Introduction: A variety of sports activities canlead to different immune and hormone responses in human body.The aim of presentstudy was to comparethe acute effects of endurance exercise (EE), resistance exercise (RE) and concurrent exercise (CE) on seruminterleukin-10 (IL-10)and cortisol concentrationand leukocyte numbers in active young men.
Materials & methods: In this study twenty healthy and active young men (mean age: 21.69±2.66years old BMI: 21.92±1.89 Fat%: 14.49±3.05)randomlyand voluntary wereclassified into three groupsincluding: Endurance activity (n=7), Resistance activity ((n=6), Parallel activity(n=7). Theprotocol of three activities simultaneously was performed during 45 minutessimultaneously. Serum concentrationsof IL-10and cortisol were measured by ELISA method and thenumbers of leukocytes were counted before, immediate and 1 hourafteractivity. Data were analyzedbyusing analysis of variance with Repeated-Measures,One-Way ANOVAand LSD post-hoc and Paired T testswith a significant levelp<0.05.
Findings: Serum levels of IL-10 in all three periods were significantly different between three types of exercise including Endurance, Resistance, Parallel exercises. Cortisol response showed significant differencesbetweenthree types of sport activity immediately after exerciseand 1 hour afterexercise. Also, the leukocytesnumbers showedsignificant differencesbetween three types of sport activityimmediately after exercise(p<0.05).
 Discussion & Conclusion: IL-10,cortisol and leukocytesresponses to exercise are dependent ontype of exercise. Also, combination ofResistance and Endurance activitiescan lead to responses from both types of activity and it leads to adjustment of responses to some extent.

Introduction: Vaspin and Chemerin are the newest hormones secreted from adipose tissues that are responsible for various biological functions, particularly regulating adipose tissues. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of along session of aerobic exercise with different intensities on plasma levels of Vaspin and Chemerin in Female Sprague Dawley Rats.

Materials & methods: Sixty 2-month-old female Sprague Dawley Rats with the average weight of 210 g were purchased. In order to measure the pre-test dependent variables of the study (vaspin and chemerin), blood samples were taken from 15 rats. The rest of the 45 rats were divided into three groups (each group containing 15 rats, the first group with the speed of 12 meters per minute, the second 14m/m and the third 16m/m) and in a session lasting 45 minutes, they were exercised on a special treadmill for rat. The results of the study in each stage {among the 3 training groups, in terms of time (pretest - posttest), the interaction (group×time)} were analyzed via factor analysis of variance.

Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference among vaspin plasma levels of the three groups (P=0.05) but there was no significant difference in chemerin levels (P=0.63). A significant difference was also observed between pretest– posttest vaspin and chemerin plasma levels (P=0.0001). There was a significant difference among Vaspin levels of the interaction as well (P=0.05), while no significant difference was observed in chemerin levels (P=0.53).

Discussion & Conclusion: Regarding the results and findings of the present study, it can be stated that Adipocytokine response to exercise (in a single session) is not the same and the secretion of each hormone occurs in a certain threshold (of intensity and duration) of physical activity.

Introduction: Studies has shown that diabetes type 1 and partly type 2 may exacerbate osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 8 weeks resistance training on Bone Mass Density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Materials & methods: 20 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes were recruited from Sanandaj diabetes association, (mean age, height, weight and BMI = 51±6 yr, 153.4±5 cm, 68.3±11 kg and 29.3±4 kg/m2, respectively) and then randomly divided in two groups including experimental and control. The experimental group performed resistance training for 8 weeks, three sessions per week and each session with 70% of one repetition maximum. The resistance training program consists of: bench press, leg extension, shoulder press, hamstring curl, standing two-arm curl and lat pull down. During the same period, the control group did not participate in any regular exercise training, but in terms of medication and dosage it was similar to the experimental one. Densitometry was performed to assess bone mass density (BMD) of the femur, distal forearm, and lumbar spine.
Findings: After 8 weeks, there weren't any significant changes in BMD [femoral neck (p=0.72), lumbar spine (p=0.36) and forearm bone (p=0.8)] in groups and bone sites. In addition, no significant differences were found between the two groups (p values for the femoral neck, lumbar spine and forearm were 0.18, 0.23 and 0.67, respectively).
Discussion & Conclusion: These data indicate that 8 weeks resistance training did not improve Bone Mass Density in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

Introduction: High levels of inflammatory markers are associated with several chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. Exercise and physical activity is accepted as a sterategy to reduce these diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 10 weeks resistance and aerobic training on resting levels of tumor necrosis factor-&alpha (TNF-&alpha), interleukin-1&beta (IL-1&beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in sedentary overweight men.

Materials & methods: Thirty sedentary men with average ages 26.6±2.9 yr, and body mass index 28.3±1.8 kg/m2, randomly were assigned to resistance training (n=10), aerobic training (n=11), and control (n=9) groups. Fasting blood sample were collected before and after 10 weeks from intervention, and resting levels of cytokines were measured. Also body mass index, waist to hip ratio, body fat percent, maximal strength and maximal oxygen uptake was estimated. Resistance training program consists of 7 exercises at 70-80% of 10-repetition maximum in each exercise, and aerobic training included cycling on ergometer at 70-80% maximal heart rate for 10 weeks and three sessions per week.

Findings: After 10 weeks resistance and aerobic training despite a decrease in the average, no significant change was observed in resting levels of TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6 (p˃0.05). VO2max showed significantly increase, body fat percent and waist to hip ratio significant decrease in both training groups, and maximal strength significant increase only in resistance training (p˂0.05).

Discussion & Conclusion: These results indicated that 10 weeks resistance and aerobic training with moderate intensity and volume are not sufficient to reduce inflammatory cytokines in sedentary healthy overweight men. It can be concluded that the probable reason for not reducing of this cytokines is because of the normal concentrations in baseline and the subjects being young.

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Introduction: Behaviors and our lifestyles affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF-Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) and experiences with emotional health, such as exercise and enriched environment lead to increased levels of this neurotrophin. This study aimed to identify the possible effects of two different ways of training on levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of adult male rats with a clearer focus on the role of exercise on modifying the synaptic plasticity.

Materials & methods: In this experimental research, twenty-one Wistar rats were divided into three groups: (1) Control, (2) endurance training (ET), (3) high-intensity interval training (HIIT). ET group received 8-wk mild-intensity endurance exercise. The exercise schedule of HIIT group consisted of high intensity interval training for 8 weeks (with Active recovery). Hippocampal BDNF protein was assessed using commercial ELISA kits and the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Statistical differences were considered significant at p<0.05.

Findings : The results showed that the ET group had no significant effect on BDNF protein level (p=0.735). In addition, HIIT group revealed no significant increase in BDNF protein level compared with the Control (p=0.070) and ET group (p=0.131).

Discussion & Conclusion: The results of the present study, do not show significant change in BDNF levels via exercise training, it seems that perform of HIIT training can increase amount of hippocampus BDNF protein level more than endurance training.

Introduction: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common knee problems.

The gold standard for PFPS rehabilitation is quadriceps strengthening. It has been suggested that hip muscles weakness may be an important factor in the etiology of patients with PFPS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hip external rotator and abductor muscles on pain and function in Male with patellofemoral pain.

Materials & methods: 30 participants diagnosed by PFPS were participated and randomly divided into two groups, quadriceps strengthening (n=15) and hip and quadriceps strengthening (n=15). The NRPS and Kujala scale were respectively used to assess pain intensity and function at baseline and at the end of the 6-week exercise program. Collected data were analyzed by paired t-test and independent t-test.

Findings: After 6 weeks of exercise therapy, mean scores of pain and function for two groups were significant improvement (P>0/05). But significant difference between the average of pain scores and physical function of combination exercise and quadriceps strengthening exercises was observed (P>0/05).

Discussion & Conclusion: Although, both combination and quadriceps muscle strengthening exercises were effective to reduce pain and improve function in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome, combination exercises was more effective than quadriceps muscle strengthening exercises. Therefore, it is recommended to experts and researchers to use combination exercises in the rehabilitation programs to reduce pain and improve function in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Introduction: Endurance activity has a significant influence on remodeling of the heart, such as MHC protein, on otherhand,Pur&beta is mediator of repression of &betaMHC gene expression and decrease of its expression, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of endurance training on Pur&beta gene expression in the heart of trained wistar male rats. So the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on Pur&betagene expression in left ventricle.

Materials & methods: For this purpose, 14 rats under controlled conditions (temperature, light/dark (12:12) cycle, with ad Libitum access to food and water) were housed and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups, the experimental group performed 14 weeks endurance exercise on motorized treadmill, and then 48 hours after the end of the last session were anesthetized as sacrificed. The left ventricle of the heart was removed. Real time RT-PCR method was used to determine the expression levels of Pur&betain the left ventricle. Finally, the obtained data were evaluated using t-test.

Findings: The results of this research showed, physical activity not only influence on m-mode indices and heart weigh, but also it enhance weight and internal dimensions of heart which is coincide with the significantly decrease Pur&betagene expression.

Discussion & Conclusions: Given to the different effects of endurance activities in the size of the heart And Pur&beta gene expression and also Pur&beta role on type &alpha of MHC isoform expression, it seems that  heart mass changes due to physical activities is related to type &alpha of MHC isoform.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases especially atherosclerosis, are the main causative of disability and death in all over the world and they have increasing spread in Iran. Homocysteine and fibrinogen are two new risk factors for prediction of atherosclerosis. Considering this, our aim in this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on serum predictive inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis and lipid profile in obese elderly women.

Materials & methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 44 obese women (BMI&ge;30) 55 to 65 years old as volunteer, were selected and randomly divided into two groups of experiment (22 individuals) and control (22 individuals). Training program included aerobic exercise with 45 to 65 percent of maximum heart rate for 1 hour per session and 3session per week and continued for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected after 12 hours fasting in the pre-test and 48 hours in the post-test to measure homocysteine, fibrinogen, high-sensitivity protein (CRP) and lipid profile.

Findings: Present study data shows that a significant decrease was observed in homocysteine (p=0.004), hs-CRP (p=0.009), cholesterol (p=0.037), triglyceride (p=0.017) and LDL-C (p=0.047) levels in experimental group; while there wasn't significant relation between study variability in control group. Also, a significant difference was observed in comparison between control and experimental groups about homocysteine (p=0.000), hs-CRP (p=0.037), cholesterol (p=0.049), triglyceride (p=0.000) and LDL-C (p=0.012). There was a significant relation between body fat percentage(r=0.87) and body mass index(r=0.68) with homocysteine.

Discussion & Conclusions: To sum up, by losing weight  and body fat, homocysteine, CRP and also the increase of HDL study results showed that 8 week aerobic training can lead to reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and improving the health status in the elderly women.

Introduction: It has been known that both statins and exercise have beneficial effects in preventing cardiovascular diseases; however, there is no information about their combined effects on the amount of tissue damage after myocardial infarction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of endurance training and atorvastatin on the extent of necrosis and fibrosis tissue in rat hearts following myocardial infarction.

Materials & methods: 45 rats (8-10 weeks old, 230 ± 10 g body weight) were randomly divided to five groups. Sham, control, endurance training, atorvastatin, and exercise +atovastatin. Myocardial infarction was induced by subcutaneous injection of isoprenaline (150 mg/kg) in two consecutive days. Drug and training intervention was initiated 2 days after infarction and continued for 4 weeks. In order to assess the necrosis lesion and fibrosis tissue, Hematoxylin – Eosin and massontrichrome staining were used respectively. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P<0/05 level.

Findings: The combination of endurance exercise and atorvastatin significantly reduced the amount of necrosis and fibrosis tissue compared with the control group (P< 0/05). Endurance exercise training alone induced non-significant increase in the extent of necrosis damage and significantly increased fibrosis tissue. atorvastatin consumption reduced necrosis damage, but no effect on the extent of fibrosis tissue.

Discussion & Conclusions: results of this study showed that the combination of training and atorvastatin are more effective in improving tissue damage caused by myocardial infarction  than exercise and atorvastatin alone.

Introduction: Obesity is the consequence of an excess of adipose tissue, resulting from an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure. Exercise training due to increase energy expenditure, can play an affective role in decrease adipose tissue. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on adipose tissue levels of adiponectin and plasma insulin and glucose in male rats.

Materials & methods: 20 male rats (8 week years old) were randomly divided in to two training and control groups and each group consists of 10 rats. Training program performed in 5 weeks, and 5 sessions per week. Male wistar rats completed 6 HIIT bouts with 2 minutes duration and 37 m/min in first week, between each bout, rats resting for one minute. In second, third and fourth weeks, number of bouts increased respectively to 7, 9 and 10. In  the final week (fifth week), 12 HIIT bouts with 52 m/min speed performed. To measure study variables, 72 hours after last exercise training session, blood samples were collected and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue removed. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data.

Findings: Significant increase in levels of visceral adipose tissue Adiponectin (p<0/001) and significant decrease of plasma insulin (p<0/001)  were observed in training group.  But variation in levels of Adiponectin in subcutaneous adipose tissue and plasma glucose were not significant (p>0/05).

Discussion & Conclusions: The results of present study indicated that HIIT can result in increase in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue levels of adiponectin. In the present study improvement in insulin sensitivity are related to increase levels of adiponectin in adipose tissue and HIIT as effective factor induce decrease adipose tissue as well.

Introduction: In a condensed chromatin formation, the DNA is hardly accessible for transcription factors; thus, gene expression requires nucleosome unfolding. A key role in condensing of chromatin structure is played by HDAC4. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single bout of resistance exercise on hdac4 gene expression in fast and slow twitch skeletal muscles in male Wistar rats.

Materials & methods: The subjects of this experimental study were15 rats that provisioned from Pasteur Institute and housed under natural conditions (temperature, light/dark (12-h) cycle, with ad Libitum access to food and water). The rats were randomly assigned into experimental (n=10) and control groups (n=5); the exercise group performed a session exercise (Climbing of a one meter ladder, plus 80% of their weight). After three and six hours, the rats were anaesthetized and killed, then to determine hdac4 gene expression rate, the soleus and EDL muscles were removed, to determine expression rate, the Quantitative Real time RT-PCR was used. Data were analyzed by one sample and independent t test.

Findings: The results indicated that in response to an acute exercise, the expression of hdac4 gene in EDL muscle significantly (p=0.0013) increased at 3h and it remained unchanged (p=0.058) 6h after exercise, while in soleus muscle the hdac4 expression remained unchanged at 3h (p=0.18) and 6h (p=0.45) after exercise.

Discussion & Conclusions: It seems that fast twitch type muscles have more plasticity than slow type fiber to response exercise and possibly chromatin condenseness increase in fast-twitch fibers after exercise.

Introduction: Statins and exercise training may have synergic beneficial effects on angiogenesis process following myocardial infarction. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of endurance exercise training (EET), atorvastatin and their combination on expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the cardiac muscle of male rat following experimental myocardial infarction.

Materials & methods: 45 rats (8-10 weeks old, 230 ±10 g body weight) were randomly divided to five groups: Sham, control, EET, atorvastatin, and EET + atorvastatin. Myocardial infarction was induced by subcutaneous injection of isoprenaline (150 mg/kg) in two consecutive days. Drug and training interventions were initiated 2 days after infarction and continued for 4 weeks. In order to assess the expression of VEGF, immunohistochemical staining was used. Data were analyzed by using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and scheffe test at P<0.05 level.

Findings: VEGF expression in the atorvastatin group was significantly less than the control group (P=0.006). Also, VEGF expression in the Combined (EET + atorvastatin) and EET groups was not significant (P=0.534 and P=0.055 respectively), but its expression was significantly higher in the combined group (EET + atorvastatin) compared to the EET group (P=0.002) and atorvastatin group (P=0.001).

Discussion & conclusion: It seems that combination of EET and atorvastatin compared to EET and or atorvastatin alone has a favorable effect on VEGF expression and as a result, on angiogenesis process following myocardial infarction. 

Introduction: Using nutritional supplements is proposed to avoid the stresses-induced by physical activity, delayed fatigue and maintenance of performance during competition. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of combined supplement Neurobion on Creatine Kinase (CK) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes levels following a session of exhaustive exercise in amateur men boxers.

Materials & methods: Twelve men boxer with an average age of19.1±2 years, weight 71.3±6.2 kg and percentage of body fat 8.9±0.7 participated in this study. In two consecutive weeks, they consumed Neurobion supplement and placebo (distilled water) into5 ml ampoule and then carried out exhaustive exercise boxing. Exercise implemented with fists swiping to punch bag in 3 rounds of 3 minute with 1 minute rest intervals between rounds with maximum intensity and competitive. To measure the levels of LDH and CK induced by muscle cell damage, blood samples were taken in four stages before, immediately, and 2and6hours after exercise.

Findings: The results showed that consuming combination of vitamin Neurobion had a significant effect on serum levels of LDH and CK in different stages of exercise (p=0.001).With intake supplement, the amounts of CK in2and6hours, and LDH in the immediately after the exercise, compared with placebo group had a significant reduction (p<0.05).

Discussion & conclusions: It is concluded that, using combination of vitamin supplement Neurobion by maintaining molecular structure of cells and sarcomere, as well as muscle cell membrane integrity, cause reduced amounts of LDH and CK enzymes in the amateur boxers after exhaustive exercise.