1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:727-33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017. 2. Baker DM, Bhatia S, Brown S, Cambridge W, Kamarajah SK, McLean KA, et al. Medical student involvement in the COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395:1254. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30795-9. 3. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña D, Gómez-Mayordomo V, Florencio LL, Cuadrado ML, Plaza-Manzano G, et al. Prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 92:55-70. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.06.009. 4. Elibol E. Otolaryngological symptoms in COVID-19. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 278:1233-36. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06319-7. 5. Umakanthan S, Sahu P, Ranade AV, Bukelo MM, Rao JS, Abrahao-Machado LF, et al. Origin, transmission, diagnosis and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Postgrad Med J 2020; 96:753-58. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138234. 6. Shrestha N, Shad MY, Ulvi O, Khan MH, Karamehic-Muratovic A, Nguyen U-SD, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on globalization. One Health 2020; 11:100180. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100180. 7. Cielo F, Ulberg R, Di Giacomo D. Psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health outcomes among youth: A rapid narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:6067. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18116067. 8. Unal M, Irez T. Covid-19 Disease, Self-Isolation and Physical Inactivity. Int J Sports Med 2021; 7:184. doi:10.23937/2469-5718/1510184. 9. Maugeri G, Castrogiovanni P, Battaglia G, Pippi R, D'Agata V, Palma A, et al. The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon 2020;6: e04315. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon. 2020.e04315. 10. Tavakol Z, Ghannadi S, Tabesh MR, Halabchi F, Noormohammadpour P, Akbarpour S, et al. Relationship between physical activity, healthy lifestyle and COVID-19 disease severity; a cross-sectional study. Z Gesundh Wiss 2023; 31:267-75. doi: 10.1007/s10389-020-01468-9. 11. Rowlands AV, Dempsey PC, Gillies C, Kloecker DE, Razieh C, Chudasama Y, et al. Association between Accelerometer-Assessed physical activity and severity of COVID-19 in UK Biobank. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2021; 5:997-1007. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.08.011. 12. Sallis R, Young DR, Tartof SY, Sallis JF, Sall J, Li Q, et al. Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48 440 adult patients. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:1099-1105. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080. 13. Jimeno-Almazán A, Martínez-Cava A, Buendía-Romero Á, Franco-López F, Sánchez-Agar JA, Sánchez-Alcaraz BJ, et al. Relationship between the severity of persistent symptoms, physical fitness, and cardiopulmonary function in post-COVID-19 condition. A population-based analysis. Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:2199-2208. doi: 10.1007/s11739-022-03039-0. 14. Committee IR. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)–short and long forms. Retrieved September 2005; 17:2008. 15. Esmaillzadeh A, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Whole-grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a favorable association in Tehranian adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:353-62. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn. 16. Asghari G, Rezazadeh A, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Mehrabi Y, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Reliability, comparative validity and stability of dietary patterns derived from an FFQ in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:1109-17. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511006313. 17. Ghaffarpour M, Houshiar-Rad A, Kianfar H. The manual for household measures, cooking yields factors and edible portion of foods. Tehran: Nashre Olume Keshavarzy1999;7:42-58. 18. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ 2006; 174:801-9. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.051351. 19. Ng WH, Tipih T, Makoah NA, Vermeulen JG, Goedhals D, Sempa JB, et al. Comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. mBio 2021;12: e03647-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.03647-20. 20. Toubasi AA, AbuAnzeh RB, Tawileh HBA, Aldebei RH, Alryalat SAS. A meta-analysis: The mortality and severity of COVID-19 among patients with mental disorders. Psychiatry Res 2021; 299:113856. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113856. 21. Liu L, Ni S-Y, Yan W, Lu Q-D, Zhao Y-M, Xu Y-Y, et al. Mental and neurological disorders and risk of COVID-19 susceptibility, illness severity and mortality: A systematic review, meta-analysis and call for action. EClinical Medicine 2021; 40:101111. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101111. 22. Lee SW, Lee J, Moon SY, Jin HY, Yang JM, Ogino S, et al. Physical activity and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe COVID-19 illness and COVID-19 related mortality in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:901-12. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104203. 23. Cox CE. Role of Physical Activity for Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance. Diabetes Spectr 2017; 30:157-60. doi: 10.2337/ds17-0013. 24. Nakeshbandi M, Maini R, Daniel P, Rosengarten S, Parmar P, Wilson C, et al. The impact of obesity on COVID-19 complications: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1832-37. doi: 10.1038/s41366-020-0648-x. 25. Yu W, Rohli KE, Yang S, Jia P. Impact of obesity on COVID-19 patients. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:107817. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107817. 26. Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, Raverdy V, Noulette J, Duhamel A, et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:1195-99. doi: 10.1002/oby.22831. 27. Tartof SY, Qian L, Hong V, Wei R, Nadjafi RF, Fischer H, et al. Obesity and mortality among patients diagnosed with COVID-19: results from an integrated health care organization. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173:773-81. doi: 10.7326/M20-3742. 28. Romero Starke K, Petereit-Haack G, Schubert M, Kämpf D, Schliebner A, Hegewald J, et al. The age-related risk of severe outcomes due to COVID-19 infection: a rapid review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:5974. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165974. 29. Macaya F, Espejo Paeres C, Valls A, Fernández-Ortiz A, González Del Castillo J, Martín-Sánchez FJ, et al. Interaction between age and vitamin D deficiency in severe COVID-19 infection. Nutr Hosp 2020; 37:1039-42. doi: 10.20960/nh.03193. 30. Levin AT, Hanage WP, Owusu-Boaitey N, Cochran KB, Walsh SP, Meyerowitz-Katz G. Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications. Eur J Epidemiol 2020; 35:1123-38. doi: 10.1007/s10654-020-00698-1.
|