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Introduction: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of the two methods of delivery " hands-on" versus "hand-poised" on perineal trauma and delivery outcome in primiparous women. hands-on method or Ritgen’s maneuver, used to control fetal head is associated with higher need for episiotomy and perineal traumas. Thus, hand-poised method, which is done without touching the perineum in the second labor stage, is preferred. Materials & Methods: This is a clinical trial in which 100 low risk primiparous parturients were randomly assigned to two groups hands-on and hand-poised (hands-off). In the hands-on group, in the second stage of labor hands-on method was used to control fetal head, i.e., the fingers of one hand supports fetal occiput and the other hand applies slight pressure on the head to control the delivery of the head during the crowning process. In the hands-off group, the midwife observes the parturient and do not touch perineum during the second labor stage while fetal head is delivering. Then, the two groups were compared in terms of perineal trauma, as well as delivery outcome. Findings: The findings demonstrated that the two groups were significantly different in terms of perineal trauma resulted from episiotomy, and the need for episiotomy was smaller in the hands-off group (p<0.001) as 16% of participants in hand-on group and 60% in hands-poised group did not need episiotomy. first degree tears in hands-on and hands-poised groups were 22% and 34%, respectively. The two groups were not significantly different considering second degree tears (26% and 22% for hands-on and hands-off groups, respectively) . However, 82% of hands-on group participants did not have hemorrhage or hematoma at the site of episiotomy, while in the hands-off group the frequency was 74%. Discussion & Conclusion: It seems that hands-off method is associated with less perineal trauma, particularly lower need for episiotomy, and less perineal tear.

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Introduction: Obesity is a complex disorder, which is characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. Leptin is a peptide hormone, which is basically secreted by adipose tissue and is effective in the regulation of body weight and fat. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on the level of Leptin and liver enzymes in obese and overweight males.
 
Materials & Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 22 males with the mean age, height, weight, and body mass index of 12-14 years,164.43±5.11cm, 74.02±12.34 kg, and 29.27± 4.09, respectively, were selected voluntarily and randomly divided into experimental (n=11) and control groups (n=11). The experimental group was subjected to 8 weeks training program (three 40-min sessions each week) which included 10 sets of cycling on a cycle ergometer for 60 seconds with 80 % intensity of the reserve heart rate. Blood samples were taken 24 and 48 hours before and after the training, respectively, in a fasting condition. Leptin, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured using specific methods. Body fat percentage, body max index,  and maximum volume of oxygen were evaluated before and after the training. ANOVA was utilized to analyze data.

Finding: According to the results, there was a decrease in the levels of ALT and  body fat percentage as well as an increase in the maximum volume of oxygen in the experimental group, compared to the control group (P<0.05(. Moreover, the levels of Leptin, AST, and ALT decreased; however, the difference was not statistically significant) P<0.05(. Ethics code: IR.IAUETB.1395.52005

 
Discussion & Conclusions: High-intensity interval training on a cycle ergometer can be an appropriate exercise strategy to reduce the plasma concentration of ALT and body fat percentage in obese and overweight males. However, the intervention should be longer to achieve desired results.