Investigating the Effect of Using a Double-Density Insole on the Frequency Spectrum of Ground Reaction Forces in Individuals with ACL Reconstruction and Pronated Feet at Different Time Intervals During Running

Piri, Ebrahim; Jafarnezhadgero, AmirAli; Dehghani, Mahrokh; Enteshari-Moghaddam, Afsaneh

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Volume 33, Issue 6 (1-2026)

Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences 2026, 33(6): 59-78

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Investigating the Effect of Using a Double-Density Insole on the Frequency Spectrum of Ground Reaction Forces in Individuals with ACL Reconstruction and Pronated Feet at Different Time Intervals During Running

Ebrahim Piri¹

, AmirAli Jafarnezhadgero ^*²

, Mahrokh Dehghani¹

, Afsaneh Enteshari-Moghaddam³

1- Dept of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2- Dept of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran , amiralijafarnezhad@gmail.com
3- Dept of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. Iran

Abstract: (23 Views)

Introduction: The co-occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and foot abnormalities such as pronated feet a significant clinical challenge. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of double-density insoles on the frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces (GRFs) during running in individuals with reconstructed ACL and pronated feet.
Materials & Methods: A total of 30 males with foot pronation and a history of ACL reconstruction, with a mean age of 25.45±1.27 years, mean weight of 79.10±1.75 kg, and mean height of 178.85±3.68 cm, and 10 healthy males, with a mean age of 24.10±1.54 years, mean weight of 80.48±1.29 kg, and mean height of 177.10±5.42 cm, volunteered to participate in this study. Ground reaction force frequency spectra were measured using a Bertsch America force plate. For statistical analysis, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was employed.
Results: The results showed that insole condition had a significant main effect on the pre-test to post-test changes in the number of fundamental harmonics. This effect was observed in the vertical direction both in the barefoot condition (P=0.048; d=0.20) and with dual-density insoles (P=0.009; d=0.76). Also, with dual-density insoles, a significant increase was reported in the medial-lateral (P=0.040; d=0.23) and anterior-posterior (P=0.019; d=0.13) directions. The 99.5% power index of the ground reaction force in all three directions was significantly reduced with dual-density insoles (P<0.05). The interaction effect of plantar and group was significant in the medial-lateral (P=0.046; d=0.01) and anterior-posterior (P=0.041; d=0.74) directions, and follow-up tests showed that this increase occurred only in the ACL reconstruction group with less than 6 months after surgery.
Conclusion: The significant increase in the number of essential harmonics across different directions of GRF appears to reflect increased complexity and variability in movement patterns during running. This enhanced complexity is generally indicative of improved motor control and dynamic adaptation of the neuromuscular system to the environment.

Keywords: Reconstruction, Anterior cruciate ligament, Running, Pronated feet, Ground reaction force

Full-Text [PDF 1363 kb] (14 Downloads)

Type of Study: Research | Subject: orthopedic
Received: 2025/09/6 | Accepted: 2025/11/4 | Published: 2026/01/28

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Piri E, Jafarnezhadgero A, Dehghani M, Enteshari-Moghaddam A. Investigating the Effect of Using a Double-Density Insole on the Frequency Spectrum of Ground Reaction Forces in Individuals with ACL Reconstruction and Pronated Feet at Different Time Intervals During Running. J. Ilam Uni. Med. Sci. 2026; 33 (6) :59-78
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