexibility, relationships with suppliers, use of modern technologies, collaborative partnerships, sensitivity to market, and responsiveness of demands had effects on supply chain agility in hospitals. Moreover, public hospitals in Ilam Province were endowed with competitive advantage in three dimensions of durability and permanence, retention, and opportunities; however, they lacked competitive advantage in the dimension of individuals’ unique capabilities.