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Abstract Introduction: Bread is the most sacred, valuable and cheap food of most the people in the world. The familiarity of human with this nutritional substance goes back to about 4-5 thousands years BC. Bread loss in Iran, despite all of the efforts made, seems to be a basic social problem. Further- more, in Ilam province, this problem is more complicated. Materials & methods: This analytical-descriptive study was performed in urban Ilam during 2007 – 2008 to investigate the bread loss in the province. In this study, 200 urban bakeries were selected. The data gathered through questionnaires, technical observations, check-lists and private tests were analyzed using x2 test and SPSS software program. Findings: The results showed that about 20/4 percent of baked bread applied traditional and about 79/6 percent used technologic approach. In terms of the kind of baking machines, 33/3 percent used revolving oven, 46/3 percent tunnel oven and 20/3 percent the traditional (brick – made) kind. 62/7 percent of the considered bakeries spent 15-24 minutes on processing the paste. 71 percent of major bakers knew how to work with baking machines (oven) and 69/7 percent of them were relatively able to work with mixing machines. 73/6 percent of the bakeries were without primary paste and 26/4 percent of them used the primary paste for fermentation. The results of the test showed that there was a significant difference between the paste separated from the bread and the oldness of the baking machines (p <0/014). In addition, there was a significant difference between the burnt part of the bread and amount of salt and the ferment used for fermentation (p < 0/0 19 and p < 0/0 24, respectively). However, there wasn't a significant difference between the paste detached from the bread and the salt consumed in baking. Conclusion: Considering the research findings, if it is desired to have usable and healthful bread, we should plan an appropriate program to promote the knowledge and technical skills of the baking agents. Some fundamental changes also seem necessary to be replaced for the current technology of baking and processing the paste in the bakeries.

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Introduction: Leishmaniosis is a parasitic disease of man and animal with different clinical performance. WHO has suggested the disease to be investigated and supported from different points of view. The treatment of leishmaniosis is still based on using different compounds of antimonite drugs which cause variety of side-ffects. Furthermore, resistance of parasites to this type of drug is an increasing problem. This is one reason along with being an epidemic disease in Ilam for our research to be accomplished. Materials & Methods: In this study, 36 patients with their own written agreements, were divided into 3 groups, each group included 12 cases. The fist group was studied as the control part-taker receiving treatment with amphotericin B, the 2nd group were treated with local formulated drug (no 1), and the 3rd group received treatment with local made drug of more concentration (no2) under consultation of a physician. To conform the presence of amastigotes in patients, we used three different methods as follows: biopsy, culture media (NNN) and Smear. Findings: Both the local made formulated drugs with two different concentration compounds showed different positive effects on leishmaniosis wounds However, the 2nd local made drug showed better results in comparison with that of amphotricin B. Regarding the drug complications, in comparison with amphotricin B, the itching around wounds in patients who had used local made formulated drugs did not experience stresses and feelings of itching, but those patients who had used chemical drug had suffered lot of itching in the area as well as a lot of stresses during treatment. Regarding the control of the wound diameter in the patients, the local made drug proved more effective than amphotricin B. Discussion & Concusion: In compound made local drug of black and white alum, sulphate of cooper %1 and butter, there is an effective factor for controlling cutanouse leishmaniosis

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Introduction: Measles is a severe contagious disease preventable by vaccination. Besides the prevalence of measles in Iran, Ministry of Health conducted a nation-wide vaccination against measles for all the 5-25 years old population in 2003. This study was done to evaluate the anti measles IgG antibody among the medical students from Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was accomplished on 196 medical students of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science. The chart contained age, history of vaccination in childhood, history of vaccination in 2003, history of measles, any familial history of measles, history of contact with measles cases and any experience of fever during vaccination. The existence of IgG was confirmed by ELISA test in 5 cc blood taken from each case. Findings: All the cases were male with the mean age of 23/5 ± 3/01. The history of vaccination was positive in childhood in 194 people (99%). The history of vaccination in 2003 was positive in 188 cases (95/9%). Measles infection history was positive in 14 people (7/1%), family in 17 cases (8/7%), contact with measles cases in 19 people (9/7%) and fever during vaccination in 1 person (0/5%). Anti measles IgG antibody was positive in 174 people (88/8%), negative in 19 (9/7%) and equivocal in 3 (1/5%). Discussion & Conclusion: Our results indicated that the IgG level among the students was not sufficient to prevent small epidemics. Since the medical students are living in a high risk area, the evaluation of measles IgG antibody before prescription of the vaccine is suggested.

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Introduction: Coccidiosis is one of the most costly diseases in the world, which is caused by a parasitic protozoa of genous eimeria. Coccidiosis affects most domestic omimals including sheep, pigs, cattles, turkeys, ducks, and hens. Quim coccid and pharm coccid showed considerable effects on eimeria torela compared to the most popular anti-coccidal drugs. Amperolium and monensiam are used either in farms or in labs across the world. Materials & Methods: Quim coccid and pharm coccid were used against eimeria tenella in Broiler chicken. 4 groups each with 20 chikens, each group for one medication were convered by the study, comparing with two control groups (one E.tenella infected without treatment and the other a healthy non-infected group)without any treatments. Medications were given two days before the infection until 10 days after it. During the follow-up, chickens were fed normally. Parasitic infection was applied using10 O ocysts of E.tenella. Monensim dose was 100ppm and for the remainig 3 medications, 125ppm was the dose of choice. The Mack Master method was used for the detection of O ocysts in feces. The ANOVA and Double Proportion Analysis methods were used to evaluate the data statistically. Findings: After the treatments, no anti-coccidial drug receiving group demonstrated any clinical symptoms of blind intestinal coccidisis, a fact confirming the complete treatment of their infections. Furthermore, all the groups showed a 100% ability to continue their normal lives. No differences were found in the weight of chickens in each group. 20% of the infected chickens without treatment lost their lives. It was found out that both the quim-coccid and pharm-coccid had a considerable anti intestinal coccidiosis efficacy. Discussion & Conclusion: Amperolium is a coccidostatic drug against E.Tenella and E.Bronti, but with no effects against any other eimeria. Monensim is a coccidocial drug used as prophy lactic medication in Brolea chiclcaus. There was no 0 ocyst observed in the feces of treated chickens indicating that the parasite had been affected by drugs. More investigations are needed to reveal the mechanisms of such drugs.

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Abstract Introduction: Application of crude hydatid (HCF) cyst fluid antigen for the diagnosis of cystic hydatid (CH) is a method which along with immediate serological investigation can be helpful and effective in rapid treatment of the disease. However, there is no standard, highly sensitive, and specific serological test for antibody detection in cases of human CE yet. The current study aimed to evaluate the cross- reactivity of human IgG against human crude hydatid fluid antigens compared to B fraction of sheep cystic fluid antigen in order to find the target antigens with the highest IgG class, IgG subclass. Materials & Methods: This is an analytical case-control study using human crude HCF as the source of antigen for performing ELISA and Western blotting. Sample sera used in present work were collected from patients who recently had hydatid surgery in hospitals of Tehran, Hamadan and Ilam cities as human case group together with some human or animal sera with no history of hydatidosis with negative HCF using ELISA and IFAT as control group. Briefly, the required antigen was extracted and prepared from human hydatid fluid cysts. 30 positive samples sera from human sources were used as the case together with 30 healthy sera as control group. Hydatid cyst fluid antigen preparation was carried out according to the procedure described by Mamuti, et al, with slight modifications. ELISA method was carried out as described by Verastegui. Findings: The highest mean OD value in response to human HCF antigen was related to IgG4, while the lowest to IgG3. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA test used for evaluating the responses of human total IgG to HCF antigen were 100 and 95.8% respectively. Cross-reaction of human IgG class and subclasses responses was found for both antigens with the best reaction against human HCF antigen compared to antigen B using a ratio of mean OD value to each antigen divided by the cut-off point value for the same antigen. Discussion & Conclusion: Human sera showed a considerable cross-reactivity against human HCF antigens and antigen B by ELISA test. The best human IgG subclass response against all antigens was found to be IgG4.

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Introduction: Opium addiction is a serious social problem in Iran. Beside the social effects, opium addiction has various physiologic consequences. Thyroid horm-ones have a direct effect on metabolism and at present study the effects of opium addiction on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) was evaluated. Materials & Methods: 60 rats (30 male and 30 female weighting 250-300g) were rando-mly divided into control and addicted groups. Addicted groups received opium solution in gavage for 60 days, by the end of the study, blood samples were taken from all groups and T4, T3 and TSH of addicted group were compared with control groups. Findings: In male and female addicted rats T4 decreased and TSH increased but T3 did not alter significantly. Discussion & Conclusion: It can be concluded that addication to opium can cause an increase in TSH hormone and a decrease in T4 but no effect on T3. It can also be claimed that opium addiction can affect on the thyroid gland function

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Introduction: Concerning hyperlipidemia as one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, this study pegs at examining effect of alcoholic extracts of root of Alcea Angulata on lipid profile of serum in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Materials & Methods: After two weeks, 25 New Zealand white male rabbits were divided into five groups randomly each group included 5 rabbits. They were treated with 1% cholesterol, basic diet, 1% cholesterol, and intervention diet (root of Alcea angulata with 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight) respectively, for one month. In the end of 30-day period, all the fasting rabbits were blood sampled and their lipid profiles of serum were detected. Findings: Serum level of total cholesterol and LDL.c of treated groups by Alcea angulata were lower than that in the control meaningfully, (P<0.01) likewise, serum level of HDL in treated groups by Alcea angulata was higher than that in the control group meaningfully, (P<0.01). These values varied with dose amounts. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on findings of this study, lipids percentage of hyperlipidemic rabbits' serum was declined after consuming alcoholic extracts of Alcea Angulata. Hereby, Alcea angulata would be regareded as a helpful treatment for hyperlipidemia

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Dental anxiety is one the most important reasons preventing children to enjoy dental services. Several methods can be applied in order to reduce dental anxiety and manage children’s behavior. Both dentists and parents mostly prefer not to use medications. However to treat anxious children, those with systemic disease or movement disorders, sedation or general anesthesia can be beneficial. In this review, both sedation and general anesthesia has been described and the literature was searched for studies comparing these methods. We did not find any randomized clinical trials comparing general anesthesia to sedation for the provision of dental care in children. There were a few publications comparing any form of sedation to GA using other methodologies. We proposed some suggestion for designing a precise randomized clinical trial

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Tissue engineering is knowledge of designing tissues such as maxillofacial bone. Three key factors of tissue enginee-ring comprise of morphogenesis factors, responding stem cells and scaffolds. Growth factors have an important role in differentiation and cell morphogenesis. In this review, literature was searched for bone engineering in craniomaxillofacial tissues and the use of growth factors was reviewed. Reviewing MEDLINE indexed articles shows various growth factors applied in jaw bone regeneration. Application of growth factors should be standardized in order to improve their use in future bone tissue engineering.

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Currently autografts are gold standards for craniomaxillofacial bone regeneration. But autografts have some limitations. Bone tissue engineering has been introduced to overcome these limitations. It consist three components: stem cells, growth factor, and scaffold. Scaffold provides an environment for bone growth and simplifies cell adhesion, differentiation and proliferation. In this review, application of natural, synthetic and composite scaffolds in animal and human studies were described. Based on this review, autografts are still gold standards for bone regeneration. However, it seems that recent advances in technology of designing scaffolds would help designing more appropriate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in near future.

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In modern implantolotology there are several indications for laser. Different laser systems can be applied in soft and hard tissues surgery. In this review, literature was searched for application of laser in second-stage surgery of implants, treatment of peri-implant bony defects, removal of peri-implant hyperplastic tissues, and the preparation of bone cavities for implant placement. This report describes the application of different laser systems in treatment of peri-implantitis. Our study evaluated in vitro, animal and clinical examinations. The exact selection of the appropriate laser system was dependent on the evaluation of recent literature, the effect of laser on implant surface and, the level of temperatures rise during laser application. Two major advantage of laser which are reduction in bacteriae and the cutting effects associated with the coagulation properties of the lasers are the main reasons for laser application in the treatment of peri-implant lesions and can improve the prognosis of ailing implants.

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Introduction: The rapid decline in fertility rate and disassembling in the balance of age pyramid can exert irreparable damages to the country's economic and social structu-res. In this study, effective factors which could affect the fertility patterns among families with one or without child were investigated. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sect-ional study, 180 married women were recr-uited from many health centers by random simple sampling. Inclusion criteria were married women who had married at least 2 years ago and with no child as well as the married women who had only a child over 4 years old. Data collection instrument was a valid and reliable researcher-designed questionnaire (α=0.73) used to determine demographic data and to measure maternal attitudes toward childbearing. The data was analyzed by the SPSS software, version 16.0. Findings: Mean of score for attitude tow-ard childbearing was 48.29±13.64 and there was a significant direct relationship betw-een the score of attitude and age, age at the time of marriage, duration of marriage and education. Causes of disinclined to child bearing were noted by the highest perce-ntage of participants(83.3%) as increase in costs and economic pressures and by the lowest percentage of participants(8.3%) as fear of recurrent miscarriage and stillbirth. Discussion & Conclusion: Three important factors, that is, high costs and economic pressure, lack of governmental support and facilities for childbearing and the wrong attitude that having more children is a sign of poor social culture, were among the ones that had affected childbearing. Hence it is recommended that the authorities consider the factors in population policy making.

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Introduction: Echinococcosis disease is one of the most common diseases of human and animals in many parts of the world, including Iran, which is caused by larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. This parasite has a high genetic diversity and including a complex of different genotypes (strains). Usually in areas where disease is endemic, there is a relatively high genetic diversity in parasite biologically. Studies in different parts of the world demonstrate that genotype variation and the nature of E.granulosus influenced on the life cycle of parasite, transmission routes, pathogenesis, and antigenicity, immunogenicity, response to medication, epidemiology and control of the disease. The aim of present study was to determination of genotype isolates of human and sheep hydatid in Ilam province for the first time. Materials & methods: 20 hydatid cyst samples were collected from sheep Ilam Industrial slaughterhouses and 10 human samples from Ilam hospitals. After DNA extraction of protoscoleces, mitDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad-1) areas was amplified by PCR and the PCR products were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Findings: Based on the results which obtained, the size of proliferative nad-1 products was 550 base pairs. Patterns of parts which obtained from PCR products after cutting by AluI and RsaI enzymes showed that all samples had a similar RFLP pattern but HpaII enzyme did not cut any region and had no change in fragment size. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that genotypic similarities between the size of DNA bands of E. granulosus from human and sheep isolates with PCR-RFLP method indicated the occurrence of similarities genotypes of E.granulosus in Ilam region. There is at least one genotype of parasite, which belongs to E. granulosous sensu stricto (G1-G3) complex.

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Introduction: During patients’ hemodialysis Circle, the amount of heavy metals in feed water to dialysis instrument and the patient’s blood are changed. The present study aims at evaluating the trend of lead, cadmium, chromium and zinc concentration in feed water to reverse osmosis, dialysis instrument and blood of hemodialysis patients in 7 hospitals of Kermanshah.
 Materials & methods: A total of 42 samples of feed water, 42 samples of reverse osmosis systems permeate and 42 samples of hemodialysis instrument permeate were collected from 7 hospitals in Kermanshah. The collected samples were analyzed and the concentration of lead, chromium, cadmium and zinc were determined by using ICP (DV-Optima2100 model) according to a standard method. Furthermore, statistical analysis was carried out by using one-sample t-test to compare mean quality of feed water of dialysis instrument with AAMI and EPH standards. In addition, ANOVA test was used for comparing the results of three sample groups.
Findings: The obtained results indicated that the mean concentration of lead, cadmium, chromium and zinc in feed water of reverse osmosis system (drinking water), were 18.53± 8.25, 0.706± 0.42, 86.06 ± 5.56, 112.67± 63.56pbb, respectively. Also, quantity of these constituents in the feed and permeate of electrolysis device was 18.81±5.32, 0.719±0.53, 84.25±2.46, 43.39±19.4pbb and 12.5±6.32, 1.39±0.87, 66.15±13.54, 60.38±22.39pbb, respectively. Due to obtained results, the removal efficiency of zinc and chromium by reverse osmosis system in dialysis instrument were 61.5 and 2.1%, respectively, while it was not effective in removing lead and cadmium metals. Discussion & Conclusion: Increasing the level of lead and cadmium in permeate water of the reverse osmosis system rather than the feed water indicated that the reverse osmosis membrane function is out of service as a result, it is required to be washed or replaced. Decreasing both lead and chromium metals in permeate solution of the dialysis instrument revealed the addition of the amount of those two hazardous metals to the blood of hemodialysis patients, which could be related to reverse osmosis membrane deficiency and high concentration of metals in its water permeate.

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Introduction: Hydatidosisis one of the most common diseases of human and animals from Cestoda class with worldwide distribution. This disease of both public health and economic damage is very important. This parasite has a high genetic diversity and includes a complex of different genotypes .Usually in areas where disease is endemic; biologically there is a relatively high genetic diversity in parasites. Studies in different parts of the world demonstrate that genotype variation and the nature of Echinococcus granulosus influenced on the life cycle of parasite, transmission routes, pathogenesis, and antigenicity, immunogenicity, response to medication, epidemiology and control of the disease. The main aim of the present study was to investigate genotype diversity of E. granulosus which was isolated from stray dogs in Ilam city, West of Iran.

Materials & methods: Adult worms were collected from the small intestine of the stray dogs. DNA was extracted from the adult worms and the partial mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome Oxidasesubunit 1 (Cox1) was amplified by PCR then the products were digested by using Alu1 and HpaII restriction enzymes. Finally, a number of PCR products were bidirectionally sequenced. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed using MEGA6 (Mega software. net).

Findings: Totally, twenty stray dogs out of 75 (26.66%) showed infection with E. granulosus. Amplified PCR product for all isolates was a band of approximately 450bp. Alu1 digested the product into two bands of approximately 175bp and 275bp fragments, while the HpaII cut the product into 265bp and 185bp fragments for all dog samples. Based on the DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP results, dog samples indicated to pertain the genotypic similarities. According to the phylogenetic tree, there is at least one genotype of parasite, which belongs to E. granulosous sensu stricto (G1–G3) complex and overall isolates sequences of mtDNA indicated 100 % homology with references G1, G2, and G3 sequences in the GenBank database.

Discussion & conclusions: The results of this study indicated that genotypic similarities between the sizes of DNA bands of E. granulosus from all isolates with PCR-RFLP and sequencing methods indicated the occurrence of similarities genotypes of E.granulosus in Ilam region. There is at least one genotype of parasite, which belongs to E. granulosous sensu stricto(G1-G3)complex.

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Introduction: One of the most common genes in Helicobacter pylori is glmM which is usually used for identification of infection with the bacterium within gastric biopsy specimens by PCR, as a target gene. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence rate of glmM gene in DNA samples of stool and evaluate its relationship with the fluctuations of serum levels of TNF-α and IL- 1β.
 
Materials & methods: In this study, blood and stool samples were collected from 82 subjects in two groups with positive and negative HPSA test referred to laboratories of Ilam, Iran. PCR was used to investigate the presence of glmM gene in DNA extracted from stool samples, and then serum levels of studied cytokines were measured using specific kits by ELISA, and the results were analyzed using statistical tests.
 
Findings: Analysis of data obtained from the study showed that the frequency of glmM gene in the sample of cases with positive HPSA was 23.8%, and there was a significant relationship between the presence of this gene in stool and fluctuations in serum levels of TNF-α and IL- 1β (P <0.05).
 
Disussion & conclusion: According to data, it can be said that the presence of glmM gene was associated with fluctuations in any of the variables of HPSA, TNF-α and IL- 1β and the possible presence of the gene in the stool raises with increase in each unit of HPSA and IL- 1β, which in turn raises the prognosis of diseases with a virulence form of bacteria by both serology and stool methods.

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Introduction: Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), Consists of a constellation of symptoms including irritates the mucous membranes, headache, unusual fatigue, dryness, itching, and nausea that is associated with the presence of a particular building in terms of time. Therefore, this study aimed at the Determination of prevalence of Sick Building Syndrome among Mustafa Khomeini hospital staff in the city of Ilam in 2015.

Materials & methods: The present research is a descriptive-analytic study. In this study, from 363 employees in the hospital building, 135 people were randomly chosen and examined. MM040EA questionnaire was used to evaluate clinical symptoms of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and indoor air quality. Background information and history of people were interviewed by using a questionnaire. Data collected from questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software and chi-square tests and Pearson correlation coefficient.

Findings: In surveys, 40.7 % of people declared SBS symptoms. Prevalence of this syndrome was 4/56 % among women and 6/43 % in men. This difference was not statistically significant (P= 0.876). The prevalence of SBS syndrome was also statistically non-significant with age, experience, and hours of presence in the building. But there was a statistically significant relationship with the presence of chemicals in the workplace (P= 0.012) and SBS symptoms.   The most common signs and symptoms were observed with the nervous system by 97.03 % , Mucosal irritation symptoms by 45.18 % , respiratory symptoms by 11.11 % , and signs of skin with 9.42 %.
 
 Discussion & conclusion: The study showed the symptoms of SBS in relatively high prevalence rates (40.7 % of the population). So the need to control and design the hospital according to international laws seems necessary.

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Introduction: In this study, we investigated the hypothesis of whether short term and moderate intense treadmill exercise could lead to a sustained reversal of peripheral neuropathy induced cold aversion by activation of endogenous opioidergic systems.
 
Materials & Methods: The tibial nerve transection (TNT) was performed in the anesthetized rats. 28 days after TNT surgery, the animals were randomized to three sedentary and four treadmill exercise (14 days, 30 min/day with max speed of 1.2 Km/h) groups. Animal activity and thermal preference behavior were determined by double plate technique (thermo-neutral plate: 24 ºC and cold plate: 14 ºC), equipped with a video tracking software. For determination of opioidergic system involvement, intraperitoneal injection of naltroxone (2 mg/kg) was done before exercise. Morphine (2.5 mg/kg) and naloxone (1 mg/kg) were also used exactly after the end of the last session of exercise.
 
Findings: Tibial nerve transection significantly decreased the animals’ activities (P<0.001), the time spent in cold plate (P<0.002) and increased escape index from the cold plate (E.I), (P<0.0001), in comparison with intact animals. Treadmill exercise significantly prevented cold allodynia (P<0.002), increased animal activity (P<0.01) and decreased E.I (P<0.0001) 42 days after TNT surgery. Administration of morphine in the both exercised and none-exercised groups significantly reduced E.I., (P<0.0001). Injection of naltrexone before exercise training or naloxone immediately after exercise prevented anti-allodynia effect of exercise on the exercise trained animals.
 
Discussion & Conclusion: Our investigation came to the conclusion that a short period of moderate aerobic exercise could reduce cold aversion and improve animal locomotor activity after peripheral neuropathy via activation of opioidergic system.

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Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Due to the neurodegenerative effect of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) this study aimed at investigating the effect of this plant on the improvement of learning and memory in rat models of Alzheimer's disease. 

Material & Methods: The male Wistar rats were assigned into six groups, namely the control group (no injection), sham group (saline injection), experimental group (injection of beta-amyloid (40-1). The other three groups received 75, 140, and 250 ml/kg of fennel extract intraperitoneally 7 days before and 3 weeks after bilateral intraventricular beta-amyloid injection. Shuttle box was used to study the learning and memory behavior of the rats; moreover hematoxylin-eosin staining was conducted for histological studies.

Findings: According to the results, fennel extract at a dose of 140 mg/kg increased behavioral indicators in measuring the passive avoidance memory in the Alzheimer's group, compared to the sham group (P<0.001). Moreover, optical microscopy studies showed a significant decrease in tissue damage and an increase in the number of Nissl bodies stained in CA1 hippocampal region, especially in pyramidal layer, in Alzheimer's disease-induced rats treated with fennel extract at a dose of 140 mg/kg.

Discussion & Conclusions: In this study, fennel extract shows the neuroprotective effect against Alzheimer’s disease induced by beta-amyloid (40-1). the observed improvements are probably related with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pseudo-estrogenic properties of this plant. 

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Introduction: Surgery is a very stressful situation for patients. In addition to physical variables, psychological components also affect the patients who are ready for surgery. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of psychological factors with immunological and physiological factors regarding the moderating role of personality trait D in patients ready for surgery at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam, Iran.
 
Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted based on an analytical and correlational design. The population of this study included the patients who were ready to undergo surgery at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam, Iran. In total, 60 people (30 females and 30 males) were selected using the available sampling method. The data were collected using Perceived stress questionnaire, Spielberger anxiety questionnaire, personality type D questionnaire (DS-14), and blood samples of the patients to measure the blood factors. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using descriptive and inferential statistics.
 
Findings: The results showed a significant relationship of psychological variables (stress, anxiety, personality trait D) with immunological (cortisol) and physiological (blood factors) variables (P<0.01). The results of regression analysis also showed that psychological variables (stress and anxiety) are able to predict the immunological and physiological states of the patients who are ready for surgery. It is worth mentioning that personality trait D also plays a significant role in this regard.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: The results showed that the immune disorders during surgery created by psychological variables can cause biological changes in terms of health risk. Given the effect of psychological variables on the immune system, it is recommended to evaluate people with personality type D since this personality type can have effects on blood factors before and after surgery which can be an appropriate guideline for psychological interventions.