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Introduction: Adiponectin is a hormone that plays an important role in diet-induced insulin resistance. People with higher weight have a lower adiponectin levels and are more susceptible to type II diabetes. Studies have shown that exposure to altitude and hypoxic environment causes weight loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intermittent hypoxia on adiponectin level and BMI in obese people with type II diabetes.
Materials and methods: Ten obese subjects with type II diabetes participate in the study with mean BMI of 32.02 ± 2.47 and age range of 50-70 years old. The intervention consisted of 14 sessions of intermittent hypoxia, one hour per day for 14 consecutive days. Plasma adiponectin and BMI were measured three times (pretest, day 7, and posttest) and two times (pre- and post-tests).
 Findings: Plasma adiponectin showed a non-significant 2.1% reduction, 6 days after intermittent hypoxia intervention (day 7) (t9= 1.06 p=0.317). Also, in fifteenth day or after 14 days of intermittent hypoxia intervention, plasma adiponectin levels had a 5% non-significant reduction compared to the pretest (t9= 0.578 p=0.577). The results of present study also showed that short-term (7 days) and medium term (14 days) exposure to intermittent hypoxia had no effect on BMI (p> 0.05).
 Discussion & Conclusion: Findings of present study indicate that performing 6 and 14 one-hour sessions of intermittent hypoxia in consecutive days cause no significant effect in plasma adiponectin and BMI of obese people with type II diabetes.

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Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a common and painful joint disease with unknown etiology. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and Alfa tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) are considered as the main factors regulating inflammation and pathology of knee osteoarthritis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and aerobic training on inflammatory biomarkers (IL-10, TNF- α) in the heart tissue of osteoarthritis rats.
 
Materials & Methods: This experimental study included 42 male rats that were divided into two groups of osteoarthritis (n=35) and healthy control (n=7). Osteoarthritis was induced in rats by surgery. Subsequently, the rat models of osteoarthritis were randomly divided into five subgroups of seven per group, including control, saline, stem cell, aerobic training, and aerobic training+stem cell. The aerobic training program began with the speed of 15 m/min for 25 min five days a week for eight weeks. Moreover, the speed was increased to 22 m/min for 64 min in the eighth week. Inflammatory biomarkers, including TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines in the heart tissue of rats were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. Ethics code:NO.19.33.2018
 
Findings: The TNF-α concentration was significantly higher in saline and unhealthy control groups, compared to other groups, and IL-10 concentration was significantly lower in saline and unhealthy control groups, compared to other groups (P<0.001). Moreover, aerobic training and stem cell, in combination or alone, caused a significant increase in IL-10 concentration and a significant decrease in TNF-α concentration (P<0.001).
 
Discussion & Conclusions: Osteoarthritis caused an increase in heart cell inflammation. Although stem cells have anti-inflammatory effects, they will be more effective when used in combination with aerobic training.