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Introduction: The planning and objectives of a lesson introduced by a professor at the beginning of each session is one of the most effective and important factors that help improve students' learning. Collecting of these parameters at the end of each lesson and the presenting of a summary of the next session has a significant impact on the students’ learning. Over the past few years, the importance of lesson planning has been discussed in a broad scope among educational groups of Medical Schools. The study was performed to evaluate and compare lesson planning protocols by the professors at Shiraz University and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 508 students of different departments of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (217 students) and Shiraz University (291 students). From each of these universities 5% of the students were chosen randomly and also from each department, students were selected depending on the number of students at that department. Findings:223 men (43.9%) and 285 women (56.1%) whose average age was 22 years participated in the survey. This study showed that lesson planning methods were exerted in a same manner in different terms and that no difference was observed between the two universities (P>0.05). The average of the scores given to the lesson planning in both Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and Shiraz University were 33 and 34 out of 60, respectively. Teaching aids were used more at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences than at Shiraz University. Using new scientific resources at Shiraz Medical School was good but the same thing at Shiraz University was average and their difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The current survey showed that educational motivation in students was low, but the motivation in other aspects was good. Discussion & Conclusion: Identifying the important factors that affect learning is quite important to help remove inadequacies and solve problems in any educational system. This study revealed that the students’ level of knowledge in lesson planning was relatively low. In both mentioned universities the teaching aids were used at a low level. One advantage of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences was that their professors used teaching aids more than the professors of Shiraz University. In order to decrease the shortcomings and make students more productive and scientific in both universities, it is crucial that educational workshops to be organized for professors. In this way, we would witness a day in which both students and professors of our country are striving more to advance the frontiers of science.

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Introduction: Meta-analysis is the statistical analysis of a combination of independent studies which follow the same purposes. Presence of outlier and influencing samples may affect on the validity of a meta-ana-lysis. The present study was performed to investigate the presence of outlier and influence samples in a meta-analysis that evaluates the effect of Albendazole on the treatment of patients with hookworm. Materials & Methods: The information of 15 clinical trial articles each containing of treatment and placebo groups, were evalua-ted. In this articles the effect of albendazole as a single oral dose (400 mg) for the treatment of hookworms were compared with placebo. Articles had been published between the years of 1983 to 2012. For each of the studies, the total number of participants, number of patients and impr-oved patients were recorded. Relative risk and its variance were calculated for each study and then the items were again extracted through the meta-analysis of the entire studies. To identify the outlier and influence regions, the residual methods including standardized deleted residuals, cooks distance dffits value and ratios of generalized variances were used and their charts were plotted. The R and STATA softwares were used for statistical analysis. ِDiscussion & Conclusion: Meta-Analysis showed that the estimated relative risk is equal to 1.74 with confidence intervals 1.61 and 1.89. All applied statistical methods showed that of the studies, 2 researches were identified as outlier and were assigned on the charts

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Introduction: An intelligent child, by defin-ition, makes informed judgements drawing upon his supreme intellectual capability and mental abilities, and enjoys higher psyc-hological health and happiness than do other normal children. The present study compared irrational beliefs and happiness in two groups of normal and intelligent stu-dents to answer the question whether inte-lligence contributed to the level of irrational beliefs and happiness in students. Materials & Methods: This comparative study was carried out on intelligent and no-rmal female students in Ardebil high sch-ools in educational year of 2008-9. From the schools, 60 students (30 intelligent and 30 normal) were selected through simple random sampling method. We collected data using Ellis' Irrational Beliefs Questio-nnaire and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire that are consisted of 66 and 29 items, respectively. The data were analyzed with independent t-test. Findings: The obtained t values for irrati-onal beliefs and happiness was shown to be significant. So that, the mean scores of irrati-onal beliefs in intelligent students were lower than those in normal students. Furth-ermore, their happiness rate was higher. Our findings also indicated a significant differe-nce between intelligent and normal students in terms of irrational beliefs and happiness. Discussion & Conclusions: Intelligent stud-ents have a more flexibility regarding their internal and external experiences and display higher capabilities in reassessment and mod-ification of irrational beliefs and values.

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The most common method of oral hygiene is tooth brushing. However, occasionally brushing becomes a risk factor for health. The main reason is getting infected with various microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate bacterial and fungal contamination of toothbrushes students, and factors affecting the contamination.
 Materials & Methods: Ninety five brushes were assessed in this study. Samples were incubated in test tubes containing nutrient broth for twenty-four hours. Then the microorganisms were isolated using specific nutrient medium containing Blood agar, Chocolate agar MacConkey and sabouraud dextrose agar. The inoculated plates were incubated for 24 to 48 hours at 37 C. The identification of micro-organisms was performed based on biochemical tests.
 Findings: The infection rate was more than 40% of the subject staphylococcus, Niesseria, Diphteroids,Actinomycetes and Enterobacteriacae family members were isolated from samples. Microbial contamination was higher in women than men (P<0.05).There was found correlation between the number of microorganism on brush with time of use, using mouthwash and gender (P<0.05). There was statistically significant relation between cocci microorganisms’ infections with sexes as well as between bacillus infections with capped brush.
Discussion & Conclusion: Based on results, high incidence of bacterial contamination observed in brushes, therefore the proper use, maintenance and timely replacement of toothbrush play an important role in reducing pollution and consequently decreasing oral disease.

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Introduction: now a day, body management and its effective variables are important discussions in medical sociology. Body has not just living and psychological dimension, and it is a component that is structured socially.
 
Materials & methods: the present study is descriptive- correlative. Research population is includes  all women with age range of 19-44 in Ilam city that were 47090 cases based on report of center of statistics of Iran in whom 381 cases were selected by Cochran Formula and were selected by multilevel clustering sampling method. But because of missing data in 11 questionnaires, 370 questionnaires were selected for final analysis.  Research instrument is author- made questionnaire. Body management was studied in four dimensions of thinness procedures, healthiness, beauty surgeries, cover type and health care. For data analysis and testing hypotheses, descriptive statistics (mean, frequency, percent) and inferential statistics (K-S, correlation coefficient of Pearson, Spearman and simple regression and variance analysis) were used and so SPSS software was used.
 
Findings: the findings show that majority of studied women are married, householder and in middle class. Also variables of age, media consumption, cultural- social stress, married conditions, education degree and income are related with body management.
 
Discussion & conclusions: media in modern time is one of the main factors of body management and play and important role in transferring social- cultural pressure for thinness and body fitness. Also education is one of the important social factors for determine management type. Higher education necessitates women to control arrangement and monitor body in various life times related to their education. 

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Introduction: Some cytokines, including asprosin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are metabotropic factors, which play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effect of aerobic interval training on the circulating levels of BDNF and asprosin in men with type 2 diabetes.
Material & Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 20 men with type 2 diabetes were selected by random sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Exercise training was performed for 12 weeks (three 60-90-min sessions of interval aerobic training). The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 26) through t-test and ANCOVA (P≤0.05).
Findings: The results showed that after the training intervention, a significant decrease was observed in serum asprosin level (F=7.670; P=0.013), followed by a significant increase in serum levels of BDNF (F=7.585; P=0.014) in the training group, compared to the baseline values and the control group.
Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be said that interval aerobic training has an effective role in controlling blood glycemic levels and the treatment of type 2 diabetes by reducing asprosin and increasing BDNF as two metabotropic cytokines.
 

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