---

< Introduction: Identification and analysis of light elements using atomic layers due to low energy X ray is not a suitable method and They have weak energy and absorbed locally. Gamma rays have enough energy for detection. Nuclear techniques usually are used to identi-fy and analyze of light elements such as hydrogen, oxygen and etc that the major components of Tissues and drug. Nuclear methods have expensive equipment and high risk factor. Before using this equipment, the level of efficiency and all aspects of radiation protection issues measured by using computer codes such as MCNP. In this paper, a system designed can be used qualitative and quantitative analysis of tissues with in vivo and in vitro to investigate the changes of the elements percent, Observed dose rate of drug body tissue (spot check) and etc. Materials and Methods: MCNP code has ability to transport and particle analysis a system was Designing for the analysis of light elements. The most important parameters were deter-mined and with ability of code to change the geometry of components determined an optimal point for each parameter. Effective Parameters in analysis Including material Component Sys-tem, Component dimensions and their shaped and located by writing several programs with MCNP code their parameters were studied and selected as the most suitable of them for sys-tem. Findings: All parameters were evaluated in this study include: 1. With Research different ma-terial, beryllium oxide - Bismuth was chosen for collimator material.2.change rate of flux with thickness of collimator was investigated, Result, no significant increase in the flux for 5cm thickness.3. Flux rate was checked by changing Opening angle of collimator, It was found, collimator opening angle should be proportional to the radiation field. If collimator opening angle increase, Neutron scattering is increase and decrease opening angle flux rate will de-crease. 4. Output flux rate was check with changes collimator Length and found maximum point in 22cm collimator length.5. Flux rate was checked by changing the distance of sample from source, It was found that would be better if their position nearest distance.6. System dose calculations were performed It is quite standard. Discussion and Conclusion: System designed According to the results of effective parameter of light elements analysis that all the optimized parameters and system works with using MCNP code simulation software. The system in Compared to other devices are used in light elements analysis such as reactors have smaller volume, higher utilization rate, less pollution and Lower cost. System is used for light element analysis in local and extensive tissues, monitoring of drugs in tissues and etc. Analysis results is given in (6) image.

---

Introduction: The only presented vaccine against tetanospasmin (the main factor of the fatal disease tetanus) is its toxoid which creates a 10-year period immunization. Ho-wever, the botulinum toxoid (the main factor of the fetal disease botulism) only creates a 2-year period immunization. The-se two toxins have 36% homology and are falling into one family but are different in immunological memory, the scale of hom-oral immunity response and probably the scale of antibody production. The goal of this study was to compare the immunization and antibody titer of fragment C of both tetanus toxin (THc) and botulinom type A (BONT/A-Hc). Materials & Methods: Expression of the recombinant proteins, THc and BONT/A-Hc, was accomplished by using of the tran-sgenic host, E.coli Bl21 DE3 and the pET28a vectors which contained the two genes in an optimum condition. Both the mentioned proteins were derived and puri-fied from the solution phase of cell extract and were evaluated on SDS-PAGE gel. Finally, the antibody titer containing in the serum of immunized animals with each of the aforementioned proteins, was inv-estig-ated and compared by immunoassay test. Findings: The result of SDS-PAGE gel evaluation showed a proper expression and purification of both the recombinant prot-eins, THc and BONT/A-Hc, in solution phase of cell extract. The immunoassay res-ults of serum showed that the antibody titer against the recombinant protein of THc was more than those for the recombinant protein of BONT/A-Hc. Discussion & Conclusion: It is conceived that the significant differences in the antib-ody titer can be related to the longevity of memory cells. However, the result needs more studies.

---

Investigation observation standards of security and dosimetry at x-ray imaging center hospitals Subsidiary Ilam University of medical sciences Jamal Amiri 1, Shahin Amiri2, Parvin Tork1,Mohmad hasan Abbasi 1, Seyed Pezhman Shirmardi *3 Introduction: Standards observation in imaging centers cause to patient dose reduction in patients and improving image quality. Identification standards and determine the gap own facilities with standard centers is a necessity for standardization. In this article, Standards level in imaging centers have been studied in Ilam province. Materials & Methods: Dose was measured in the controlled, monitored and uncontrolled region for each center. Czech list contains 210 items were prepared by using standard values in the world and Iran. Separately, Czech list were completed for each center. Level standard calculated at sections: building and construction, Preparation and usage of equipment, Protection of staff and patients, Patient rights and staff salaries for all hospitals and presented as percentage of standard. Level of patient information has been checked about radiation effects by using the questionnaire. Findings: Level of dose were standard in controlled monitored and uncontrolled region all of centers. Generally the level standards in Ilam imaging centers were obtained at sections: Building and construction 64.9 ℅, Preparation and usage of equipment 69.4℅, Protective staff and patients 80.03℅, Rights of patients 81.7℅ and staff rights almost 100%. Patient imaging centers were aware of effects of radiation on cell were 28%. Conclusion: In this study, the level of standard and distance to the full the level of standardization Were determined for all centers.The level of gap with completely standardization of imaging centers in the province is building and construction section35.1℅, preparing and application of equipment 30.6℅, Protection of staff and patients 19.97℅, Patient rights 18.3%. As well as patient imaging centers not informed about the effects of radiation on cells were 72%.

---

Introduction: In this study, the effects of radiation scattering on quality of SPECT images acquired by Fan beam collimator have been quantitatively evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Materials & Methods: MCNP4C Monte Carlo code was used to simulate the imaging system. In order to evaluate the effects of radiation scattering on image quality, a water phantom was used. Line Spread Function (LSF) and Modulated Transfer Function (MTF) in presence and absence of this scattering Media were measured and compared with each other. Findings: The maximum difference between FWHM of LSF in presence and absence of scattering media was equal to 4%, while this difference for FWTM was13%. The maximum difference between spatial freq-uency at one-tenth of MTF’s maximum in presence and absence of scattering media was less than 2%, while this difference for spatial frequency at nine-tenth of MTF’s maximum was equal to 30%. Discussion & Conclusion: Regarding to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the radiation scattering considerably affects the image clarification, but its impact on image spatial resolution is negligible. In addition, the effects of radiation scattering are more evident in spatial frequency space.

---

Introduction: Background radiation is originated from environmental radioactive sources cosmicandterrestrial.Materials distribution onsurface of the earth and height from sea level are not the same at various points.Absorbed dose caused by them were different at various points.In this research, Background radiation level inoutdoor different areas of Ilam province was measured and effective dose ratecaused by it was calculated.

Materials & methods: RDS -110detector was used to measure background radiation. The metal base with a height of 1m was used for measuring at the same altitude and detector placed on the metal base. Outdoor backgroundradiationwas measured for seven points (The highest altitude, the lowest point North, South, East and West). Measured datawas entered to SPSS16 software for statistical operations. The mean equivalent dose rate andstandard deviation were calculated. By using the dosimetry calculations, the amount of annals effective dose rate in outdoor was calculated for different regions of Ilam province.

Findings: The mean equivalent dose rate caused by outdoor background radiation for different regions of Ilam province was obtained based on unit nSvh^-1 include: Ilam 84 ± 10.67, Ivan 82 ± 10.71, Dehloran78 ± 12.61, Abdanan80 ± 11.21, Sirvan97 ± 15.50, Mehran 75 ± 10.31, Malekshahi88 ± 13.78, Dareshahr95 ± 14.15, Badreh85 ± 8.82 and Chardavol93 ± 13.20.The maximum outdoor equivalent dose rate was in Sirvan area with 97 ± 15.50nSvh^-1 and minimum value in Mehran area with 75 ± 10.31nSvh^-1. The average of outdoor annals equivalent dose rate in entire Ilam province 85.7± 7.5nSvh^-1 in comparison average world 59nSvh^-1 is more than 44%. Well as annual effective dose rate was 0.107±0.009nSvy ^-1.

Discussion & Conclusions: Ilam provincehasmore mean-annualequivalent dose rate and effective dose rate compared to global average annualequivalent dose rate and effective dose ratedue to mountainous and relatively high altitude from sea level.

---

One of the intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) methods is based on using compensators. The most important factor in designing a compensator is the accurate calculation of its thickness to achieve the intensity modulation of interest. To achieve that, the exact attenuation coefficient of compensator materials must be calculated.Using MapCHECK 2 model 1177 and phantom (SP34). We studied the effect of compensator thickness and field size on the calculation of the effective attenuation coefficient (EAC) of the brass compensator for 6-MV photon beams.

Experimental measurements were carried out at 100 cm source-to-surface distance and 5 cm depth for the 6-MV photon beams of an Elekta  linac using various field size and compensator thickness. The field sizes investigated ranged from 1×1 cm² to 20×20 cm² and the brass compensator thickness from 0.5-6 cm. Our results indicated that the compensator thickness and field size have the most significant effect on the calculation of the compensator EAC for the 6-MV photon beam and also these parameters can reduce the error due to delivered dose to target volume and organs at risk.

---

Introduction: Technological advancements and increased production of cars and motorcycles have led to the increased incidence of traumas all around the world. Injuries and fractures occur due to different etiologic factors such as motor vehicle accidents, quarrels, and fall accidents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of fractures in computed tomography (CT) scans in Emergency Department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, Iran, in 2014.
 
Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional retrospective study, we evaluated the medical records of all trauma patients who were admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam during 2014. Information from patients' medical records and CT scan radiographs were recorded in a checklist. After removing duplicate data, 710 patients were evaluated.
 
Findings: In this study, 52% (75% male and 25% female) of the fracture cases due to motor vehicle accidents were aged 18-26 years. The most frequent etiologic factor was accident (62.9%) and the most frequent trauma type was hand and foot trauma in males (39.1%) and females (38.4%), followed by head and neck trauma in males (32.7%) and females (22.1%). Most of the fractures had occurred in the first half of 2014, and the mortality rate due to fracture was 1.3%.
 
Discussion & Conclusions: This study showed that the most frequent etiologic factor of trauma is motor vehicle accident similar to other developing countries. Therefore, providing education in this area and increasing the safety of transport systems are essential.