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Introduction: Through increased inflammation and oxidative stress, obesity can result in metabolic disorders and other related diseases. Physical activity and consumption of dairy products can be effective in reducing damage. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight-week-aerobic exercise and milk consumption on levels of chemerin, resistin and C reactive protein in overweight children.

 Materials & methods: In one Quasi-experimental study 28 healthy obese prepubertal boys (8 to 12 years old) with overweight (95≤BMI≥85) were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: Exercise, milk, Exercise-milk and Control. Exercise program included 8 weeks (3 sessions per week) with 45 to 60% of maximum heart rate. Milk consumer groups received 236 ml of low-fat cow milk every day. Blood samples were collected before and after the 8 weeks with 14 hours fasting conditions. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). P<0.05 considered statistically significant. 

   

Findings: Chemerin, resistin and CRP levels in exercise, exercise-milk and milk groups compared with the control group had a significant decrease. Furthermore combined intervention were associated with significantly greater decreases in this biomarkers compared to other groups (p<0.05).

Discussion & Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the use of non-pharmacological methods such as aerobic training and milk consumption can improve inflammatory markers in overweight children.

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Introduction: Aging is accompanied by anatomical and physiological changes in most tissues and organs, especially the reduction of cells, tissues, and vascular levels. Endothelial progenitor cells are involved in maintaining endothelial health, preventing endothelial dysfunction, and increasing neovascularization process. Cardiac stem cells are effective in the regeneration and repair of heart tissue. Regular exercise training increases both of these cells. We aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate and intense interval training on gene expression of endothelial progenitor cells and cardiac stem cells in aged rats.
 
Materials and Methods: Twenty-one Wistar female rats with the mean age of 24±1 months and the mean weight of 265±44 g were randomly divided into three groups of control (n=7), moderate exercise (n=7), and intense exercise (n=7) groups. Both exercise groups were trained for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week, each session for 40 minutes with 28 meters per minute in the moderate intensity exercise group and 34 meters per minute in the high intensity group. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the rats were anesthetized and their cardiac tissue was isolated. CD34 and KDR gene expression for endothelial progenitor cells and c-Kit expression for cardiac stem cells were measured.
 
 
 
Findings: The results showed that the level of c-Kit gene expression in both groups of moderate (P=0.0001) and intense (P=0.0001) training significantly increased compared to the control group. This increase was significantly higher in the intense training group (P=0.0001). Eight weeks of moderate interval training significantly increased the expression level of CD34 (P=0.0001) and KDR (P=0.0001) genes. Also, eight weeks of high intensity interval training resulted in a significant increase in the level of gene expression of CD34 (P=0.0001) and KDR (P=0.0001). This accumulative effect in the intense training group was significantly higher compared to the moderate group (CD34: P=0.0001 and KDR: P=0.0001).
 
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that regular interval training with two different intensity levels raises the level of gene expression of endothelial progenitor cells and cardiac stem cells. This increase is dependent on the intensity of training. High intensity interval training seems to stimulate the regeneration of heart tissue and development of coronary artery. These findings can be used to improve cell therapy and cardiac rehabilitation after injury and myocardial dysfunction, especially in the elderly.
 
 

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Introduction: One of the consequences of diabetes is an angiogenesis disorder. Physical activity plays an important role in the improvement of this disorder. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate aerobic training on serum levels of angiogenic (NO, VEGF) and angiostatic (ES) factors in women with type 2 diabetes.

Materials & Methods: In this randomized clinical trial with pretest-posttest design, 28 women with type 2 diabetes, age range of 40-50 years , and mean weight  of 70.58 ± 2.11 were randomly assigned into control and exercise groups (n=14). The training intervention included 8 weeks of moderate aerobic exercises (60-70% HR max) for 60 min each session and 5 times per week. Metabolic parameters and serum levels of NO, VEGF and ES were evaluated before and 48 h after the exercise protocol. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measure ANOVA in SPSS software (Version 24) (P<0.05).

Finding: Eight weeks of aerobic training in women with type 2 diabetes caused a significant increase in NO (P=0.09), VEGF (P=0.014), insulin sensitivity (P=0.01), and HDL (P=0.040). However, there was no significant increase in ES(P=0.103). Moreover a significant decrease was observed in weight, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, A1_C (P=0.01), low density lipoprotein (P=0.029), and cholesterol (P=0.012), compared to the control group.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: Mild regular aerobic exercise seems to have a protective effect against vascular problems due to the improvement of serum levels of angiogenesis and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes.
 

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Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a common and painful joint disease with unknown etiology. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and Alfa tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) are considered as the main factors regulating inflammation and pathology of knee osteoarthritis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and aerobic training on inflammatory biomarkers (IL-10, TNF- α) in the heart tissue of osteoarthritis rats.
 
Materials & Methods: This experimental study included 42 male rats that were divided into two groups of osteoarthritis (n=35) and healthy control (n=7). Osteoarthritis was induced in rats by surgery. Subsequently, the rat models of osteoarthritis were randomly divided into five subgroups of seven per group, including control, saline, stem cell, aerobic training, and aerobic training+stem cell. The aerobic training program began with the speed of 15 m/min for 25 min five days a week for eight weeks. Moreover, the speed was increased to 22 m/min for 64 min in the eighth week. Inflammatory biomarkers, including TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines in the heart tissue of rats were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. Ethics code:NO.19.33.2018
 
Findings: The TNF-α concentration was significantly higher in saline and unhealthy control groups, compared to other groups, and IL-10 concentration was significantly lower in saline and unhealthy control groups, compared to other groups (P<0.001). Moreover, aerobic training and stem cell, in combination or alone, caused a significant increase in IL-10 concentration and a significant decrease in TNF-α concentration (P<0.001).
 
Discussion & Conclusions: Osteoarthritis caused an increase in heart cell inflammation. Although stem cells have anti-inflammatory effects, they will be more effective when used in combination with aerobic training.
 

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Introduction: Diabetes is the most prevalent endocrine disease. Apoptosis and necroptosis play a major role in the development of diabetes-related heart diseases; however, the effects of continuous and interval exercise on apoptosis and necroptosis of the heart cells in diabetics are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different intensities of aerobic exercise on apoptosis and necroptosis of the cardiac tissue of diabetic mice.
 
Materials & Methods: In total, 32 mature, male, and white Wistar rats (mean age of 12±2 weeks and weight of 175±15 g) were randomly divided into four groups of eight animals per group. The groups included a healthy control (C), diabetic control (D), diabetic with moderate-intensity continuous training (55 min with 26 m/min speed daily) (D+MICT), and diabetic with high-intensity interval training at the 85-90% of maximum speed (D+HIIT) (5 days/week for 8 weeks). Before the training protocol, the running speed was calculated to obtain the maximum oxygen consumption. Western blot analysis was utilized to evaluate the changes in the expression of the proteins associated with apoptosis and necroptotic death path in the diabetic heart muscle myocardium. Furthermore, the one-way analysis of variance was used to determine the differences among the study groups. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ethics code: IAU.SARI.REC.1397.8
 
Findings: The results indicated that type 2 Diabetes Mellitus significantly increased both apoptotic and necroptotic cell death (P=0.001). However, both continuous and interval training moderated the apoptotic cell death (P≤0.05). Nonetheless, the effect of interval training was higher than that of the continuous one. It is worth mentioning that only interval training had a significant effect on reducing the necroptosis (P≤0.05).
 
Discussions & Conclusions: It seems that continuous and interval exercise affects apoptotic death; however, intense interval exercise is more effective in necroptotic death.