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Introduction: Washing hand hygienically before having contact with patient is one of necessities for controlling of nosocomial infections because hands are main way for transferring of microorganism in hospital environments.In such a circumstance, if the protective agent contains pathogens, it can lead to nosocomial infections growth. Materials & Methods: In the study we dealt with microbial pollution of used liquid soaps in five hospitals of Ilam city in 2010. The samples were taken by sterile tubes containing physiology serum, after this they were cultivated on Differential and base the cultures. After 18-24 hours, the initials cultures were studied for the prtent of bacteria. In order to differential separation we used usual microbiology methods. Findings: In the study in respect of microbial pollution nearly 95% of samples were positive and 38.1% negative and 2.4% unknown. The most microbial pollution in all samples was for Pseud-omonas(22.6%) and the least was Klebsi-ella(8.3%). In different units of hospitals, there was a significant difference among the units(P=0.002), and also there was a significant among different hospitals and types of microbes(P=0.002). Discussion & Conclusion: It seems that the application of guidelines for how to use soaps and the conditions of hand washing has an important role in reduction of contamination, and with attention to the contamination of main reservoir, it is essential that contamination discussion of provided soaps in factory to be addressed certainly and in the case of having quality control problem, we do more attention on production lines.

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Introduction: The use of artificial colors plays a major role in creating a sense of customer satisfaction however the use of impermissible colors can cause toxic effects in the body. These compounds can lead to allergic reactions and even cancer disease in the body. According to the afore mentioned effects and the wide range of the applica-tion of these compounds in confectionary products, we sought to compare the consu-mption of food dyes in confectionary products in the city of Qom from 2007 to 2009. Materials & Methods: Confectionary products were randomly sampled from confectionary manufacturers in the city of Qom. 342 samples in 2007, 291 samples in 2008 and 398 samples in 2009 were analy-zed and investigated. The color analyzing included the defatted samples, purification and extraction of color compounds, chrom-atography, and determining the kind of the color. Finding: Based on the findings of the study among the samples, 28.6 % of them in 2007, 28.9% in 2008 and 28.1% in 2009 contained impermissable colors. Discussion & Conclusion: The Results showed that a significant amount of the confectionary products are unsafe for consumption, annually. The high cost, instability and low nutritional value of natural colors are the reasons for the excessive use of the impermissible colors. But according to the results of this study it is seemed that most of people are not aware about the toxic effects of these colors and this may be the main reasons for the repea-ted use of these materials in confectionary products.

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Introduction: Synthetic dyes are used in various industries such as cosmetics and he-alth products, leather, food, leather, plastic, paper and textile industries. Methylene blue is an important chemical aromatic dye wh-ich commonly used in textile industries. Due to being aromatic, it is often toxic, car-cinogenic, mutagenic and resistant to bio-degradation. In this study, the efficiency of UV/ZnO system was assessed through the immobilization of nanoparticles on glass as one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for the decolorization of methylene blue. Materials & Methods: This study was con-ducted as a batch process in a laboratory sc-ale. The nanoparticle powders were imm-obilized on glass plate with thermal meth-od. The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission ele-ctron microscopy (TEM) and scanning elec-tron microscopy (SEM). Also, UV/vis spec-trophotometric was used to assess dye dec-olorization and the effects of important parameters such as the effect of UV, dye concentration, pH and different intensities of light on the efficiency of process were investigated. Findings: This study showed that the UV agent in the absence of zinc oxide catalyst cannot remove the methylene blue dye, because it cannot individually generate en-ough decomposing agents (hydroxyl radical). Also, the results showed that the best pH value and radiation intensity were 7 and 3950μW/cm2 in 120 minutes, resp-ectively. The dye decolorization was enh-anced with decreasing initial dye conc-entration. Discussion & Conclusion: The results sho-wed that in this process, the methylene blue dye can be decolorized using immobilized zinc oxide nanoparticles in the presence of UV-C radiation. Due to catalyst immobi-lization, the recycling and separation of nanoparticles are not necessary in this met-hod. Therefore, by optimization of desired effective parameters it may lead to the com-plete decolorization of methylene blue in a pilot scale.

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Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease in many tropical and sub-tropical countries, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and can be transm-itted by sand fly bites. This study was carr-ied out to identify the epidemiologic status of cutaneous leishmaniasis with emphasis on trend of its incidence rate in Kashan. Materials & Methods: This investigation was a descriptive and retrospective study based on existing data. Sample consists of all persons who were referred to the central laboratory in Kashan during the last five years (20 March 2005 to 19 March 2010) for parasitological diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and their diseases were con-firmed. Demographic characteristics and clinical information of cutaneous leishma-niasis (positive cases) were recorded and analyzed. Findings: The results revealed that the nu-mber of infected cases in Kashan was 1599 people during the study. Of these patients 1315 (82.2%) lived in urban and 284 pati-ents (17.8%) in rural areas. Incidence rate in rural dwellers was significantly higher than urban residents (19.10 vs. 9.46 cases per 10,000 population). During the study, patients showed a significant increaseing and positive cases of cutaneous leishma-niasis had been increased from 192 cases to 405 cases in the last year of the study. The annual incidence rate of the disease has increased significantly. Among the patients with active cutaneous leishmaniasis, 717 (45%) were females and 882 (55%) male. 92% of cases were Iranian and the rem-aining of non-Iranian. The highest incid-ence rate was observed in the age group below 10 years, with 14.87 per 10000 inha-bitants, and the least rate in the age group 40-49 years with 5.93 per 10000 inha-bitants. The prevalence of active CL pati-ents in the age group less than 20 years (43.84%) was significantly higher than the corresponding value in the same age group in the general population (34.02%) in Ka-shan. Most commonly affected organs, hands (45.8 % alone, 7.1 percent, with feet and 2.9% with face), followed by feet. Single lesion in the majority of patients, was followed by two or more ulcers on two or more parts of the body. Discussion & Conclusion: The findings showed an increasing trend of the prevale-nce and incidence rate of cutaneous leish-maniasis over the period study in the regi-on. Also, cutaneous Leishmaniasis remains a public health threat in the future. There-fore, it is recommended that the regional authorities paying more attention to control the spreading of the disease.

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Introduction: In many developmental projects, the tunnel drilling is fraught with various health and financial dangers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risks of the Amirkabir tunnel drilling pro-ject in Iran. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive study, the tunneling process was divided into 3 phase. The data including the type of risks, their effects and possibilities were gathered using failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). The cumulative fre-quency of risk grades was calculated, and then ranked by Pareto principles. Findings: The highest percentage of risk grades included hitting with tunneling ma-chineries and equipments, falling-down of workers and crashing of equipments. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the Pareto diagrams, by removing or cont-rolling the risks, it would be possible to optimize the safety of Amirkabir tunneling project.

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Introduction: Dye removal from industrial wastewater has been considered as one of the most environmental issues. Recently, new methods of treatment such as catalytic ozonation have been used to increase dye removal efficiency. So, the efficiency of catalytic ozonation by copper coated zeolite as a catalyst in the removal of Reactive Red 198 was investigated. Materials & Methods: In order to remove dye, the zeolite granules were modified by CuSO4. The heterogenous catalytic ozona-tion experiments were carried out to deter-mine the effect of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, catalyst dose and radical scavengering in a semi-batch reactor. Sca-nning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Adsorption/Desorption Porosimetry (BET) analyses were used to determine the structural properties, chemical compounds, specific surface area and morphological characteristic of zeolite and copper coated zeolite. Also catalytic ozonation process (COP) removal in both catalytic and sole ozonation was measured. Findings: The results showed that in cat-alytic ozonation, the removal efficiency of the dye increased in proportion to the increasing of pH, contact time, catalyst dose. Conversely, with the increasing of the initial concentrations of dye from 100 to 500 mg/L, removal efficiency decreased from 92% to 68% in catalytic ozonation. Furthermore, in the presence of radical scavenger, no considerable decrease was observed in catalytic ozonation. Also COD experiments showed 20% and 45% incr-eases in the sole ozonation and catalytic ozonation, respectively. Discussion & Conclusion: Due to the low cost, availability and high performance of zeolite as a catalyst support, and also with regard to the advantages of heterogenous systems compared with homogenous sys-tem, using of copper coated zeolite in cata-lytic ozonation processes for the removal of different pollutants is suggested.

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Introduction: The development of health and protection of environment is depended on the provision of safe and clean water. The turbidity of water comes from the suspended and colloidal matters contained in it. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the efficiency of natural coagulant chitosan with poly aluminum chloride (PACl) in the removal of water turbidity. Chitosan is a cationic biopolymer with high molecular weight that is produced from the crust of crustaceans like shrimp and crab. Materials & Methods: This investigation was performed, in the laboratory scale, on water samples containing synthetic water turbidity by applying kaolin in high, middle, and low turbidities. The first phase of tests aimed to determine the optimum concentration of the coagulants chitosan and poly aluminum chloride and the efficiency of turbidity removing. The second stage of experiments aimed to determine the optimum pH and the effect of coagulant on the water pH. Findings: Optimum dosages of chitosan for removing the turbidities 1000, 500, 50 and 10 NTU were 10, 6.5, 1.5 and 1 mg/L, respectively and the optimum PH values were also 8, 8, 7.5, and 8, respectively. Optimum dosages of PACl in the respected turbidities were 28, 18, 15 and 12 mg/L, respectively and the optimum PH values were also 8, 7.5, 7.5, and 8, correspondingly. Discussion & Conclusion: The results showed that only in the turbidity 10 NTU, the efficiency of poly aluminum chloride was better than the efficiency of chitosan. In other turbidities, chitosan showed better performance. Chitosan had a lower effect on the water PH, while PACl had a noticeable effect on the water PH. The optimum dosage of chitosan was less than that of PACl in all turbidities. At different levels of turbidity, the optimum concentration of chitosan was significantly lower in comparison with poly aluminum chloride. Coagulant dose reduction decreases the cost of water treatment. This subject is one of the advantages of the bioorganic polymer, chitosan, to the inorganic coagulant, poly aluminum chloride, in the refinement of water with considering the economic aspects. Chitosan, in contrast to poly aluminum chloride, had little effect on the water pH.

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Introduction: Biodegradation of hea-vy fuel oil(Mazut) by indigenous competent microorganisms is one of the new fields of biotechnology in petroleum industries. Biocompatibi-lity and inexpensiveness characterist-ics of the method have developed its application day to day. Isolation and identification of oil bacteria can be an effective approach for degrading heavy fuel oil. Materials & Methods: Sampling of the soil and water sources contamin-ated with oil components was carried out. The samples were incubated on special culture conditions to screen potential microorganisms. Then, their degrading ability was investigated on mazut. Best microorganisms were se-lected and identified. Then, the degr-adation capability for mazut was in-vestigated in matrices containing fix-ed and floating mazut by the strain bacteria. Findings: The new strain Entero-bacter cloacae (BBRC10061) was isolated and identified from oil conta-minated soil in Mashhad to biod-egrade mazut. In aerobic condition, 13% of mazut (1%v/v) containing in mineral environment was degraded by BBRC10061 during a 10-day period. Evaluating the fixation and floatation of mazut and also impli-cating the microbial mixture, demon-strated that the floating the mazut and preventing its adoration into the bioreactor wall increased the effici-ency process. However, the mixture was not able to considerably increase the mazut degradation. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study represented the strain BBRC1-0061 could be used as a proper degrader for biodegradation of the heav

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Abstract Introduction: Heavy metal from municipal waste landfill leachate has caused many environmental problems . The purpose this study was investigate the efficiency of Ec process in removal of heavy metal (Cu,Zn,Co) of landfill leachate of Tehran on the economic performance. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a pilot plant. using a Plexiglas tank glass with an effective size 0.7 liters containing 9 aluminum electrode was a page. In order to convert alternating current to direct the electrodes to the monopolar power supply were connected with a parallel arrangement. tank was filled with landfill leachate Tehran. Percent removal of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Co) in the range of current density (50, 70, 90, 110 mA/cm2), reaction time (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 min) and pH values (4, 7, 9) was determined . Findings: In this study, the optimal efficiency of removal of heavy metals in the leachate flow density 110 mA/cm2 after 25 time exposure (time optimal) in leachate pH, respectively88.2, 88.6 and 93.1 per cent respectively. Under these conditions the amount of electrical energy and electrode consumption, respectively, 3.7 kilowatt hours per cubic meter leachate and 1.26 gram aluminum. per liter of leachate was . Discussion &Conclusion: This research study showed that electrocoagulation is an efficient technique for treatment of heavy metal(Cu, Zn, Co) landfill leachate Tehran.

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Introduction: Peroxide is the first compound that is produced because of fats and oils oxidation and it can cause thrombosis, cancer, premature aging, allergic inflammation, heart and brain ischemic, respiratory distress syndrome and various liver disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the peroxide Value of oil consumed in the deli systems (sandwich and falafel) in Ilam city in 2010. Materials and Methods: The investigation of peroxide value of oil consumed in the deli systems (sandwich and falafel) in Ilam city was a descriptive-analytical study. The samples (195 samples) were collected in the deli systems of Ilam city at three steps of the day including morning (8-10 am), evening (14-17 pm) and night (19-21 pm). The sampling and analysis were conducted on the basis of Iran's standard number of 493 and 4179, respectively. The obtained data was also analyzed by SPSS and Excel softwares. Findings: The statistical (variance) analysis showed that there was no significant difference between oil type (solid or liquid) and preservation condition with peroxide Value (p˃0.05). The results was also showed that there was significant difference between use frequency of oil with peroxide number and between temperature with peroxide Value (p<0.05). Discussion &Conclusion: The value of peroxide number in the most samples was high as a result of the high frequency use of oil. Therefore, because of the health risks of it, the continuous planning and applicable guidelines by healthcare authorities must be considered.

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Introduction: Cholera is an acute intestinal bacterial disease that initiates with watery diarrhea and vomiting. The cause of infection is a gram negative bacillus named Vibrio cholera. Cholera has been caused terrible outbreaks of diarrheal disease in the world and is a major problem in Africa, Asia and South America. This study aimed to determine the relationships between cholera risk factors and its outbreak in kashan. Materials & Method: In this population based case-control study, 44 cholera cases and 44 healthy controls among the population of kashan city were studied. Disease confirmation was based on the national program of disease control and stool examining. Cholera risk factors were assessed by interviewing. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between variables and disease. The significance level was set at 0.05. Findings: Analysis of data showed that cholera was associated with job, source of drinking water, consumption of vegetables and carrot juice. After adjustment for confounding factors using logistic regression analysis, the relationship was statistically remained significant for vegetable consumption (OR=22.93), carrot juice (OR=5.32) and ice pellets (OR=5). Discussion & Conclusion: To determine the risk factors associated with an outbreak and providing necessary information for decision making, case control or cross sectional studies were recommended. This study provided information on the cholera outbreak and its risk factors which have a vital role for controlling of future outbreaks.

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Abstract: It is not possible having a healthy promoted community without access to safe potable water. Drinking water for potable should be desirable in addition to chemical quality, It should be desirable as a Microbiological. Quality testing of water usually done based on detection of total coliform and fecal coliform. when water is transferred due to unsuitable conditions, from a reservoir to another, there is the possibility of secondary contamination that is for drinking water of public vehicles. In case of contaminated water, there is a serious risk in Spreading of Diseases transmission by water. With this aim, this study has been done about quality of drinking water In Buses of Yazd City Terminal. Methods: This Research is a Sectional- Descriptive study. For this study samples, have been taken as randomly from Buses in Terminal of Yazd. Total number of buses was 117 that 20 percent of those were selected as samples(24 samples). Total coliform, fecal coliform (E. Coli), Bacteria HPC, pH, turbidity, Electrical Conduction (EC) & temperature was measured .The data were analyzed in Excel & SPSS environment. Result: Result of this study showed that in 34.78% of total samples positive probably steps, 13.04 % of total coliforms positive and 4.34% is also positive for fecal coliforms. Similarly about of Bacteria HPC that is 52.17% more than 300, 34.78% less than 300 and 8.69% as SPR or large range between Agar and Bottom Plates respectively. Turbidity of 21.7%, more than 1NTU and less than 5NTU, 78.2% less than 1NTU are recorded. All samples, turbidity have been less than Iranian Approved Standards and World Health Guidelines. 100% of cases residual chlorine was zero, which is not acceptable. pH and temperature, in range 7.5 to 8.5 and 13 to 18 Degree Centigrade respectively. The pH according to the World Health Guidelines in range of suitable for drinking that 60.87% is in range more than 8 and 39.13% less than 8.

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Background and Objectives Chromium is a common contaminant in ground and surface water, soil and waste water. Chromium is of considerable because of toxicity and environmental and human health. The aim of this research were to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and determining its efficiency in chromium removal from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized and the effects of pH and contact time on cadmium removal efficiency were investigated in batch system. Then kinetics and isotherm models coefficients were determined based on optimum conditions. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD were used to characterization of the synthesized magnetite nanoparticles. Results: SEM results showed that the diameter of the particles is 40-50 nm. Results showed that the optimum pH value for chromium adsorption was 2 and the equilibrium time was 60 min. The magnetite nanoparticles have advantages such as high removal efficiency and short reaction time and can be used as a method to remove cadmium from aqueous solutions. The adsorption kinetics fitted using the type1- pseudo second-order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherm could be described by the langmuer. The langmuer maximum adsorption capacity of magnetite nanoparticles for Cr(VI) was found to be 24 mgg-1. Conclusion: These results indicated that magnetite nanoparticles can be employed as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of chromium from contaminated water sources. The results also revealed that the magnetite nanoparticles supported have a better adsorption capacity, better magnetic properties and separation, and therefore, lower cost.

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Introduction: Urbanization and industrial activities have heavily caused air pollution in cities that make a serious threat for people‘s health. So, awareness of air quality over time periods and also the trend of air pollution changes in locations may have an important role in urban health management and land use policy-making. Materials & Methods: The data utilized in the present study included all concentr-ations of CO that were recorded by poll-ution measurement stations of Tehran city in 2011. Idicator kriging, autologistic and centered autologistic models were used to analyze these data. Arc Gis and R softw-ares were used to process these models. Findings: The predictions that were made by these methods showed that eastern, northern and central parts of Tehran city were more polluted than other zones. Among the methods used in this project, centered autologistic model was more precise than indicator kriging method and autologistic model. Discusion & Conclusion: The centered au-tologistic model is recommended to analyse spatial binary data. Because it provided a more precies prediction than indicator kriging method by considering the effects of explanatory variables. On the other hand, it eliminates the biases in fitted vlues of autologistic model.

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Introduction: For phosphorus removal, different methods of water treatment system using chemical, physical and biological systems have been used. Sequencing batch reactor system (SBR) is modified activated sludge processes that can removal the excess phosphorus from the municipal wastewater. In this study we evaluates the application of SBR for orthophosphate removing from the secondary treated wastewater in lab scale , and determining the effects of anaerobic detention time, sequencing alternatives and the time proportioning on the phosphorous removal efficiency. Materials & Methods: In this study by using of a FSBR with the 2 liters useful volume based on the plastic spices as the attached growth bed. Synthetic wastewater feeding has done by using of the starch, glucose, urea and dihydrogen ammonium phosphate. COD of the wastewater was equal to 35 mg/l with Nitrogen and phosphorus content 26 and 12 mg/l respectively .Treatment began with the 24 hr cycle. The numbers of operational series were 5 and the numbers of running days were 5 days. In 4 series of the operations ,FSBR steps were filling, anaerobic phase, aerobic phase , rest and discharge, and the anaerobic detention times seri of the operation the steps were first, second ,third and fourth seriyal were 4,6,8 and 10 hrs respectively. In seri operation the steps were filling, anaerobic phase, aerobic phase , rest and discharge respectively. Findings:Our study showed that the phosphorus removal efficiencies for to series of the operations were 57.5%,52.33%, 55.83% and 33.08% respectively and for the seri of the operations was no any phosphorous removal efficiency. Discussion & Conclusion: The study results showed that by a decreasing the anaerobic phase detention time to 4 hours, (the minimum time),the phosphorous removal efficiency was the maximum, but by sequence changing from anaerobic to the aerobic phase at the beginning step, the phosphorous removal was decreased severely.

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Introduction: aerosols as a branch of pollutants have a variety of types and complexity. It has been proved that exposure with aerosols (particle matter) in different sizes can increase the risk of heart diseases and respiratory problems. Tabriz as the center of east Azerbaijan is one of the most populated and polluted cities in Iran. This research aims to estimate heart and respiratory diseases related to PM10 pollutant in 2011. Methodology: First the PM10 concentration required was measured by GRIMM from Tabriz Environment Organization. Stations were“Namaz square (in the beginning of Rasteh koucheh)”, “Hakim Nazemi”, “Baghshomal”, and “Railway”. The parameters of temperature and pressure were collected through Tabriz Meteorological Organization., Then, this data were processed by Excel software through correcting temperature and pressure, coding, averaging and filtering. Finally, the data processed were entered to Air Q)Air Quality Health Impact Assessment( model. This model includes four screen inputs (Supplier, AQ data, Location, Parameter) and two output screens (Table and Graph). Findings: the results of sampling showed that the maximum concentration of PM10 was related to Namaz square station as 87.95 µg/m3 and the minimum was related to Baghshomal station at 78.33 µg/m3. The results of model showed that the number of respiratory and hearth diseases related to PM10 pollutant in Tabriz air was 1088 and 420, respectively, in 2011. Conclusion & discussion: The cumulative number of heart diseases had a decrease of 31 compared to that in 2008. The greatest number of cardiovascular diseases (44) was at concentration interval of 70-88 µg/m3. With the increase of each 10 µg/m3 of PM10 concentration, the risk of cardiovascular diseases in Tabriz increased 0.9%. The cumulative number of respiratory diseases from PM10 reduced 79 persons compared to 2008. 68% of cases happened on the days with concentration less than 120 µg/m3. With the increase of each 10 µg/m3 of PM10 concentration the risk of respiratory diseases in Tabriz increased 0/8%. The reduction of cases of respiratory and heart diseases in 2011versus 2008 was due to the reduction of annual concentration of PM10 in 2011versus 2008.

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Introduction: Using aerated lagoons for the treatment of municipal wastewater in the areas with warm and cold climate is convenient if the enough and cheap land is existed. Because of the strict environmental regulations, water resources shortage and the necessity of effluent reuse, treatment of municipal wastewater by aerated lagoons is easily feasible. This study was investigated to evaluate the performance of aerated lagoons of Ilam city from September 2012 to May 2013. Materials & Methods: The sampling (eighteen samples) from inlet and outlet of the treatment plant was conducted during nine continuously months. The performance of the waste water treatment plant was carried out using indices such as BOD5, COD, TSS, TN, total coliform and fecal coliform in the influent and effluent. All the experiments were conducted according to the standard method for the examination of water and wastewater reference and the results were analyzed by Excel and SPSS (Pearson's correlation and T-test) softwares. Findings: The raw wastewater analysis was showed that it's pollution strength was in the range of intermediate wastewaters. The removal efficiency of the treatment plant for BOD5, COD, TSS, TN, total coliform and fecal coliform were 80.49%, 78.82%, 82.6%, 16.59%, 23.75% and 51.85%, respectively. Discussion & Conclusion: The results indicated that the treatment plant did not have convenient efficiency according to the environmental standards. Therefore, the appropriate measures are required to modify and upgrade of the treatment plant units capacity.

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Introduction: due to increasing development of electricity transmission in the country and non – compliance with privacy standard residential lines in some cities, many problems for the residents of these areas have been established. The aim of this study was to identify and assess risks in the area of power transmission lines by using William Fine method in hasyrabad and provide a solution is to reduce the effects. Materials & Method: in order to determine the risks, processes and equipment required for power transmission through field visits and interviews with experts, are identified. Since the magnetic field emitted from the power lines as if it is illegal, can be considered as a risk, this parameter is measured in the study area based on the NIEHS standard with 3D EMF TESTER by four of the 91, 61, 30 ,15 meters from the 230 kv tower, And eventually performed with the standard values can be compared. The identified risks by the parameters of William Fine method were scored and prioritization methodology was based on the placement table. Finally, to reduce the risk level, corrective control measures, were presented. Findings: measuring the magnetic field intensity in the study area, showed that field intensity at any desired distance from the most is above the permissible limit and can be considered as a risk. Finally, 41 risk in four categories: health, environmental, safety – technical and natural event by using William Fine method for 13 elements were identified. The highest risk to the wire and electrical transmission line with priority number 900 and minimum risk to the tower, wire guards, wire ground and span were obtained with a risk priority number 25. Discussion & Conclusion: according to the results, the highest levels of safety at risk – health RPN are 900 and 400 respectively that in most cases the cause of risk is non – compliance with privacy standards of electricity transmission lines in residential areas. so, the proposed control strategy to reduce the effects, compliance with the standards of offshore electricity transmission and prevent people from advancing and construction of urban space is provided for the risk.

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Abstract Introduction: Cadmium is dangerous due to the properties such as persistence and accumulation in the environment. The aim of study was the survey of cadmium ions removal in various conditions by nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles and manganese compounds. Material & Methods: Absorbents were prepared according to used methods in literatures. After batch study of cadmium adsorption in synthetic solution by nZVI particles and manganese compounds (under various conditions of pH, concentration, and contact time), removal efficiency of cadmium from industrial wastewater sample was studied. Findings: The average size of the nanoparticles was 78 nm (by Dynamic Light Scattering analysis). Maximum Cadmium ion adsorption capacity from synthetic solution by nZVI particles in optimal conditions (pH = 7, the initial cadmium ions concentration= 20 mg/L, and contact time =60 min) was 58.1 mg/g, with hydrated manganese dioxide and the its composition with ferric hydroxide in optimal conditions (pH = 9, the initial cadmium ions concentration= 1 mg/L and contact time = 10 min) was 13.5 and 12.8 mg/g, respectively. Maximum efficiency of cadmium removal in the industrial wastewater by nZVI particles, hydrated manganese dioxide and its combine with ferric hydroxide were 91 %, 28 % and 27.8 % respectively. Discussion & Conclusion: Results showed that nZVI particle is more effective than manganese compounds in cadmium removal from synthetic solution and industrial wastewater with provide optimal conditions. Therefore it is more effective for removal of cadmium in contaminated aqueous environments.

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Introduction: Hospital waste contains biological agents and chemical compounds which are toxic and dangerous for health of patients, personnel and clients. Due to the presence of hazardous and infectious materials in the hospital waste, appropriate management should be applied to them. The aim of this study was to compare the waste management system in small and large hospitals of Tehran city in 2012. Materials & Methods: In this cross - sectional study the solid waste management in two large hospitals and three small hospitals in Tehran city in 2012, were compared. Hospital wastes was segregated and weighted initially, and then the percentage of infectious and non-infectious waste was determined. According to the World Health Organization questionnaire the status of hospital waste management and waste treatment facilities in these hospitals were evaluated. Findings: Average waste generated in large hospitals in 4.5 and small hospitals in 4.87 kg per day was in bed. Health level of storage systems and waste collection of hospital wastes were in 91.5% and 100% in large hospitals and 73% in small hospital, respectively. Biological indexes showed that waste disposed at large hospital 1 and small hospital 4 were not in a safe mode. Discussion & Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the amount of waste generation in small and large hospitals, but the amount of infectious wastes in small hospitals was in 1.75 times greater. Health level of waste collection and storage system was significantly higher in large hospitals. Hospital waste management in large hospitals was much better than in small hospitals.