Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences
1563-4728
2588-3135
29
5
2021
12
1
Effect of the Solvent Type on Phenolic and Flavonoid Substances and Antioxidant Properties of Leaves of 15 Medicinal Plants in Roodān Region of Southern Iran
1
11
FA
Mojib
salehi balashahri
Dept of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Roodān Branch, Roodān, Iran
fazelie58@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0001-7820-9099
Azar
Davari
Dept of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty Of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
azar.davari68@gmail.com
N
Bahman
Fazeli-Nasab
Dept of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural Research Institute, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
bfazelinasab@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-3268-8351
10.52547/sjimu.29.5.1
Introduction: Phenolic compounds and flavonoids have several biological properties, such as antioxidant properties, trapping free radicals, and anti-inflammatory properties. Different solvents have different capabilities in extracting phenolic materials and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate and compare the different plants in the south of Iran regarding phenolic content and antioxidant properties; moreover, it was attempted to evaluate the effect of the solvent type on the mentioned issues.
Material & Methods: A total of 15 genotypes of medicinal plants (Ficus religiosa L, Terminalia catappa, Ficus carica, Cordia myxa, Black mulberry, Grewia asiatica, Psidium guajava, Mangifera 1, Mangifera 2, Eucalypteae, Syzygium cumini, Ziziphus 1, Citrullus colocynthis, Ziziphus 2, Punica granatum) were obtained from Roodān region (Hormozgan Province in Iran) and were also evaluated based on two types of methanolic and acetone extracts in terms of antioxidant properties, as well as phenolic and flavonoid substances in a factorial design in a completely randomized format with three replications. Data were analyzed using Statistic software (version 10), and the means were compared using the least significant difference at a 1% probability level.
Findings: The results of the analysis of variance showed that the mutual effect of the plant and antioxidant properties (based on the DPPH) for acetone and methanolic extracts was significant at a 1% probability level. In the use of acetone solvent, the highest amount of phenol was in eucalyptus (7.43 mg/gFW), followed by Syzygium cumini (Java Plum) (6.52 mg/gFW). Furthermore, the highest amount of flavonoids was in mango 1 (23.21 mg/gFW), followed by Terminalia catappa (Indian-almond) (18.75 mg/gFW) and eucalyptus (15.36 mg/gFW). The most antioxidant properties were in Psidium guajava (Guava) (85.24%), followed by Ziziphus mauritiana 1 (Jujube 1) (82.68%) and Terminalia catappa (Indian-almond) (82.31%). In the use of methanol solvent, the highest amount of phenol was in Syzygium cumini (Java Plum) (7.82 mg/gFW), followed by eucalyptus (7.34 mg/gFW). In addition, the highest amount of flavonoids was in Terminalia catappa (Indian-almond) (mangroves) and mango 1 (24.46 mg/gFW and 25.06 mg/gFW, respectively) and then Grewia asiatica (Phalsa) (16.07 mg/gFW) and Ziziphus mauritiana 1(Jujube 1) (13.51 mg/gFW). The highest antioxidant properties were obtained from Terminalia catappa (Indian-almond) (82.07%), pomegranate (78.97%), and Ziziphus mauritiana 1(Jujube 1) (78.16%).
Discussion & Conclusion: The most critical solvent for the extraction of phenol and Flavonoid substances with high oxidative properties is acetone. The most useful plants in terms of the presence of materials and antioxidant properties were Terminalia catappa (Indian-almond) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Jujube).
DPPH, Psidium guajava, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia catappa, Ziziphus mauritiana
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6933-en.html
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6933-en.pdf
Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences
1563-4728
2588-3135
29
5
2021
12
1
Expression of Apoptotic Genes after Autotransplantation of Vitrified Rat Ovary Encapsulated with Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel
12
21
FA
Maryam
Akhavan Taheri
Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
maryam.akhavantaheri@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-6562-133X
Mojtaba
Rezazadeh valojerdi
Dept of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
mr_valojerdi@modares.ac.ir
Y
0000-0002-6592-8243
Bita
Ebrahimi
Dept of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Institute, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran
b.ebrahimi@royaninstitute.org
N
10.52547/sjimu.29.5.12
Introduction: Ischemia followed by apoptosis and follicles mortality are problems that occur after cryopreservation and ovarian tissue transplantation. The present study used hyaluronic acid hydrogel as a capsule to reduce ischemia and apoptosis in vitrified ovarian tissue transplantation of rats.
Material & Methods: In total, 22 adult female rats (~ 8-week old) with normal estrous cycle were ovariectomized, and their right ovaries were then vitrified and divided into two groups after being warmed, including vitrified-transplanted (VT) (n=11) and vitrified-encapsulated in hyaluronic acid hydrogel-transplanted (VT+HA) (n=11) that were auto transplanted into the dorsal muscle. Following that, a daily vaginal smear was obtained from the 4th day after transplantation of the rats. The ovaries were removed at the end of the first estrous cycle (approximately 15 days after transplantation), and some apoptotic genes including P53, c-Myc, Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase 3 were evaluated by the real-time PCR.
Findings: All transplants were completely successful (100%). The results also showed that the expression of the P53, c-Myc, Bax, and Caspase 3 genes were higher in the VT group, compared to the VT+HA group. However, this difference was statistically significant only in the c-Myc gene (P<0.05).
Discussion & Conclusion: Hyaluronic acid hydrogel was able to reduce the rate of apoptosis in the capsule group (VT+HA), compared to the non-capsule group (VT) after transplantation.
Apoptosis, Hyaluronic acid hydrogel, Ovarian tissue, Ovarian transplantation, Vitrification
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6875-en.html
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6875-en.pdf
Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences
1563-4728
2588-3135
29
5
2021
12
1
Investigation of the Prevalence of Anabolic Steroid Misuse, as Well as the Awareness Level and Attitude toward its Negative Effects among the Male Bodybuilder Athletes in Kermanshah, Iran, in 2019
22
31
FA
Mehry
Hoseini
Dep of sport management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
Mehry.hoseini2014@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-9268-1928
Bahram
Yousefi
Dept of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
bahramyoosefy@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0001-7947-0707
Ali
Ashraf Khazaei
Dept of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
aakhazaei67@razi.ac.ir
N
10.52547/sjimu.29.5.22
Introduction: There have been several reports showing that the rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse has increased in athlete and non-athlete adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of anabolic steroid misuse, as well as the awareness level and attitude toward its negative effects on male bodybuilder athletes in Kermanshah, Iran.
Material & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. The statistical population included all male bodybuilder athletes in Kermanshah, Iran. The data were collected using a 25- item self-reported anabolic-androgenic steroids questionnaire (demographic characteristics: n=7, awareness level: n=9, attitudes: n=5, and the prevalence of abuse: n=5) which was distributed using the multi-stage clustering method among 250 male bodybuilder athletes in Kermanshah, Iran. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) through descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean±SD) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Findings: The results indicated that anabolic-androgenic steroid use was prevalent in 65.2% of the subjects. The most common cause was to increase muscle mass and strength. According to the results of this study, the prevalence of androgenic-androgenic steroid use showed a significant inverse relationship with attitude (r=-0.78; P=0.021), awareness (r=-0.73; P=0.032), an education level (r=-0.79; P=0.022). Moreover, sports background correlated significantly with the prevalence of androgenic-androgenic steroid use (r=0.68; P=0.035), attitude (r=0.84; P=0.013), and awareness (r=0.85; P=0.012).
Discussion & Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated the high dose of anabolic-androgenic steroid use; moreover, the awareness level of the athletes was low in this regard. The low level of awareness, false attitude, and access to these steroids can lead to an increase in the use of them among athletes and different populations. Accordingly, health care professionals and sports specialists should consider these issues in the development of prevention plans and programs.
Anabolic steroids, Athlete, Attitude, Awareness
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6954-en.html
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6954-en.pdf
Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences
1563-4728
2588-3135
29
5
2021
12
1
Systemic Transplantation Effect of Human Adipose Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Cognitive Deficits and Hippocampal Antioxidant Capacity in Trimethyltin Model of Alzheimer\'s Disease
32
43
FA
Mohammad Amin
Edalatmanesh
Dept of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
amin.edalatmanesh@gmail.com
Y
0000-0002-7936-1145
Samireh
Nemati
Dept of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
nemati.samireh@gmail.com
N
Habibollah
Khodabandeh
Dept of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
Habib.kh136327@gmail.com
N
10.52547/sjimu.29.5.32
Introduction: Stem cell-based therapies create new hope for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since the mesenchymal stem cells have neuroprotective and regeneration effects, this study aimed to investigate the memory, learning, and antioxidant capacity of the hippocampus following human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (Ad-MSC) transplantation in Trimethyltin (TMT) rat's model of AD.
Material & Methods: In total, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (8 animals per group) of control (without any treatment), TMT+PBS (Trimethyltin+Phosphate buffer saline), and TMT+Ad-MSC (Trimethyltin+Stem cells). For the induction of the AD, TMT was peritoneally injected (8 mg/Kg). After 48 h, the TMT+Ad-MSC group received 1 million stem cells intravenously. One month after transplantation, avoidance and working memories were evaluated. Afterward, hippocampal levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured using ELISA.
Findings: The results showed a significant increase in the percentage of correct motor frequency in the Y maze, a decrease in the spent time in the dark room (P<0.05), and an increase in the latency time to the dark room in the TMT+Ad-MSC group, compared to the TMT+PBS group (P<0.01). Moreover, a significant increase in the CAT, SOD, and GPX enzymes activity, as well as a decrease in the MDA level in the hippocampus were observed in the TMT+Ad-MSC group, compared to the TMT+PBS group (P<0.05).
Discussion & Conclusion: Xenotransplantation of human adipose tissue stem cell improved learning and memory, reduced tissue oxidative stress, and increased hippocampal antioxidant capacity in an animal model of AD.
Alzheimer's disease, Memory, Mesenchymal stem cells, Oxidative Stress, Rat
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6982-en.html
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6982-en.pdf
Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences
1563-4728
2588-3135
29
5
2021
12
1
Bacteriolytic Activity of Novel Bacteriophage PϕBw Ec01 from Cystoviridae Family against the Clinical Strain of Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia Coli in Burn Wounds
44
55
FA
Ladan
Rahimzadeh Torabi
Dept of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch, Isfahan, Iran
dr.l.rahimzadeh@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-5556-5354
Monir
Doudi
Dept of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch, Isfahan, Iran
monirdoudi@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0002-0895-1586
Nafiseh sadat
Naghavi
Dept of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch, Isfahan, Iran
nafiseh_naghavy@yahoo.com
N
Ramesh
Monajemi
Dept of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch, Isfahan, Iran
r_monajemi@yahoo.com
N
10.52547/sjimu.29.5.44
Introduction:The emergence of Escherichia coli resistance to common antibiotics in burn wound patients has become a controversial problem in Iran trauma and burn hospitals. The emergence of more and more drug resistance by infectious pathogens paves the way for further study of the nature of phages, and phage therapy can significantly address this crisis. In the first phase, this study aimed to isolate and identify the biochemical and molecular nature of antibiotic-resistant E. coli, which causes burn wound infections. The second phase of this study isolated the specific phages of the bacteria in these wounds and then evaluated the morphological characteristics of the phage and the host area.
Material & Methods: In this study, 50 bacterial strains were isolated from specialized accident and burn hospitals in Isfahan, Yazd, Tehran, and Rasht. Accurate identification and study of antibiotic resistance profile was performed by disk diffusion method on agar. The 16S rRNA coding gene was amplified using the PCR technique. The PCR product was then sent to "Gene Azma" laboratory for sequencing. In order to isolate the possible phages, a sample was taken from the raw wastewater (entrance of the northern treatment plant) in Isfahan, Iran. Phage morphology was assessed and reported by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); moreover, phage plate count and host range were assessed for this bacteriophage.
Findings: Bacterial 16S rRNA sequence was located in NCBI with MW844043 Accession Number. The specific phage PϕBw-Ec01 was significantly able to infect resistant E. coli bacteria. TEM demonstrated that the isolated phage was dsRNA and belonged to the family Cystoviridae with prototype ɸ6. PϕBw-Ec01 lytic phage was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of E. coli strain ADB_66-1 in this study.
Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this report showed that E. coli isolated from burn wounds of hospitalized patients had high resistance to common antibiotics. The studied phage in this study can be a good choice and a suitable option for controlling and inhibiting these resistant pathogens in the burn wounds of hospitalized patients. It is hoped that with more extensive research on the identity and study of the effectiveness of phages, the rate of bacterial lysis will be investigated. This issue will reduce the microbial load caused by resistant and infectious pathogens and can be used as an effective adjuvant against burn wound infections.
Antibiotic resistance, Bacteriophage, Burn wound infection, Escherichia coli, Phage therapy, 16S rRNA
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-7099-en.html
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-7099-en.pdf
Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences
1563-4728
2588-3135
29
5
2021
12
1
Investigation of the Number of Root Canals in Mandibular Molars and Premolars Teeth in Ilam in 2020
56
62
FA
Khadijeh
Abdal
Dept of Oral and Maxillofacial pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Ilam, Iran
dr.faribaabdal@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-9391-6354
Parisa
Bakhtizad
Dept of Oral and Maxillofacial pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Ilam, Iran
N
Amin
Kheiri
Dept of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Ilam, Iran
kheiri-a@medilam.ac.ir
Y
0000-0002-6342-4818
10.52547/sjimu.29.5.56
Introduction: Teeth may need root canal treatment for various reasons. The anatomy of the root canal varies not only between different types of teeth but also between similar teeth. Although there must be at least one canal in the root, some roots have multiple canal of different length. The goal of this study was investigation of the number of root canals in mandibular molars and premolars teeth in Ilam in 2020.
Material & Methods: This study was descriptive-analytic study that performed on 60 mandibular premolars and molars (first premolars 15, second premolars 15, first molars 15, second molars 15) randomly with considering of the sex of patients. Data were analyzed by SPSS22.
(Ethic code: IR.MEDILAM.REC.1399.064)
Findings: In the first and second premolars, the highest frequency of single canal as 86.7% and 93.3%, respectively. In the first and second molars, the highest frequencies related to the three channels were 53.3% and 86.7%, respectively. The prevalence of 4-channel molars was higher in women and 3-channel in men. This difference was not statistically significant. Between two radiologists and endodontists to determine the number of root canals in the first and second premolars and the first and second molars, a good agreement was reported with kappa agreement coefficient of 0.92 and (P = 0.000).
Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the first and second mandibular premolars had mostly single root and one canal, and the first and second mandibular molars had often two roots and three channels.
Mandible, Molars, Premolars, Root canals
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6815-en.html
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6815-en.pdf
Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences
1563-4728
2588-3135
29
5
2021
12
1
Optimization of the Refolding Process for Recombinant Anti-EGFR Immunotoxin Produced in the Escherichia coli
63
74
FA
Bahman
Akbari
Dept of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
ba1389@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0003-4389-7885
10.52547/sjimu.29.5.63
Introduction: Overexpression of the EGFR is associated with carcinogenesis, and it is observed in more than 70% of head and neck cancers. The expression of an immunotoxin against EGFR designed as an alternative to full antibody led to the production of aggregated protein in the form of inclusion bodies. This study aimed to investigate the 8M urea and 6M guanidine hydrochloride approaches for obtaining the immunotoxin as the soluble and effective form with correct folding.
Material & Methods: The BL21 (DE3) cells containing the pET28a-huimmunotoxin construct were induced by 1 mM IPTG at 37°C for 24 h, and the amount of expression was checked by SDS-PAGE. This immunotoxin was in the form of inclusion bodies and was solubilized individually in 8 M urea and 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and then purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, which was observed as a single band in SDS-PAGE analysis. To correctly refold the obtained immunotoxin, the purified samples were poured into a dialysis bag, and denaturing agents were removed in a multi-step process called stepwise dialysis. The reactivity assessment of the purified and refold immunotoxin was assessed by ELISA technique using A431 cell lysate.
Findings: The immunotoxin (17 mg/ml) was expressed using the bacteria cells in the form of inclusion bodies. The refolded humanized immunotoxin had a high reactivity with A431 cells, indicating the suitable folding of the purified immunotoxin. The 50% binding activity rates of humanized immunotoxin obtained from urea and guanidine hydrochloride approaches were 0.8 and 1.7 µg/ml, respectively.
Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the urea approach was very effective in solubilizing and proper refolding of immunotoxins that were expressed in bacteria cells as inclusion bodies
Guanidine hydrochloride, Inclusion body, Refolding, Single chain antibody, Urea
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-7119-en.html
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-7119-en.pdf
Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences
1563-4728
2588-3135
29
5
2021
12
1
Investigation of the Anticancer Effects of Nanocomposite of the Modified Graphene Oxide with Isatin-3-Semicarbazone on the Retinoblastoma Cells (Y79) Invitro
75
88
FA
Zahra
Ramezani
Dept of Chemistry, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
N
0000-0001-7282-8921
Hasan
Tahermansouri
Dept of Chemistry, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
h.tahermansuri@iauamol.ac.ir
Y
0000-0003-4295-5238
Farhoush
Kiani
Dept of Chemistry, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
N
10.52547/sjimu.29.5.75
Introduction: The most common ocular tumor is retinoblastoma, which can be treated by different methods. The use of carbon nanostructures has attracted much attention due to their unique properties, such as crossing cell membranes, for cancer diagnosis and other medical applications. This study aimed to investigate and assess the toxicity of the modified graphene oxide (GO) with isatin-3-semicarbazone (ISA) in order to treat retinoblastoma.
Material & Methods: This study utilized ISA to modify the GO. Subsequently, the modified GO-ISA was characterized by different techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis. The cell toxicity of samples was assessed by MTT assay for two types of cells of retinoblastoma (Y79) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) after 24 h at different concentrations. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Findings: The results showed that in the concentration range of 10-50 µL, GO-ISA decreased significantly (P<0.01) the conservation percentage of retinoblastoma cells from 73.98% to 27.48%, while these values for ADSC decreased from 78.16% to 50.11% (P<0.01). In addition, GO-ISA at 30 µL resulted in a significant increase (P<0.01) in the cell toxicity of the retinoblastoma (26%), compared to GO.
Discussion & Conclusion: GO-ISA increases the toxicity of the retinoblastoma cells, compared to GO which was significant at 30 µL. Therefore, this modification of the surface can be useful in future applications. With this modification of the surface, the active sites are provided for the biological and pharmacogenetic reactions in future.
Graphene oxide, Isatin, Retinoblastoma, Surface modification, Toxicity
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6857-en.html
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6857-en.pdf
Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences
1563-4728
2588-3135
29
5
2021
12
1
Synthesis of PEG-PLA Block Copolymer Nanospheres Containing Mixed Recombinant Proteins of Protective Antigen and Lethal Factor of Bacillus anthracis
89
101
FA
Hossein
Honari
Dept of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein Comprehension University, Tehran, Iran
Honari.hosein@gmail.com
Y
0000-0002-4247-2730
Mohammad Ebrahim
Minaei
Dept of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein Comprehension University, Tehran, Iran
mminaii@ihu.ac.ir
N
Hassan
Mirhaj
Dept of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein Comprehension University, Tehran, Iran
N
Sayyed Masih
Etemadaubi
Dept of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein Comprehension University, Tehran, Iran
N
10.52547/sjimu.29.5.89
Introduction: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease and vaccine production is one way to protect people against this bacterium. This study investigates the application of copolymer nanocapsule (PEG-PLA) systems with controlled release specificity for a recombinant protective antigen and lethal factor of Bacillus anthracis to provide a vaccine candidate.
Material & Methods: In this experimental study, the dual solvent evaporation emulsion method was used to produce nanocapsules. Moreover, zeta potential and size of nanoparticles, loading efficiency of nanoparticles, recombinant protein release pattern, the probable effect of PLA-PEG nanoparticle production on the shelf life of recombinant proteins were investigated in this study. Mice were used as test and control samples for antibody production and immune response evaluation.
(Ethic code: 9727250)
Findings: The results of this study showed that mixed proteins (LFD1+PAD4) loaded on PEG-PLA block copolymer had an average size of 109 nm, the zeta potential of -27.7 mV, and PDI=0.394. In this study, it was shown that the release of these antigens was carried out in two stages of rapid and slow release. The release of the proteins was estimated at about 20% on the first day and 78% on the 49th day. The titers of antibodies produced in the serum of the mouse groups against these antigens at defined intervals were significantly different from each other.
Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study suggest the application of PEG-PLA block copolymer nanocapsules containing mixed recombinant proteins of protective antigen and lethal factor of Bacillus anthracis. Due to less degradation and more protection of antigen activity in nanoparticles, compared to traditional methods, as well as fewer repeat injections, higher specificity, reduced side effects, lower cost, and slower release rate, the use of nanoparticles is a good option to replace traditional methods.
Copolymer nanocapsule, Lethal factor, Protective antigen, Vaccine
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6867-en.html
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6867-en.pdf
Ilam University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences
1563-4728
2588-3135
29
5
2021
12
1
Design, Fabrication, and Standardization of Visual Perception Error Measurement Test (Understanding the Size of the Length)
102
115
FA
Akbar
Malekahmadi
Dept of Psychology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
drakbarmalek95@gmail.com
Y
0000-0003-1760-4719
Mehdi
Roozbahani
Dept of Psychology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
Mehdi.Roozbahani@Gmail.com
N
Hamidreza
Hekmat
Dept of Psychology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
DRhamidhekmat@yahoo.com
N
Masoud
Sadeghi
Dept of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
Sadeghi.M@lu.ac.ir
N
10.52547/sjimu.29.5.102
Introduction: Visual perception error (VPE), especially in the measurement of physical quantities, is the most important aspect of perception error that has a significant impact on the dimensions of human life. This study aimed to design, fabricate, and standardize the visual perception error test (VPEMT) based on the domains of its distribution in Iranian society, in order to compare different individuals and groups in terms of their scores and means in this domain.
Material & Methods: This descriptive-survey study was conducted using a number of cards with a two-part image of unequal lines, except for one case as a criterion, and was designed in (T) shape and tested on individuals. Finally, VPEMT consisted of 14 cards (Ta, Tb…Tn) with a difference of half a centimeter in the vertical line. A three-choice question was answered and implemented on 90 people of both genders (16-65 years), and the result was considered the base of the study. The statistical population included 15-45-year cases (mean age: 26 years) who lived in Ilam for 9 months. Eventually, a sample of 900 cases of both genders was randomly selected using the block-cluster sampling method and tested with VPEMT.
(Ethic code: 1398.041.CER.B.UAI.RI)
Findings: The validity and reliability of the VPEMT were estimated by halving, within and between experts, and repeated tests (r=0.92 to r=0.98; and r=0.97, respectively). VPE has an almost normal distribution (mean=7.97, median=8, mode=9, dispersion=9, and range between 3 and 12) and diagnostic cut (Td/10) at 80% level, as well as the minimum and maximum error (1.5-6) cm in every 12 centimeters. Estimation of standard error showed the confidence intervals of the mean of the population from the mean of the group at the level of 0.05 (40±1 mm) (41> µ> 39).
Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that VPEMT, in showing the amount of VPE, in the population aged 15-45 years, based on two criteria (mean and reality) had very high validity and reliability. It can also be used diagnostically-selectively in different groups in this age range and research. Moreover, it has the potential to be upgraded to an accurate and automated electronic system or software for this purpose in such a way that the subject receives the amount of his/her perception error by pressing the desired key.
Criterion, Perception, Visual perception, Visual perception error and test (VPEMT)
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6981-en.html
http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-6981-en.pdf