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Abstract Introduction: Bread is the most sacred, valuable and cheap food of most the people in the world. The familiarity of human with this nutritional substance goes back to about 4-5 thousands years BC. Bread loss in Iran, despite all of the efforts made, seems to be a basic social problem. Further- more, in Ilam province, this problem is more complicated. Materials & methods: This analytical-descriptive study was performed in urban Ilam during 2007 – 2008 to investigate the bread loss in the province. In this study, 200 urban bakeries were selected. The data gathered through questionnaires, technical observations, check-lists and private tests were analyzed using x2 test and SPSS software program. Findings: The results showed that about 20/4 percent of baked bread applied traditional and about 79/6 percent used technologic approach. In terms of the kind of baking machines, 33/3 percent used revolving oven, 46/3 percent tunnel oven and 20/3 percent the traditional (brick – made) kind. 62/7 percent of the considered bakeries spent 15-24 minutes on processing the paste. 71 percent of major bakers knew how to work with baking machines (oven) and 69/7 percent of them were relatively able to work with mixing machines. 73/6 percent of the bakeries were without primary paste and 26/4 percent of them used the primary paste for fermentation. The results of the test showed that there was a significant difference between the paste separated from the bread and the oldness of the baking machines (p <0/014). In addition, there was a significant difference between the burnt part of the bread and amount of salt and the ferment used for fermentation (p < 0/0 19 and p < 0/0 24, respectively). However, there wasn't a significant difference between the paste detached from the bread and the salt consumed in baking. Conclusion: Considering the research findings, if it is desired to have usable and healthful bread, we should plan an appropriate program to promote the knowledge and technical skills of the baking agents. Some fundamental changes also seem necessary to be replaced for the current technology of baking and processing the paste in the bakeries.

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The medial circumflex femoral artery usually originate from the posteromedial aspect of the profunda artery (a division from femoral artery), but often originate from the femoral artery itself. This anomaly observed in the left pelvic region of a male cadaver. In this case, arterial variation described the existence of a common trunk for inferior epigastric and medial circumflex femoral arteries. This common trunk arose from the external iliac artery. The origin of the inferior epigastric and medial circumflex femoral arteries are explained on the basis of the embryologic development and their course and variations are compared with reports in the literature.

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Currently autografts are gold standards for craniomaxillofacial bone regeneration. But autografts have some limitations. Bone tissue engineering has been introduced to overcome these limitations. It consist three components: stem cells, growth factor, and scaffold. Scaffold provides an environment for bone growth and simplifies cell adhesion, differentiation and proliferation. In this review, application of natural, synthetic and composite scaffolds in animal and human studies were described. Based on this review, autografts are still gold standards for bone regeneration. However, it seems that recent advances in technology of designing scaffolds would help designing more appropriate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in near future.

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Introduction: Peroxide is the first compound that is produced because of fats and oils oxidation and it can cause thrombosis, cancer, premature aging, allergic inflammation, heart and brain ischemic, respiratory distress syndrome and various liver disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the peroxide Value of oil consumed in the deli systems (sandwich and falafel) in Ilam city in 2010. Materials and Methods: The investigation of peroxide value of oil consumed in the deli systems (sandwich and falafel) in Ilam city was a descriptive-analytical study. The samples (195 samples) were collected in the deli systems of Ilam city at three steps of the day including morning (8-10 am), evening (14-17 pm) and night (19-21 pm). The sampling and analysis were conducted on the basis of Iran's standard number of 493 and 4179, respectively. The obtained data was also analyzed by SPSS and Excel softwares. Findings: The statistical (variance) analysis showed that there was no significant difference between oil type (solid or liquid) and preservation condition with peroxide Value (p˃0.05). The results was also showed that there was significant difference between use frequency of oil with peroxide number and between temperature with peroxide Value (p<0.05). Discussion &Conclusion: The value of peroxide number in the most samples was high as a result of the high frequency use of oil. Therefore, because of the health risks of it, the continuous planning and applicable guidelines by healthcare authorities must be considered.

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Antinociceptive effects of matricaria chamomilla L. ethanolic extract in mice

 Zahra Gholami1, Mansour Amraei1

1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

Background and Aim: Chamomile (matricaria chamomilla L.) is a well–known medicinal plants species from the Asreraceas family. Nowadays, chamomile is a highly favored and much used medicinal plant in Folk and traditional medicine through the world, and can therefore be considered as an important medicinal species. Chamomile is an important medicinal plant, whose multitherapeutic cosmetic, and nutritional values have been established through years of Traditional and scientific use and research. chamomile has bee reported to exhibit antiseptic, healding, stimulative ,carminative ,spasmolytic and sedative activities. since chamomile has been Recommended in the literature as a remedy for the alleviating of pain, it was considered Worthwhile to investigate the antinociceptive affects of chamomile ethanolic extract in adult Male NMRI mice.

Materials and Methods: antiniciceptive activity was done using by formalin,hopt plate and writhing tests.the chamoline ethanolic extract (5,10 and 50 mg/kg body wt.)was injectedIntraperitoneally. the control group was administrated with saline.

Result: the results showd that the chamoline ethanolic extract decreased only second phase of formaline induced pain. in hot plate Ethanolic extract exhibited antinociceptive activity against writhing-induced by acetic acid.

Conclusion: the Present data indicated that the plant has antinociceptive effect on mice and the plant should be considered in future therapeutic researches.

 Keywords: chamomile, matricaria chamomilla L., pain,mice

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Introduction: Hospital waste contains biological agents and chemical compounds which are toxic and dangerous for health of patients, personnel and clients. Due to the presence of hazardous and infectious materials in the hospital waste, appropriate management should be applied to them. The aim of this study was to compare the waste management system in small and large hospitals of Tehran city in 2012. Materials & Methods: In this cross - sectional study the solid waste management in two large hospitals and three small hospitals in Tehran city in 2012, were compared. Hospital wastes was segregated and weighted initially, and then the percentage of infectious and non-infectious waste was determined. According to the World Health Organization questionnaire the status of hospital waste management and waste treatment facilities in these hospitals were evaluated. Findings: Average waste generated in large hospitals in 4.5 and small hospitals in 4.87 kg per day was in bed. Health level of storage systems and waste collection of hospital wastes were in 91.5% and 100% in large hospitals and 73% in small hospital, respectively. Biological indexes showed that waste disposed at large hospital 1 and small hospital 4 were not in a safe mode. Discussion & Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the amount of waste generation in small and large hospitals, but the amount of infectious wastes in small hospitals was in 1.75 times greater. Health level of waste collection and storage system was significantly higher in large hospitals. Hospital waste management in large hospitals was much better than in small hospitals.

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Introduction: An intelligent child, by defin-ition, makes informed judgements drawing upon his supreme intellectual capability and mental abilities, and enjoys higher psyc-hological health and happiness than do other normal children. The present study compared irrational beliefs and happiness in two groups of normal and intelligent stu-dents to answer the question whether inte-lligence contributed to the level of irrational beliefs and happiness in students. Materials & Methods: This comparative study was carried out on intelligent and no-rmal female students in Ardebil high sch-ools in educational year of 2008-9. From the schools, 60 students (30 intelligent and 30 normal) were selected through simple random sampling method. We collected data using Ellis' Irrational Beliefs Questio-nnaire and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire that are consisted of 66 and 29 items, respectively. The data were analyzed with independent t-test. Findings: The obtained t values for irrati-onal beliefs and happiness was shown to be significant. So that, the mean scores of irrati-onal beliefs in intelligent students were lower than those in normal students. Furth-ermore, their happiness rate was higher. Our findings also indicated a significant differe-nce between intelligent and normal students in terms of irrational beliefs and happiness. Discussion & Conclusions: Intelligent stud-ents have a more flexibility regarding their internal and external experiences and display higher capabilities in reassessment and mod-ification of irrational beliefs and values.

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Introduction: Burnout defined as, feelings of loss of energy and powerlessness, hopelessness and helplessness. Quality is defined as the satisfaction of customer needs. This definition emphasized on organization's ability to determine the needs and demands of customers and fulfilling these needs. Perceived quality of service by patients can be transferred to nurses who are associated with patients.
Materials & methods: This study is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study that performed on 100 patients and 100 nurses by simple sampling method. The instrument we used was a two-part questionnaire including Meslash and Jackson (1981) job burnout of nurses' questionnaire and SERVQUAL measuring the perception of quality of service standard questionnaire of Zdhml and Bytner (1996). The reliability and validity of questionnaire was confirmed and data were analyzed by using SPSS 21 software and Pearson correlation, simple linear regression, analysis of variance, Friedman's rank tests were used.
Findings: Patient’s perception from quality of service and its aspects affected on job burnout of nurses. Empathy (&beta;=0/577, P<0/05), tangibility (&beta;=0/486, P<0/50), assurance (&beta;=0/472, P<0/50), reliability (&beta;=0/144, P<0/50), responsiveness (&beta;=0/225, P<0/50) have the most significant negative effect on job burnout of nurses respectively.
 Discussion & Conclusion:: To offer better services and attention to patients can provide their satisfaction and loyalty and prevent job burnout of nurses and employees.

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Introduction: Computer games are a major part of leisure time for students. In case of not observing the necessary precautions, these games can have a devastating impact on children’s body and soul, causing structural changes in the behaviour and norms.Health educators of each school are the most influencing peopleto maintain physical and mental health of children. Therefore, this paper is aimed to study Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of this group about the effects of computer gameson the health of students.
Materials & methods : In this cross-sectional studyof kap Studytype, one hundred educators employed in middle schools were attended. Selecting the samples were done using systematic sampling of specimens from three cites aspresentersof Ilam province. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was conducted by specialists and itsreliability score was 0.769 based ontest-retest andCronbach's alpha. The data were analysedusing SPSS18 and appropriate statistical tests.
 Findings: 62% of participants were male and 80% were married. 52% have had less than 15 years history and 68% hadbachelor degree. Mean knowledge score of participants was1.3± 0.839 and the mean attitude score was 39.1± 3.84 , respectively. While the average behaviourscore of the study participants also was 1.86±1.03.
 Discussion & Conclusion: Despite the relatively positive attitude, knowledge and practice of educators about the impact of computer games on children's health is poor. It seems appropriate intervention and regulation enforcement in schools can be a helpful way.

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Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a serious issue of health care and is one of the most important nutritional problems in the world. This study was aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of female students in Ilam city considering IDA in 2013.

Material & methods: In this descriptive (cross- sectional) study, 291 high school girl students participated selected by cluster random sampling from 25 schools in the city of Ilam,. The Data were collected by valid and reliable questionnaire and were analyzed by SPSS16 software.

Findings: The results show that 18.2% of the students had good knowledge, 49.5% good attitude and 13.7% had a good behavior. Chi-square test shows a significant relationship between student practice about IDA and their field of Study (p<0.05). But the relationship between the knowledge, attitude and practice of students about IDA and other demographic variables was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

Discussion & Conclusion: According to the result of this study and the importance of IDA and its consequential effect on learning and educational failure, performing the educational program about IDA for this group of students seems necessary.

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Introduction: Stroke is a sudden and local neurologic defect from ischemic damages into the brain changing the function of a part of the body and physical sensation of the body condition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of core stabilization trainings on the static and dynamic balance of stroke patients.

Materials & methods: In a case-control study, 26 male stroke patients were divided in two groups (CTL, 13 stroke patients with a mean age of 57.3± 4.22 years, height 168.26±2.12 cm, weight 74.68±6.24 kg) and (TRN, 13 Stroke patients with a mean age 55.30±5.04 years, height 171.53±3.41 cm, weight 76.56±7.51 kg), TRN group was performed a core stabilization program for 8 weeks and three times per week. The pre-test and post-test of Sharpened Romberg  test was done to measure static balance and Get Up and Go test was done to measure dynamic balance of two groups. Independent T-test was used to analyze the data (p&le0.05).

Findings: Results showed significant differences in mean of static balance (open eye (p 011) and closed eye (p=0.003)) and for dynamic balance (P=0.001) in both groups.

Discussion & Conclusion: Core stabilization training program improve the static and dynamic balance of Stroke patients and can be used to improve the balance in rehabilitation of stroke patients.

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Introduction:Minimum data set(MDS) is the first important step in the development of healthcare information systems, becauseit makes a standard method for collecting key data elements .The aim of the current study was to determine the minimum data set forIranian children's healthcare records.

Materials & methods: This study is an applied and descriptive-comparative research carried out in 2015. Data collection was done through a researcher made check list of children's health care data which was modeled by observing Australia, Canada, United States and Iran and contained 242 items. The check list was subjected to debate in Delphi method by 20 experts in the field of Child Health and health information management.

Findings: Out of 242 elements of children's health care discussed, 146 and 86 agreed by more than %75 and by 50-75% of experts respectively while 10 elements were rejected by them. Out of 242 items,just two (contraceptive method and mother unsuccessful experience in previous lactation) showed significant differences between responses of alumni groups of pediatrician, midwifery, public health and health care management experts with medical record and information management professionals (P<0.05).

Discussion & Conclusions: This study showed that some of the essential data elements presented in other countries’MDS are required for Iranian organizations and health care providers. So, a complete list of a minimum set of data elements was created.

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Introduction: Children are the most vulnerable individuals in society and oral disease is one of the most common human diseases, especially among this group. The role of oral health behavior is very important in the prevention of diseases; it is, therefore, a top priority for the Ministry of Health and World Health Organization. This study aimed to predict the factors affecting oral health status based on Health Belief Model.

Materials & methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 children of 3-6 years age from urban health centers. The data were collected by a researcher made HBM questionnaire. Some of oral health behaviors were surveyed through interviews with mothers and then children's oral examinations were carried out. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software at the significant level of 0.05.

Findings: Most of children's mothers participating in the study (96 %) were housewives. Almost half of fathers (48 %) had high school educations. Self-efficacy, cues to action, perceived threat and perceived benefits were significant predictors for oral health behaviors and totally accounted for 33 % of the variance in behavior. In terms of importance in the regression model, self-efficacy was the strongest variable and perceived benefits were the weakest one.

Discussion & Conclusions: The findings showed that self-efficacy is the most important variable to strengthening oral health so; it is suggested to promote self-efficacy for promoting oral health status.

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Introduction: This study aimed to investigate a period of exercise activity with different intensities on decorin gene expression through interaction with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in male adult rats.
 
Materials & Methods: This experimental study included 24 males adult Wistar rats that were divided into three groups (8 animals per group) of High-Intensity Training (HIT), Low-Intensity Training (LIT), and Control. Training groups trained for eight weeks and five days a week. The HIT group exercise program consisted of one hour of exercise for five 8-min intervals at 85%-90% Vo₂max that were separated by 2-min intervals with an intensity of 50%-60% Vo₂max. On the other hand, the LIT group exercise program included five 8-min intervals with an intensity of 55%-60% Vo₂max, and 2-min intervals with an intensity of 45%-50% Vo₂max. It should be noted that the control group received no exercise program.
 
Findings: The results of this study showed that the expression levels of the decorin gene in the HIT training group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P=0.001), whereas the levels of decorin in the LIT training groups were not significantly different from those in the control group (P=0.11). The expression levels of the TGF-β gene in both training intensities (high- and low-intensity training, respectively) showed a significant difference, compared to the control group (P=0.001, P=0.18).
 
Discussions & Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, it seems that HIT exercise can lead to a greater increase in muscle growth due to increased TGF-β-dependent myokine, compared to LIT exercise.

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Introduction: Exercise and antioxidants consumption are known as protective effect against the risk of diabetes. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and thyme honey on the expression of Nkx2.5 and Tbx5 genes in the heart tissue of male type 2 diabetic rats.
Material & Methods: This experimental study was performed on 36 male diabetic rats which were randomly divided into four groups of control (n=8), HIIT (n=10), thyme honey (n=8), and HIIT+thyme honey (n=10). The HIIT training intervention was conducted in eight weeks (five sessions per week) and included 2 to 8 intervals with 2 min running at 80%-90% VO2max and 1 min at 50%-56% VO2max. Additionally, the supplement groups consumed 3 g/kg of thyme honey, 5 days/week. Both Nkx2.5 and Tbx5 gene expression in heart tissue were measured using real-time RT-PCR. To evaluate the differences among the groups, ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests were used at the significance level of P≤0.05.
(Ethic code: IR.SSRC.REC.1399.080)
Findings: The results revealed that the expression of the Nkx2.5 gene was significantly increased only in the HIIT group, compared to the control group (P=0.03); however, it was not observed in other intervention groups (P>0.05). The expression of the Tbx5 gene was significantly increased in both HIIT (P=0.02) and HIIT+thyme honey (P=0.02) groups, compared to the control group.
Discussion & Conclusion: The HIIT is associated with increased expression of the Nkx2.5 and Tbx5 genes in the heart tissue of diabetic rats; however, it can not be said exactly that thyme honey has similar effects in diabetic rats.
 

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Introduction: During exercise, angiogenesis occurs in active skeletal muscle; however, little is known about potential mechanisms for improving this adaptation. This study aimed to investigate a period of interval training on chemokine gene expression and its effect on vascular endothelial growth factors in male adult rats.
Material & Methods: In this study, 24 rats were divided into three groups (n=8 in each): high-intensity training (HIT), low-intensity training (LIT), and control groups. HIT and LIT groups were trained for eight weeks (five days per week). The exercise program in the HIT group consisted of running on a treadmill for 8 min with 85-90% VO2max intensity and 2 min with 50-60% VO2max intensity. The LIT group exercise program consisted of running on a treadmill for 8 min with 55-60% VO2max intensity and 2 min with 45-50% VO2max intensity. The control group had no training. The expression of chemokine and vascular endothelial growth factor genes was measured in soleus muscle. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. Statistical differences were considered significant at P<0.05.
(Ethic code: 141/370299)
Findings: The results of this study, showed that the expression levels of chemokine and vascular endothelial growth factor gene in the HIT group were significantly higher than that in the control group (P=0.01, P=0.04), while the levels of chemokine and vascular endothelial growth factor in the LIT group were not significantly different from those in the control group (P=0.2, P=0.1).
Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that high-intensity exercises can be more effective than low-intensity exercises in increasing angiogenesis caused by the increase of chemokine that in turn depends on vascular endothelial growth factor levels.
 

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