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ناگویی هیجانی نوجوانان با و بدون حیوان خانگی در همه‌گیری کرونا Alexithymia in adolescents with and without pets during the Covid-19 pandemic 1 1 مقدمه: با شیوع همه‌گیری کووید-19، بسیاری از کشورهای جهان برای جلوگیری از انتشار ویروس، قرنطینه‌‌های لازم را اعمال کردند. پژوهش‌ها نشان می‌‌دهد که اقدامات قرنطینه می‌‌تواند بر سلامت روان تأثیر بگذارد؛ بنابراین، شناسایی ویژگی‌های روانی که افراد را آسیب‌پذیرتر می‌‌کند، مهم است. ناگویی هیجانی یکی از عواملی است که در بروز مشکلات روان‌شناختی نوجوانان، ممکن است تحت این شرایط افزایش یابد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی ناگویی هیجانی و مؤلفه‌های آن در نوجوانان با و بدون حیوان خانگی طی همه‌گیری کرونا انجام شد. مواد و روش­ها: روش پژوهش حاضر توصیفی از نوع پس‌رویدادی و جامعۀ آماری آن شامل همۀ نوجوانان با و بدون حیوان خانگی بود. نمونه‌های پژوهش شامل 120 نفر (60 نفر نوجوان دارای حیوان خانگی و 60 نفر نوجوان بدون حیوان خانگی) به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای این پژوهش پرسش‌نامۀ جمعیت‌شناختی محقق‌ساخته و مقیاس ناگویی هیجانی تورنتو (TAS-20) بود و تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی، آزمون تی مستقل و تحلیل واریانس چندمتغیره (مانوا) به‌وسیلۀ نرم‌افزار SPSS vol.26 انجام گردید. یافته ­های پژوهش: نتایج نشان داد، میان ناگویی هیجانی نوجوانان با و بدون حیوان خانگی تفاوت معنی‌دار وجود دارد (P<0.05، t=2.441) و نوجوانان دارای حیوان خانگی میانگین ناگویی هیجانی بالاتری نسبت به نوجوانان بدون حیوان خانگی دارند. علاوه بر این، میان مؤلفۀ تفکر عینی در نوجوانان با و بدون حیوان خانگی تفاوت دیده شد (P<0.05، F=7.608)؛ بدین معنی که مؤلفۀ تفکر عینی در نوجوانان دختر دارای حیوان خانگی بالاتر از نوجوانان پسر است (P<0.05، F=7.622). بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌‌توان نتیجه گرفت، در برخی سازه‌های روان‌شناختی ناگویی هیجانی میان نوجوانان با و بدون حیوان خانگی در دوران همه‌گیری کووید-19 تفاوت معنی‌دار وجود دارد. در این شرایط، نوجوانان دختری که در مؤلفۀ تفکر عینی خود دشواری دارند و هنگام رویارویی با استرس، بر رویدادهای عینی متمرکزند، بیشتر به نگهداری از حیوانات خانگی اقدام می‌‌کنند.   2 Introduction:  With the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic, many countries in the world implemented necessary quarantines to prevent the spread of the virus. Research shows that quarantine measures can affect mental health; therefore, it is important to identify the psychological characteristics that make people more vulnerable. One of the factors that may increase the occurrence of psychological disorders in adolescents under these conditions is alexithymia. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating alexithymia and its components in adolescents with and without pets during the Covid-19 pandemic. Materials & Methods: The current study employs a descriptive and post-event comparative method, and the statistical population encompasses both adolescents with and without pets. The available sampling method selected 120 people, 60 of whom had pets and 60 of whom did not. The tools of this research were a demographic questionnaire and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) by SPSS version 26 at the level of significance less than 0.05. Results: The results indicated a significant difference in alexithymia between adolescents with and without a pet (t=2.441, P=0.016), with adolescents with a pet exhibiting a higher average of alexithymia compared to those without a pet. In addition, there is a difference between the component of objective thinking in adolescents with and without a pet (F=7.608, P=0.007). This means that the component of objective thinking in female adolescents who have a pet is higher than in male adolescents (F=7.622, P=0.008). Conclusion: The psychological construct of alexithymia significantly differs between adolescents with and without pets during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this case, adolescent girls struggle with objective thinking, tend to focus on concrete events under stress, tend to care for pets more frequently, and struggle with communication skills.   1 13 2024/02/27 1402/12/8 2024/06/9 1403/3/20 نازیلا سهندپور Nazila Sahandpour گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران ایران Nazilasahandpour53@gmail.com مهرانگیز پیوسته گر Mehrangiz Peyvastegar گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران ایران mpaivastegar@alzahra.ac.ir روشنک خدابخش پیرکلانی Roshanak Khodabakhsh pirkalani گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران ایران rkhodabakhsh@alzahra.ac.ir Adolescents Alexithymia Covid-19 pandemic Pets حیوانات خانگی ناگویی هیجانی نوجوانان همه‌گیری کرونا Asadi N, Salmani F, Pourkhajooyi S, Mahdavifar M, Royani Z, Salmani M. Investigating the Relationship Between Corona Anxiety and Nursing Care Behaviors Working in Corona's Referral Hospitals. IJPCP 2020; 26:306-19. doi:10.32598/ijpcp.26.3476.1 (Persian)##Hormozimoghadam F, Jana-Abadi H, Fardin M. Effectiveness of positive psychotherapy training on thought control and emotional adjustment of 17-15-year-old female students recovered from the Corona Pandemic (Covid-19). JAYPS 2023; 4: 47-58. doi:10.61186/jayps.4.5.61 (Persian).##Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020; 395:912-20. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.##Di Giuseppe M, Zilcha-Mano S, Prout TA, Perry JC, Orrù G, Conversano C. Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Among Italians During the First Week of Lockdown. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:576597. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.576597.##Franceschini C, Musetti A, Zenesini C, Palagini L, Scarpelli S, Quattropani MC, et al. Poor sleep quality and its consequences on mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Front Psychol 2020; 11:3072. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574475.##Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Health 2020;16:57. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w.##World Health Organization. Adolescent mental health 2019; from https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health##Gul M K, Demirci E. Psychiatric disorders and symptoms in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A review. EJMO 2021; 5: 20-36. doi: 10.14744/ejmo.2021.14105.##Bagheri Sheykhangafshe F, Mohammadi Sangachin Doost A, Ansarifar N, Savabi Niri V, Asgari F. Mental Health of Children and Adolescents During the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic (COVID-19): A Systematic Review Study. Feyz Med Sci J 2022; 26:107-17. doi:10.48307/FMSJ.2022.26.1.107.##Chi X, Liang K, Chen ST, Huang Q, Huang L, Yu Q, et al. Mental health problems among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19: The importance of nutrition and physical activity. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2021;21: 100218. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.100218.##Lu C, Chi X, Liang K, Chen ST, Huang L, Guo T, et al. Moving more and sitting less as healthy lifestyle behaviors are protective factors for insomnia, depression, and anxiety among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:1223-33 doi:10.2147/prbm.s284103.##Mueller MK, Richer AM, Callina KS, Charmaraman L. Companion Animal Relationships and Adolescent Loneliness during COVID-19. Animals 2021;11: 885. doi: 10.3390/ani11030885.##Vincent A, Mamzer H, Ng Z, Farkas KJ. People and their pets in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic. SSOAR 2020; 4: 111-28. doi:10.14746/sr.2020.4.3.06##Khanjani Z, Zargham Hajbi M, Aganjadbozari Afsana. The role of personality traits, attachment styles and social skills in keeping pets. The 6th Congress of the Iranian Psychological Association 2017;12: 614-19 (Persian).##Scoresby KJ, Strand EB, Ng Z, Brown KC, Stilz CR, Strobel K, et al. Pet Ownership and Quality of Life: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Vet Sci 2021; 8:332. doi:10.3390/vetsci8120332.##Simon LJ. The pet trap: Negative effects of pet ownership on families and individuals. Minneapolis, MN: Center to Study Human-Animal Relationships and Environments.1984; 226- 40##Asgari Germi M, Tajeri B, Aghajani T. Comparison of happiness, mental health and communication skills in animals without animals. JPS 2020; 19:991-8 (Persian).##Taheri Mirghaed A, Yunesian M, Dargahi H, Bahonar A, Bahrami A. Lalehgani A, et al. The Relationship Between Contact with Pets and Domestic Animals and Their Owners’ Mental Health and Personality Trait. Payavard 2013; 7: 21. (Persian).##Akbari Zardkhaneh S, Rostami R, Mamaghanieh M. The Relationship Between Type of Pet ownning and Pet owner personality and Mental health care. J Vet Res 2011; 66:271-5. (Persian)##Kajbaf MB, keshavarz A, Nouri A, Lali M, Soltanizadeh M. A comparison of family performance and mental health status in pet keeping and non-pet keeping individuals in Isfahan in 2009. J Arak Uni Med Sci 2011;13: 83-94 (Persian).##Rhoades H, Winetrobe H, Rice E. Pet ownership among homeless youth: Associations with mental health, service utilization and housing status. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2015; 46: 237-44. doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0463-5.##Nieforth LO, O'Haire ME. The role of pets in managing uncertainty from COVID-19. Psychol. Psychol Trauma 2020;12: S245-S246. doi:10.1037/tra0000678.##Watters CA, Taylor GJ, Bagby RM. Illuminating the theoretical components of alexithymia using bifactor modeling and network analysis. Psychol Assess 2016; 28: 627-38. doi:10.1037/pas0000169.##Lane RD, Weihs KL, Herring A, Hishaw A, Smith R. Affective agnosia: Expansion of the alexithymia construct and a new opportunity to integrate and extend Freud’s legacy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:594-611. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.007.##Tesio V, Goerlich KS, Hosoi M, Castelli L. Alexithymia: State of the Art and Controversies. Clinical and Neuroscientific Evidence. Front Psych 2019; 10:1209. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01209.##Esmaeili M, shahbazi moghadam S, shafiee F S. The mediating role of mood dysphoria in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and self-harming behaviors in adolescents. JAYPS 2021; 2: 274-86 (Persian).##Daniels DCA. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the isiZulu 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: preliminary findings. (Thesis). UKZN 2020.##Tang W, Hu T, Yang L, Xu J. The role of alexithymia in the mental health problems of home-quarantined university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Pers Individ Dif 2020; 165:110131. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110131.##Dana Alfasi, Nirit Soffer-Dudek. Does alexithymia moderate the relation between stress and general sleep experiences? Pers Individ Dif 2018; 122:87-92. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.014 .##Cynthia K, Chandler. Eight Domains of Pet-Owner Wellness: Implications for counselors and counselor training. Academic Press 2019; 103-14. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-812962-3.00006-X.##Bagby RM, Taylor GJ, Parker JD. The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale--II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. J Psychosom Res 1994; 38:33-40. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90006-x .##Ramak N, Homayouni A, Sangani A, Talebzadeh M. Providing model for prediction of shyness through Alexithymia, feeling of loneliness and social identity in student high school girls. RRJ 2019; 8: 91-100 (Persian).##Taylor GJ, Bagby RM. An overview of the alexithymia construct. In R. Bar-On & J D A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace .2000; 40-67.##Luminet O, Vermeulen N, Demaret C, Taylor GJ, Bagby R M. Alexithymia and levels of processing: Evidence for an overall deficit in remembering emotion words. JRP 2006; 40: 713-33. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.09.001.##Afshari A, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M. The prevalence and intensity of alexithymia and its comparison in male and female undergraduates. RBS 2014; 11:46-53 (Persian).##Kekkonen V, Kraav SL, Hintikka J, Kivimäki P, Kaarre O, Tolmunen T. Stability of alexithymia is low from adolescence to young adulthood, and the consistency of alexithymia is associated with symptoms of depression and dissociation. J Psychosom Res 2021; 150:110629. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110629.##Säkkinen P, Kaltiala-Heino R, Ranta K, Haataja R, Joukamaa M. Psychometric properties of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and prevalence of alexithymia in a Finnish adolescent population. Psychosomatics 2007; 48:154-61. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.48.2.154.##Joukamaa M, Taanila A, Miettunen J, Karvonen JT, Koskinen M, Veijola J. Epidemiology of alexithymia among adolescents. J Psychosom Res 2007; 63: 373-6. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.01.018.##Walker, S. Gender Differences in the relationship between young children’s peer-related social competence and individual differences in Theory of Mind. J Genet Psychol 2005; 166: 297-312. doi:10.3200/gntp.166.3.297-312.##Karukivi M. Associations between alexithymia and mental well-being in adolescents;2011.##Honkalampi K, Tolmunen T, Hintikka J, Rissanen ML, Kylmä J, Laukkanen E. The prevalence of alexithymia and its relationship with Youth Self-Report problem scales among Finnish adolescents. Compr Psychiatry 2009; 50: 263-8. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.08.007.##Levant RF, Halter MJ, Hayden E, Williams C. Treatment of normative male alexithymia pilot study. J Mens Stud 2009;17: 75-84. doi:10.3149/jms.1701.75.##Franz M, Popp K, Schaefer R, Sitte W, Schneider C, Hardt J, et al. Alexithymia in the German general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008; 43: 54-62. doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0265-1.##Noori Samarin SH, Nargesi F. The relationship of Alexithymia with Loneliness and comparison of them in male and female students. Jentashapir J Cell Mol Biol 2013; 4: 183-92. (Persian).##Heshmati R, Ghorbani N, Rostami R, Ahmadi M, Akhavan H. Comparative Study of Alexithymia in Patients with Psychotic Disorders, Non Psychotic and Normal People. Avicenna J Clin Med 2010; 17:56-61. doi: 101016/j.sbspro.2010.07.240 (Persian).##Shahgholian M, Moradi A, Kafee M. Relationship of Alexithymia with Emotional Expression Styles and General Health among University Students. IJPCP 2007; 13: 238-48 (Persian).##Mansfield R, Santos J, Deighton J, Hayes D, Velikonja T, Boehnke JR, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health: a natural experiment. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9: 211114. doi:10.1098/rsos.211114.##Asadi N, Salmani F, Pourkhajooyi S, Mahdavifar M, Royani Z, Salmani M. Investigating the Relationship Between Corona Anxiety and Nursing Care Behaviors Working in Corona's Referral Hospitals. IJPCP 2020; 26:306-19. doi:10.32598/ijpcp.26.3476.1 (Persian)##Hormozimoghadam F, Jana-Abadi H, Fardin M. Effectiveness of positive psychotherapy training on thought control and emotional adjustment of 17-15-year-old female students recovered from the Corona Pandemic (Covid-19). JAYPS 2023; 4: 47-58. doi:10.61186/jayps.4.5.61 (Persian).##Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020; 395:912-20. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.##Di Giuseppe M, Zilcha-Mano S, Prout TA, Perry JC, Orrù G, Conversano C. Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Among Italians During the First Week of Lockdown. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:576597. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.576597.##Franceschini C, Musetti A, Zenesini C, Palagini L, Scarpelli S, Quattropani MC, et al. Poor sleep quality and its consequences on mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Front Psychol 2020; 11:3072. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574475.##Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Health 2020;16:57. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w.##World Health Organization. Adolescent mental health 2019; from https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health##Gul M K, Demirci E. Psychiatric disorders and symptoms in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A review. EJMO 2021; 5: 20-36. doi: 10.14744/ejmo.2021.14105.##Bagheri Sheykhangafshe F, Mohammadi Sangachin Doost A, Ansarifar N, Savabi Niri V, Asgari F. Mental Health of Children and Adolescents During the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic (COVID-19): A Systematic Review Study. Feyz Med Sci J 2022; 26:107-17. doi:10.48307/FMSJ.2022.26.1.107.##Chi X, Liang K, Chen ST, Huang Q, Huang L, Yu Q, et al. Mental health problems among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19: The importance of nutrition and physical activity. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2021;21: 100218. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.100218.##Lu C, Chi X, Liang K, Chen ST, Huang L, Guo T, et al. Moving more and sitting less as healthy lifestyle behaviors are protective factors for insomnia, depression, and anxiety among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:1223-33 doi:10.2147/prbm.s284103.##Mueller MK, Richer AM, Callina KS, Charmaraman L. Companion Animal Relationships and Adolescent Loneliness during COVID-19. Animals 2021;11: 885. doi: 10.3390/ani11030885.##Vincent A, Mamzer H, Ng Z, Farkas KJ. People and their pets in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic. SSOAR 2020; 4: 111-28. doi:10.14746/sr.2020.4.3.06##Khanjani Z, Zargham Hajbi M, Aganjadbozari Afsana. The role of personality traits, attachment styles and social skills in keeping pets. The 6th Congress of the Iranian Psychological Association 2017;12: 614-19 (Persian).##Scoresby KJ, Strand EB, Ng Z, Brown KC, Stilz CR, Strobel K, et al. Pet Ownership and Quality of Life: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Vet Sci 2021; 8:332. doi:10.3390/vetsci8120332.##Simon LJ. The pet trap: Negative effects of pet ownership on families and individuals. Minneapolis, MN: Center to Study Human-Animal Relationships and Environments.1984; 226- 40##Asgari Germi M, Tajeri B, Aghajani T. Comparison of happiness, mental health and communication skills in animals without animals. JPS 2020; 19:991-8 (Persian).##Taheri Mirghaed A, Yunesian M, Dargahi H, Bahonar A, Bahrami A. Lalehgani A, et al. The Relationship Between Contact with Pets and Domestic Animals and Their Owners’ Mental Health and Personality Trait. Payavard 2013; 7: 21. (Persian).##Akbari Zardkhaneh S, Rostami R, Mamaghanieh M. The Relationship Between Type of Pet ownning and Pet owner personality and Mental health care. J Vet Res 2011; 66:271-5. (Persian)##Kajbaf MB, keshavarz A, Nouri A, Lali M, Soltanizadeh M. A comparison of family performance and mental health status in pet keeping and non-pet keeping individuals in Isfahan in 2009. J Arak Uni Med Sci 2011;13: 83-94 (Persian).##Rhoades H, Winetrobe H, Rice E. Pet ownership among homeless youth: Associations with mental health, service utilization and housing status. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2015; 46: 237-44. doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0463-5.##Nieforth LO, O'Haire ME. The role of pets in managing uncertainty from COVID-19. Psychol. Psychol Trauma 2020;12: S245-S246. doi:10.1037/tra0000678.##Watters CA, Taylor GJ, Bagby RM. Illuminating the theoretical components of alexithymia using bifactor modeling and network analysis. Psychol Assess 2016; 28: 627-38. doi:10.1037/pas0000169.##Lane RD, Weihs KL, Herring A, Hishaw A, Smith R. Affective agnosia: Expansion of the alexithymia construct and a new opportunity to integrate and extend Freud’s legacy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:594-611. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.007.##Tesio V, Goerlich KS, Hosoi M, Castelli L. Alexithymia: State of the Art and Controversies. Clinical and Neuroscientific Evidence. Front Psych 2019; 10:1209. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01209.##Esmaeili M, shahbazi moghadam S, shafiee F S. The mediating role of mood dysphoria in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and self-harming behaviors in adolescents. JAYPS 2021; 2: 274-86 (Persian).##Daniels DCA. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the isiZulu 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: preliminary findings. (Thesis). UKZN 2020.##Tang W, Hu T, Yang L, Xu J. The role of alexithymia in the mental health problems of home-quarantined university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Pers Individ Dif 2020; 165:110131. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110131.##Dana Alfasi, Nirit Soffer-Dudek. Does alexithymia moderate the relation between stress and general sleep experiences? Pers Individ Dif 2018; 122:87-92. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.014 .##Cynthia K, Chandler. Eight Domains of Pet-Owner Wellness: Implications for counselors and counselor training. Academic Press 2019; 103-14. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-812962-3.00006-X.##Bagby RM, Taylor GJ, Parker JD. The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale--II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. J Psychosom Res 1994; 38:33-40. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90006-x .##Ramak N, Homayouni A, Sangani A, Talebzadeh M. Providing model for prediction of shyness through Alexithymia, feeling of loneliness and social identity in student high school girls. RRJ 2019; 8: 91-100 (Persian).##Taylor GJ, Bagby RM. An overview of the alexithymia construct. In R. Bar-On & J D A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace .2000; 40-67.##Luminet O, Vermeulen N, Demaret C, Taylor GJ, Bagby R M. Alexithymia and levels of processing: Evidence for an overall deficit in remembering emotion words. JRP 2006; 40: 713-33. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.09.001.##Afshari A, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M. The prevalence and intensity of alexithymia and its comparison in male and female undergraduates. RBS 2014; 11:46-53 (Persian).##Kekkonen V, Kraav SL, Hintikka J, Kivimäki P, Kaarre O, Tolmunen T. Stability of alexithymia is low from adolescence to young adulthood, and the consistency of alexithymia is associated with symptoms of depression and dissociation. J Psychosom Res 2021; 150:110629. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110629.##Säkkinen P, Kaltiala-Heino R, Ranta K, Haataja R, Joukamaa M. Psychometric properties of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and prevalence of alexithymia in a Finnish adolescent population. Psychosomatics 2007; 48:154-61. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.48.2.154.##Joukamaa M, Taanila A, Miettunen J, Karvonen JT, Koskinen M, Veijola J. Epidemiology of alexithymia among adolescents. J Psychosom Res 2007; 63: 373-6. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.01.018.##Walker, S. Gender Differences in the relationship between young children’s peer-related social competence and individual differences in Theory of Mind. J Genet Psychol 2005; 166: 297-312. doi:10.3200/gntp.166.3.297-312.##Karukivi M. 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بررسی ارتباط میان شاخص‌های انعقادی و مرگ‌ و میر در بیماران مبتلا به کووید-19 بستری در بخش مراقبت‌های ویژۀ بیمارستان گنجویان دزفول در سال 1399 Investigating the relationship between coagulation indices and mortality in patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in the intensive care unit of Dezful Ganjavian hospital in 2020 1 1 مقدمه: عوامل فراوانی ازجمله اختلالات انعقادی بر روی مرگ‌ومیر در مبتلایان به عفونت ویروسی کووید-19 تأثیرگذار است. با توجه به اهمیت اختلالات انعقادی در این بیماری، هدف از این مطالعۀ گذشته‌نگر بررسی ارتباط سن، جنس، نتایج آزمایش‌های انعقادی شامل زمان پروترومبین (PT)، زمان نسبی ترومبوپلاستین (PTT)، دی‌دایمر (D-dimer) و شمارش پلاکت (PLT) و ارتباط این مؤلفه‌ها با میزان مرگ‌ومیر در بیماران کووید-19 بخش مراقبت‌های ویژۀ بیمارستان گنجویان دزفول بود. مواد و روش­ها: در این مطالعۀ توصیفی مبتنی بر اطلاعات پرونده‌های بیمارستانی سال 1399، 100 بیمار کووید-19 بستری‌شده در بخش مراقبت‌های ویژۀ بیمارستان گنجویان دزفول بررسی شدند که آزمایش تأییدشدۀ مولکولی ویروس کرونای جدید و نتایج شاخص‌های انعقادی ذکرشده داشتند و بدون سابقۀ بیماری‌های قلبی عروقی بودند. اطلاعات به‌دست‌آمده از این پژوهش با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماری Graph pad Prism vol.8.3 تجزیه‌وتحلیل شد. متغیرهای کیفی با استفاده از شاخص‌های فراوانی، درصد فراوانی و فراوانی نسبی توصیف گردیدند؛ همچنین از آزمونt-test  برای مقایسۀ معناداری مؤلفه‌های مطالعه میان گروه فوت و ترخیص استفاده شد. یافته­ های پژوهش: سن بیماران بین 30 تا 85 سال و میانگین آن 2/14±2/58 بود. میانگین سن در بیماران فوت‌شده (07/11±85/64) سال و بیشتر از بیماران ترخیص یافته (9/13±6/58) بود. نتایج آزمون تی تفاوت معنی‌داری را میان سن این دو گروه نشان داد (P<0.05). نتایج تست‌های دی‌دایمر و PT در بیماران مبتلا به کووید-19 که فوت شدند، به‌صورت معنی‌داری بیشتر از بیماران ترخیص‌شده بود، درحالی‌که مقایسۀ شمارش پلاکت و PTT میان دو گروه فوتی و ترخیص تفاوت معناداری را نشان نداد (P<0.05). بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج این بررسی، توجه به نتایج تست‌های دی‌دایمر و PT ممکن است در پیش‌بینی پیش‌آگهی بیماری کووید-19 کمک‌کننده باشد.   2 Introduction:  Many factors, including coagulation disorders, have an effect on mortality in patients with Covid-19 viral infection. Considering coagulation problems are so important for these patients, the goal of this study was to look into the connection between coagulation test results, such as prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), D-dimer, and platelet count, and the death rate in Covid-19 patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit of Ganjovian Hospital (Dezful, Iran) in 2020. Materials & Methods: This comprehensive cross-sectional study was conducted on the information of 100 patients with Covid-19 hospitalized in the intensive care unit. The data from the patient’s files were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism version 8.3 statistical software. Qualitative variables were described using frequency indices, percentages, and relative frequency. A t-test was also used to compare the study parameters between the death and discharge groups. The level of significance was considered less than 0.05. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the age were 58.2±14.2. The average age of the death group was significantly higher than that of discharged patients (P=0.038). The D-dimer and PT test results in patients with Covid-19 who died were significantly higher than those of discharged patients (P=0.002), but there was no significant difference in platelet count and PTT between the two groups (P=0.680). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, paying attention to the results of D-dimer and PT tests may be helpful in predicting the prognosis of Covid-19 disease.   14 22 2024/02/272024/04/13 1403/1/25 2024/06/92024/05/21 1403/3/1 مهین بهزادی فرد Mahin Behzadifard گروه علوم آزمایشگاهی، دانشکده پیراپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی دزفول، دزفول، ایران ایران mahinbehzadi2020@gmail.com زهرا اسلامی فر Zahra Eslamifar گروه علوم آزمایشگاهی، دانشکده پیراپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی دزفول، دزفول، ایران ایران eslamifar.z@gmail.com یاسین آریا نژاد Yasin Arianezhad کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی ،دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جندی شاپور اهواز، اهواز، ایران ایران y.aryanezhad8313@gmail.com نوشین اسد مسجدی Nooshin Asadmasjedi گروه علوم آزمایشگاهی، دانشکده پیراپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی دزفول، دزفول، ایران ایران asadmasjedi.no@gmail.com بهنام عزیزاللهی Behnam Azizolahi گروه علوم آزمایشگاهی، دانشکده پیراپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی دزفول، دزفول، ایران ایران behnam.azizolahi@yahoo.com مازیار حیدری Maziyar Heydari کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی ،دانشگاه علوم پزشکی دزفول، دزفول، ایران ایران mazyar.heidari@gmail.com Covid-19 SARS-CoV-2 nSARS-CoV-2 D-dimer Prothrombin time Relative thromboplastin time Platelet count Intensive care unit ICU کووید-19 دی‌دایمر ویروس سارس کرونا 2 ویروس سارس کرونای جدید زمان پروترومبین زمان نسبی ترومبوپلاستین شمارش پلاکت بخش مراقبت‌های ویژه ای‌سی‌یو Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. 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بهینه‌سازی نانوکریستال‌های هیدروکسی‌آپاتیت تهیه‌شده از منابع زیستی با هدف افزایش کارایی و کیفیت Optimizing the hydroxyapatite nanocrystals derived from biological sources to increasing efficiency and quality 1 1 مقدمه: هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت یکی از ضروری‌‌ترین بیوسرامیک‌‌های زیست‌‌فعال و زیست‌‌سازگار است. به علت خواص منحصربه‌فرد و شباهت ساختاری آن به استخوان، کاربردهای بسیاری در پزشکی، دندان‌پزشکی و مهندسی بافت استخوان دارد؛ بنابراین، روش‌‌ها و راهکارهای فراوانی برای تهیۀ هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت مطالعه‌شده است. هدف از انجام این مطالعه بهینه‌‌سازی نانوکریستال‌های هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت تهیه‌شده از منابع زیستی، با کارایی و کیفیت بالاتر بود. مواد و روش­ها: در این مطالعه، هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت از صدف‌های سفید دریایی با روش‌‌هایی آسان و مقرون‌‌به‌‌صرفه ازجمله اولتراسونیک، هیدروترمال و تجزیۀ حرارتی- اولتراسونیک سنتز و تجزیه‌‌و‌‌تحلیل شد. صدف‌های سفید دریایی حاوی کربنات کلسیم (CaCO3)  هستند. برای سنتز هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت از حلال‌‌های دوست‌دار محیط‌زیست مانند آب (سنتز سبز) و از دی‌آمونیوم هیدروژن فسفات (ADP) به‌‌عنوان منبع فسفات استفاده گردید. یافته ­های پژوهش: هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت سنتزشده با روش اولتراسونیک به‌‌عنوان روش مناسب انتخاب شد؛ زیرا که در نتایج EDX، درصد عناصر موجود اکسیژن و فسفر (O, P) در هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت سنتزشده با روش اولتراسونیک با داده‌‌های کارت استاندارد، HA~1.67 مطابقت دارد و به همین علت، روش اولتراسونیک نسبت به دو روش دیگر (هیدروترمال و تجزیۀ حرارتی- اولتراسونیک) مناسب‌‌تر بود. در FTIR  گروه‌‌های فسفات، هیدروکسید و کربنات (PO43-)، OH و CO32- مشاهده گردید که نشان‌‌دهندۀ سنتز هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت هستند. با SEM و FE-SEM مورفولوژی و اندازۀ ذرات هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت در nm  5/16 تا 80/70 دیده شد. در تجزیه‌وتحلیل XRD، بلورینگی و سوزنی‌‌شکل بودن ساختار هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت تأیید گردید. نتایج سازگاری خونی نشان داد که هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت همولیز چشمگیری نداشته است و بررسی سازگاری سلولی هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت بر سلول‌‌های شبه‌استخوانی (MG63)، نرخ بقای بیش از 90 درصد را نشان داد و تکثیر سلولی از نظر آماری (Graph pad prism vol.10) معنی‌‌دار بود (P<0.05). بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: روش اولتراسونیک یکی از بهترین روش‌های تهیۀ هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت است که انجام واکنش‌ها در دمای پایین، ارزان و مقرون‌به‌صرفه بودن از ویژگی‌های مثبت آن است و می‌‌تواند موانع صنعتی ازجمله طولانی بودن فرایند تولید را برطرف کند. نتایج نشان داد که مادۀ تولیدشده با این روش ساختار شش‌‌ضلعی با اندازۀ نانومتر با زیست‌‌سازگاری مناسب داشت.   2 Introduction:  Hydroxyapatite is one of the most essential bioactive and biocompatible ceramics. Due to its unique properties and its structural similarity to bone, it has many applications in medicine, dentistry, and bone tissue engineering. Therefore, many methods and strategies have been studied to prepare hydroxyapatite. The purpose of this study was to optimize hydroxyapatite nanocrystals prepared from biological sources with higher efficiency and quality. Materials & Methods: This study synthesized and analyzed hydroxyapatite from White Sea shells using simple and affordable methods like ultrasonic, hydrothermal, and thermal-ultrasonic decomposition. White seashells contain carbonate-calcium (CaCO3). For the synthesis of hydroxyapatite, environmentally friendly solvents such as water (green synthesis) and di ammonium hydrogen phosphate (ADP) were used as a source of phosphate. The data were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism V.10 statistical software, and the level of significance was considered less than 0.05. Results: Hydroxyapatite was synthesized by the ultrasonic method and was chosen as the most appropriate. Because in the EDX results, the percentage of elements oxygen and phosphorus (O, P) in the hydroxyapatite synthesized by the ultrasonic method corresponds to the data of the standard card, HA~1.67, and for this reason, the ultrasonic method is better than the other two methods (hydrothermal and thermal-ultrasonic decomposition) and is more suitable. In FTIR, phosphate, hydroxide, and carbonate (PO43-), OH, and CO32- groups were observed, which indicate the synthesis of hydroxyapatite. With SEM and FE-SEM, the morphology and size of hydroxyapatite particles were observed to be between 16.5 and 70.80 nm. XRD analysis, crystallinity, and needle-like structure of hydroxyapatite were observed. The blood compatibility results showed that hydroxyapatite had no significant hemolysis. Examining the cell compatibility of hydroxyapatite on bone-like cells (MG63) showed a survival rate of over 90%, and cell proliferation was statistically (Graph Pad Prism 10) significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: One of the most effective methods for preparing hydroxyapatite involves conducting the reactions at the bottom; the ultrasonic method's affordability and cost-effectiveness are among its positive features, as it can generate multiple processes throughout the production process. The results demonstrated that this method produced a material with a hexagonal structure, nanometer size, and suitable biocompatibility.   23 37 2024/02/272024/04/132024/04/29 1403/2/10 2024/06/92024/05/212024/06/16 1403/3/27 مهسا عباسی Mahsa Abbasi گروه شیمی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران حسین درخشان خواه Hossein Derakhshankhah مرکز تحقیقات علوم دارویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران ایران سهیلا کاشانیان Soheila Kashanian دانشکده شیمی، گروه شیمی کاربردی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران ایران ژیلا ایزدی Zhila Izadi مرکز تحقیقات علوم دارویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران ایران izadi.zhila@yahoo.com محمد سلیمان بیگی Mohammad Soleiman Beigi دانشکده گروه شیمی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران Hydroxyapatite Ultrasonic method Biocompatibility هیدروکسی‌‌آپاتیت روش اولتراسونیک زیست‌سازگاری Chitra S, Rajeshkumar S, Ramya R, Bargavi P, Balakumar S. Probing the biocompatibility and antioxidant properties of Cissus quadrangularis conjugated bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite towards regeneration application. Inorg Chem Commun 2023;157:111398. doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111398.##Abdian N, Etminanfar M, Sheykholeslami SOR, Hamishehkar H, Khalil-Allafi J. Preparation and characterization of chitosan/hydroxyapatite scaffolds containing mesoporous SiO2-HA for drug delivery applications. Mater Chem Phys 2023;301:127672. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127672.##Arokiasamy P, Abdullah MMAB, Abd Rahim SZ, Luhar S, Sandu AV, Jamil NH, et al. Synthesis methods of hydroxyapatite from natural sources: A review. Ceram Int 2022;48:14959-79. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.03.064.##Pavlychev A, Brykalova X, Korneev A, Cherny A, Kornilov N. Specific Features of the Crystal Structure of Calcium Hydroxyapatite in Native Bone Tissue. Crystallogr Rep 2024;69:38-44. doi:10.1134/S1063774523601326.##Xiao D, Zhang J, Zhang C, Barbieri D, Yuan H, Moroni L, et al. The role of calcium phosphate surface structure in osteogenesis and the mechanisms involved. Acta Biomater 2020;106:22-33. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.034.##Yang-Zhou CH, Cao JX, Dong SS, Chen SH, Michael RN. Phosphorus co-existing in water: a new mechanism to boost boron removal by calcined oyster shell powder. Molecules 2021;27:54. doi: 10.3390/molecules27010054.##Sricharoen P, Limchoowong N, Nuengmatcha P, Chanthai S. Ultrasonic-assisted recycling of Nile tilapia fish scale biowaste into low-cost nano-hydroxyapatite: Ultrasonic-assisted adsorption for Hg2+ removal from aqueous solution followed by “turn-off” fluorescent sensor based on Hg2+-graphene quantum dots. Ultrason Sonochem 2020;63:104966. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.104966.##Anandan D, Jaiswal AK. Synthesis methods of hydroxyapatite and biomedical applications: an updated review. ACSJ 2024;60:663-79. doi: 10.1007/s41779-023-00943-2.##Indira J, Malathi K. Comparison of template mediated ultrasonic and microwave irradiation method on the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Mater Today 2022;51:1765-9. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.028.##Osuchukwu OA, Salihi A, Abdullahi I, Etinosa PO, Obada DO. A comparative study of the mechanical properties of sol-gel derived hydroxyapatite produced from a novel mixture of two natural biowastes for biomedical applications. Sci Rep 2022;12:17968. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22888-5.##Hajibeygi M, Mousavi M, Shabanian M, Habibnejad N, Vahabi H. Design and preparation of new polypropylene/magnesium oxide micro particles composites reinforced with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: A study of thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Mater Chem Phys 2021;258:123917. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123917.##Yinka KM, Olayiwola AJ, Sulaiman A, Ali A, Iqbal F. Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite powder for biomedical applications from giant African land snail shell using a hydrothermal technique. EASR 2020;47. doi: 10356/66023.##Lin DJ, Lin HL, Haung SM, Liu SM, Chen WC. Effect of ph on the in vitro biocompatibility of surfactant-assisted synthesis and hydrothermal precipitation of rod-shaped nano-hydroxyapatite. Polymers 2021;13:2994. doi: 10.3390/polym13172994.##Molino G, Palmieri MC, Montalbano G, Fiorilli S, Vitale-Brovarone C. Biomimetic and mesoporous nano-hydroxyapatite for bone tissue application: A short review. Biomed Mater 2020;15:022001. doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/ab5f1a.##Kadu K, Kowshik M, Ramanan SR. Does the nanoparticle morphology influence interaction with protein: A case study with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Mater Today Commun 2021;26:102172. doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102172.##Upadhyay P, Ullah A. Facile synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles from eggshell biowaste using Azadirachta indica extract as a green template. New J Chem 2024;48:1424-35. doi: 10.1039/D3NJ01715J.##Prakash VCA, Venda I, Thamizharasi V, Sathya E. A new attempt on synthesis of spherical nano hydroxyapatite powders prepared by dimethyl sulfoxide-poly vinyl alcohol assisted microemulsion method. Mater Chem Phys 2021;259:124097. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.124097.##Orasugh JT, Ghosh SK, Chattopadhyay D. Nanofiber-reinforced biocomposites. Fiber-reinforced nanocomposites: fundamentals and applications: Elsevier; 2020. p. 199-233. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819904-6.00010-4.##Raja PB, Munusamy KR, Perumal V, Ibrahim MNM. Characterization of nanomaterial used in nanobioremediation. Nano-bioremediation: fundamentals and applications: Elsevier; 2022. p. 57-83. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823962-9.00037-4.##Jia B, Yang H, Han Y, Zhang Z, Qu X, Zhuang Y, et al. In vitro and in vivo studies of Zn-Mn biodegradable metals designed for orthopedic applications. Acta Biomater 2020;108:358-72. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.009.##Kumar K, Das A, Prasad SB. Biodegradable metal matrix composites for orthopedic implant applications: A review. Advances in Engineering Materials: Select Proceedings of FLAME 2020. 2021:557-65. doi: 10.1007/978-981-33-6029-7_52.##Díaz-Cuenca A, Rabadjieva D, Sezanova K, Gergulova R, Ilieva R, Tepavitcharova S. Biocompatible calcium phosphate-based ceramics and composites. Mater Today 2022;61:1217-25. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.329.##Josephin A, Intan N, Basari B, Rahman SF, editors. Extraction of collagen and hydroxyapatite from fish for bone scaffold: A review. AIP Conference Proceedings; 2024: AIP Publishing. doi: 10.1063/5.0198630.##Sans J, Sanz V, Puiggalí J, Turon P, Alemán C. Controlled anisotropic growth of hydroxyapatite by additive-free hydrothermal synthesis. Crystal Growth Design 2020;21:748-56. doi: 10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00850.##Verma R, Mishra SR, Gadore V, Ahmaruzzaman M. Hydroxyapatite-based composites: Excellent materials for environmental remediation and biomedical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023:102890. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102890.##Zastulka A, Clichici S, Tomoaia-Cotisel M, Mocanu A, Roman C, Olteanu CD, et al. Recent trends in hydroxyapatite supplementation for osteoregenerative purposes. Materials 2023;16:1303. doi: 10.3390/ma16031303.##Rajkumar P, Sarma BK. Role of Zn and Mg substitutions on the mechanical behaviour of biomimetic hydroxyapatite and insight of the emergence of hydroxyapatite-ZnO nanocomposite. Mater Charact 2021;176:111107. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111107.##Filip DG, Surdu VA, Paduraru AV, Andronescu E. Current development in biomaterials—hydroxyapatite and bioglass for applications in biomedical field: a review. J Funct Biomater 2022;13:248. doi: 10.3390/jfb13040248.##Pu'ad NM, Haq RA, Noh HM, Abdullah H, Idris M, Lee T. Synthesis method of hydroxyapatite: A review. Mater Today 2020;29:233-9. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.536.##Gani MA, Budiatin AS, Shinta DW, Ardianto C, Khotib J. Bovine hydroxyapatite-based scaffold accelerated the inflammatory phase and bone growth in rats with bone defect. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2023;21:22808000221149193. doi: 10.1177/22808000221149193.##Surya P, Nithin A, Sundaramanickam A, Sathish M. Synthesis and characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite from Sardinella longiceps fish bone and its effects on human osteoblast bone cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021;119:104501. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104501.##Khosalim IP, Zhang YY, Yiu CKY, Wong HM. Synthesis of a graphene oxide/agarose/hydroxyapatite biomaterial with the evaluation of antibacterial activity and initial cell attachment. Sci Rep 2022;12:1971. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06020-1.##Ijaz I, Gilani E, Nazir A, Bukhari A. Detail review on chemical, physical and green synthesis, classification, characterizations and applications of nanoparticles. GCLR 2020;13:223-45. doi: 10.1080/17518253.2020.1802517.##Elbasuney S. Green synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with controlled morphologies and surface properties toward biomedical applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020;30:899-906. doi: 10.1007/s10904-019-01247-4.##Vinayagam R, Pai S, Murugesan G, Varadavenkatesan T, Kaviyarasu K, Selvaraj R. Green synthesized hydroxyapatite nanoadsorbent for the adsorptive removal of AB113 dye for environmental applications. Environ Res 2022;212:113274. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113274.##Chitra S, Rajeshkumar S, Ramya R, Bargavi P, Balakumar S. Probing the biocompatibility and antioxidant properties of Cissus quadrangularis conjugated bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite towards regeneration application. Inorg Chem Commun 2023;157:111398. doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111398.##Abdian N, Etminanfar M, Sheykholeslami SOR, Hamishehkar H, Khalil-Allafi J. Preparation and characterization of chitosan/hydroxyapatite scaffolds containing mesoporous SiO2-HA for drug delivery applications. Mater Chem Phys 2023;301:127672. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127672.##Arokiasamy P, Abdullah MMAB, Abd Rahim SZ, Luhar S, Sandu AV, Jamil NH, et al. Synthesis methods of hydroxyapatite from natural sources: A review. Ceram Int 2022;48:14959-79. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.03.064.##Pavlychev A, Brykalova X, Korneev A, Cherny A, Kornilov N. Specific Features of the Crystal Structure of Calcium Hydroxyapatite in Native Bone Tissue. Crystallogr Rep 2024;69:38-44. doi:10.1134/S1063774523601326.##Xiao D, Zhang J, Zhang C, Barbieri D, Yuan H, Moroni L, et al. The role of calcium phosphate surface structure in osteogenesis and the mechanisms involved. Acta Biomater 2020;106:22-33. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.034.##Yang-Zhou CH, Cao JX, Dong SS, Chen SH, Michael RN. Phosphorus co-existing in water: a new mechanism to boost boron removal by calcined oyster shell powder. Molecules 2021;27:54. doi: 10.3390/molecules27010054.##Sricharoen P, Limchoowong N, Nuengmatcha P, Chanthai S. Ultrasonic-assisted recycling of Nile tilapia fish scale biowaste into low-cost nano-hydroxyapatite: Ultrasonic-assisted adsorption for Hg2+ removal from aqueous solution followed by “turn-off” fluorescent sensor based on Hg2+-graphene quantum dots. Ultrason Sonochem 2020;63:104966. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.104966.##Anandan D, Jaiswal AK. Synthesis methods of hydroxyapatite and biomedical applications: an updated review. ACSJ 2024;60:663-79. doi: 10.1007/s41779-023-00943-2.##Indira J, Malathi K. Comparison of template mediated ultrasonic and microwave irradiation method on the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Mater Today 2022;51:1765-9. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.028.##Osuchukwu OA, Salihi A, Abdullahi I, Etinosa PO, Obada DO. A comparative study of the mechanical properties of sol-gel derived hydroxyapatite produced from a novel mixture of two natural biowastes for biomedical applications. Sci Rep 2022;12:17968. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22888-5.##Hajibeygi M, Mousavi M, Shabanian M, Habibnejad N, Vahabi H. Design and preparation of new polypropylene/magnesium oxide micro particles composites reinforced with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: A study of thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Mater Chem Phys 2021;258:123917. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123917.##Yinka KM, Olayiwola AJ, Sulaiman A, Ali A, Iqbal F. Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite powder for biomedical applications from giant African land snail shell using a hydrothermal technique. EASR 2020;47. doi: 10356/66023.##Lin DJ, Lin HL, Haung SM, Liu SM, Chen WC. Effect of ph on the in vitro biocompatibility of surfactant-assisted synthesis and hydrothermal precipitation of rod-shaped nano-hydroxyapatite. Polymers 2021;13:2994. doi: 10.3390/polym13172994.##Molino G, Palmieri MC, Montalbano G, Fiorilli S, Vitale-Brovarone C. Biomimetic and mesoporous nano-hydroxyapatite for bone tissue application: A short review. Biomed Mater 2020;15:022001. doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/ab5f1a.##Kadu K, Kowshik M, Ramanan SR. Does the nanoparticle morphology influence interaction with protein: A case study with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Mater Today Commun 2021;26:102172. doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102172.##Upadhyay P, Ullah A. Facile synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles from eggshell biowaste using Azadirachta indica extract as a green template. New J Chem 2024;48:1424-35. doi: 10.1039/D3NJ01715J.##Prakash VCA, Venda I, Thamizharasi V, Sathya E. A new attempt on synthesis of spherical nano hydroxyapatite powders prepared by dimethyl sulfoxide-poly vinyl alcohol assisted microemulsion method. Mater Chem Phys 2021;259:124097. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.124097.##Orasugh JT, Ghosh SK, Chattopadhyay D. Nanofiber-reinforced biocomposites. Fiber-reinforced nanocomposites: fundamentals and applications: Elsevier; 2020. p. 199-233. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819904-6.00010-4.##Raja PB, Munusamy KR, Perumal V, Ibrahim MNM. Characterization of nanomaterial used in nanobioremediation. Nano-bioremediation: fundamentals and applications: Elsevier; 2022. p. 57-83. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823962-9.00037-4.##Jia B, Yang H, Han Y, Zhang Z, Qu X, Zhuang Y, et al. In vitro and in vivo studies of Zn-Mn biodegradable metals designed for orthopedic applications. Acta Biomater 2020;108:358-72. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.009.##Kumar K, Das A, Prasad SB. Biodegradable metal matrix composites for orthopedic implant applications: A review. Advances in Engineering Materials: Select Proceedings of FLAME 2020. 2021:557-65. doi: 10.1007/978-981-33-6029-7_52.##Díaz-Cuenca A, Rabadjieva D, Sezanova K, Gergulova R, Ilieva R, Tepavitcharova S. Biocompatible calcium phosphate-based ceramics and composites. Mater Today 2022;61:1217-25. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.329.##Josephin A, Intan N, Basari B, Rahman SF, editors. Extraction of collagen and hydroxyapatite from fish for bone scaffold: A review. AIP Conference Proceedings; 2024: AIP Publishing. doi: 10.1063/5.0198630.##Sans J, Sanz V, Puiggalí J, Turon P, Alemán C. Controlled anisotropic growth of hydroxyapatite by additive-free hydrothermal synthesis. Crystal Growth Design 2020;21:748-56. doi: 10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00850.##Verma R, Mishra SR, Gadore V, Ahmaruzzaman M. Hydroxyapatite-based composites: Excellent materials for environmental remediation and biomedical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023:102890. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102890.##Zastulka A, Clichici S, Tomoaia-Cotisel M, Mocanu A, Roman C, Olteanu CD, et al. Recent trends in hydroxyapatite supplementation for osteoregenerative purposes. Materials 2023;16:1303. doi: 10.3390/ma16031303.##Rajkumar P, Sarma BK. Role of Zn and Mg substitutions on the mechanical behaviour of biomimetic hydroxyapatite and insight of the emergence of hydroxyapatite-ZnO nanocomposite. Mater Charact 2021;176:111107. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111107.##Filip DG, Surdu VA, Paduraru AV, Andronescu E. Current development in biomaterials—hydroxyapatite and bioglass for applications in biomedical field: a review. J Funct Biomater 2022;13:248. doi: 10.3390/jfb13040248.##Pu'ad NM, Haq RA, Noh HM, Abdullah H, Idris M, Lee T. Synthesis method of hydroxyapatite: A review. Mater Today 2020;29:233-9. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.536.##Gani MA, Budiatin AS, Shinta DW, Ardianto C, Khotib J. Bovine hydroxyapatite-based scaffold accelerated the inflammatory phase and bone growth in rats with bone defect. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2023;21:22808000221149193. doi: 10.1177/22808000221149193.##Surya P, Nithin A, Sundaramanickam A, Sathish M. Synthesis and characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite from Sardinella longiceps fish bone and its effects on human osteoblast bone cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021;119:104501. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104501.##Khosalim IP, Zhang YY, Yiu CKY, Wong HM. Synthesis of a graphene oxide/agarose/hydroxyapatite biomaterial with the evaluation of antibacterial activity and initial cell attachment. Sci Rep 2022;12:1971. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06020-1.##Ijaz I, Gilani E, Nazir A, Bukhari A. Detail review on chemical, physical and green synthesis, classification, characterizations and applications of nanoparticles. GCLR 2020;13:223-45. doi: 10.1080/17518253.2020.1802517.##Elbasuney S. Green synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with controlled morphologies and surface properties toward biomedical applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020;30:899-906. doi: 10.1007/s10904-019-01247-4.##Vinayagam R, Pai S, Murugesan G, Varadavenkatesan T, Kaviyarasu K, Selvaraj R. Green synthesized hydroxyapatite nanoadsorbent for the adsorptive removal of AB113 dye for environmental applications. Environ Res 2022;212:113274. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113274.## ##

بررسی اثر مهارکنندگی تکثیر سلولی و ضدسرطانی عصارۀ گیاه زیتون تلخ بر ردۀ سلولی TM4 در سرطان بیضه و فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی آن Anti-oxidative and anti-cancer effects of Melia azedarach L. extract on Proliferation and Cell Viability of Testicular cancer TM4 cell line 1 1 مقدمه: سرطان بیضه شایع‌ترین سرطان در میان مردان در سرتاسر جهان است. امروزه کاربرد داروهای گیاهی به‌عنوان درمانی مکمل برای کاهش آثار این بیماری مورد‌توجه است. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی خاصیت ضد‌سرطانی، آنتی‌اکسیدانی و سمیت سنجی گیاه زیتون تلخ (Melia azedarch L.) بر ردۀ سلولی TM4 بود. مواد و روش­ها: پس از تهیۀ عصارۀ اتانولی گیاه زیتون تلخ ردۀ سلولی سرطان بیضه TM4 توسط غلظت‌های مختلف عصاره (10، 25، 50، 75، 100، 150، 250، 750 و 1000 میکروگرم در میلی‌لیتر( به مدت ۲۴، ۴۸ و ۷۲ ساعت تیمار شدند؛ سپس زنده‌مانی سلول‌ها توسط روشMTT، بیان نسبی ژن‌های CAS8 و CAS9 با استفاده از روش Real-time PCR و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی عصاره‌ها با بررسی محتوای آنتوسیانین و میزان مهار رادیکال آزاد DPPH بررسی شد. در نهایت نتایج با آزمون آنالیز واریانس یک‌طرفه با نرم‌افزار SPSS vol.18 نسخه 18 تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل شد. یافته­ های پژوهش: نتایج مربوط به تست MTT نشان داد که عصارۀ زیتون تلخ در غلظت‌های مختلف بر سلول‌های سرطان بیضه آثار سمیت سلولی وابسته به دوز و زمان دارد، به‌طوری‌که بالاترین درصد مهار رشد معنی‌دار در غلظت‌های1000 میکروگرم در میلی‌لیتر مشاهده گردید (P≤0.01)؛ همچنین بیان ژن CAS8 در سلول‌های TM4 تیمار شده با عصارۀ گیاه در غلظت 2/174 (IC50) ‌‌‌ نسبت به نمونۀ کنترل افزایش ذاشت؛ اما بیان ژنCAS9  کاهش معنی‌داری نشان داد. علاوه بر این، محتوای آنتوسیانین و میزان مهار رادیکال آزاد DPPH با افزایش غلظت عصاره بیشتر شد. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: براساس نتایج، عصارۀ گیاه زیتون تلخ به علت داشتن فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی پتانسیل بالایی در از بین بردن سلول‌های سرطان بیضه دارد و با القای آپوپتوز و افزایش بیان ژن CAS8 می¬تواند به‌عنوان درمان مکمل در بهبود سرطان در نظر گرفته شود.   2 Introduction:  Testicular cancer is one of the most common type of cancers to affect men. Medical herbs are increasingly considered useful complementary treatments for cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, antioxidant, and anticancer capacity of Melia azedarach L. extract on testicular cancer TM4 cells. Materials & Methods: The TM4 cells were treated with various concentrations of leaf Melia azedarach L. extracts (10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 250, 750, and 1000 µg ml⁻¹) for 24, 48, and 72 hours. MTT assay and real-time PCR were used for the evaluation of plant extract cytotoxicity and gene expression (CAS8, CAS9) analysis, respectively. Anthocyanin content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were evaluated for the antioxidant potential of plant extract. Statistical tests included one-way ANOVA, which was imported to SPSS V.18, and the significance level was considered less than 0.01. Results: MTT assay results revealed a decline in live cells with increasing concentration of plant extract in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cell viability was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced, especially at a concentration of 1000 µg ml⁻¹. Also, the CAS8 gene expression was increased in TM4 cells treated with bitter olive extract at 174.2 µg ml⁻¹ concentration (IC50), whereas the CAS9 gene expression was decreased. Moreover, a higher DPPH activity and anthocyanin content were found with increasing plant extract concentration. Conclusion: Ethanolic extracts of Melia azedarach L. have antioxidant activity, which could significantly inhibit the proliferation of testicular cancer TM4 cells (A549) by inducing apoptosis and CAS8 gene expression. Therefore, it could be regarded as an additional treatment for testicular cancer.   38 49 2024/02/272024/04/132024/04/292024/06/5 1403/3/16 2024/06/92024/05/212024/06/162024/09/7 1403/6/17 کبری توفیقی Cobra Tofighi گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم زیستی، دانشگاه دانش البرز، قزوین، ایران ایران Tofighi86@gmail.com نگار صادقی Negar Sadeghi گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم زیستی، دانشگاه دانش البرز، قزوین، ایران ایران n.negarsadeghi@yahoo.com Melia azedarach L. Testicular cancer Gene expression MTT زیتون تلخ سرطان بیضه بیان ژن MTT de Vries G, Rosas-Plaza X, van Vugt MATM, Gietema JA, de Jong S. Testicular cancer: Determinants of cisplatin sensitivity and novel therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Treat Rev 2020;88:102054. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102054.##Ross RK, McCurtis JW, Henderson BE, Menck HR, Mack TM, Martin SP. Descriptive epidemiology of testicular and prostatic cancer in Los Angeles. Br J Cancer 1979;39:284-92. doi:10.1038/bjc.1979.53.##Dias MC, Pinto DCGA, Costa M, Araújo M, Santos C, Silva AMS. Phytochemical and Antioxidant Profile of the Medicinal Plant Melia azedarach Subjected to Water Deficit Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13611. doi: 10.3390/ijms232113611.##Azarnia M, Kamyab S Z, Mirabolghasemi S G, Saeidnia S. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Melia azedarach L. seeds on serum concentration of sex hormones in polycystic ovary syndrome induced in female wistar rats. Feyz 2015; 19:111-17.##Ervina M. A review: Melia azedarach L. as a potent anticancer drug. Phcog Rev 2018; 12: 94-102. doi: 10.4103/phrev.phrev_41_17.##Diaz C, Purdy S, Christ A, Morot-Gaudry JF, Wingler A, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Characterization of markers to determine the extent and variability of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. A metabolic profiling approach. Plant Physiol 2005;138:898-908. doi: 10.1104/pp.105.060764.##Okoh SO, Asekun OT, Familoni OB, Afolayan AJ. Composition and antioxidant activities of leaf and root volatile oils of Morinda lucida. Nat Prod Commun 2011;6:1537-41. doi: 10.1177/1934578X1100601032.##Shakhseniaie M, Nikoonahad Lotfabadi N, Haghirossadat F. Effect of Rosemary Essential Oil on BIM Apoptotic Gene Expression in MCF 7 Breast Cancer Cell Line. JSSU 2022; 30:4452-61. doi: 10.18502/ssu.v30i1.9100.##Nikoumanesh S, Asgharian A M. The Antioxidant and cytotoxic Effects of nettle-leaves (Urtica dioica L.) Ethanolic extract on the A549 cell line. NCMBJ 2017; 7:27-34.##Keshtmand Zahra, Seyede Narges Naimi, Ardeshir Hesampour. Anti-cancer effect of Artemisia turcomanica extract on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). J Mol Biol 2023; 15: 47-54. doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2023.101030.##Banitalebi Dehkordi M, Zia Jahromi N, Sazgar H. Study the Effect of Eugenol on CASP8 and CASP9 Gene's Expression in Colon Cancer Cell Lines HT-29. J Ilam Uni Med Sci 2019; 27:85-96. doi: 10.29252/sjimu.27.5.85.##Mirzaie A, Bagheri Kashtali A, Sahebjamee H, Noorbazargan H, Rahmati H, Sadat Shandiz S A. Phytochemical composition, antibacterial and anticancer activities of Trifolium cherleri extract on lung cancer cell line (A549) and analysis of caspase 3 and caspase 9 apoptosis genes expression. Tehran Univ Med J 2017; 75:343-9.##Mohd Fisall UF, Ismail NZ, Adebayo IA, Arsad H. Dichloromethane fraction of Moringa oleifera leaf methanolic extract selectively inhibits breast cancer cells (MCF7) by induction of apoptosis via upregulation of Bax, p53 and caspase 8 expressions. Mol Biol Rep 2021;48:4465-75. doi: 10.1007/s11033-021-06466-y.##de Vries G, Rosas-Plaza X, van Vugt MATM, Gietema JA, de Jong S. Testicular cancer: Determinants of cisplatin sensitivity and novel therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Treat Rev 2020;88:102054. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102054.##Ross RK, McCurtis JW, Henderson BE, Menck HR, Mack TM, Martin SP. Descriptive epidemiology of testicular and prostatic cancer in Los Angeles. Br J Cancer 1979;39:284-92. doi:10.1038/bjc.1979.53.##Dias MC, Pinto DCGA, Costa M, Araújo M, Santos C, Silva AMS. Phytochemical and Antioxidant Profile of the Medicinal Plant Melia azedarach Subjected to Water Deficit Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13611. doi: 10.3390/ijms232113611.##Azarnia M, Kamyab S Z, Mirabolghasemi S G, Saeidnia S. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Melia azedarach L. seeds on serum concentration of sex hormones in polycystic ovary syndrome induced in female wistar rats. Feyz 2015; 19:111-17.##Ervina M. A review: Melia azedarach L. as a potent anticancer drug. Phcog Rev 2018; 12: 94-102. doi: 10.4103/phrev.phrev_41_17.##Diaz C, Purdy S, Christ A, Morot-Gaudry JF, Wingler A, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Characterization of markers to determine the extent and variability of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. A metabolic profiling approach. Plant Physiol 2005;138:898-908. doi: 10.1104/pp.105.060764.##Okoh SO, Asekun OT, Familoni OB, Afolayan AJ. Composition and antioxidant activities of leaf and root volatile oils of Morinda lucida. Nat Prod Commun 2011;6:1537-41. doi: 10.1177/1934578X1100601032.##Shakhseniaie M, Nikoonahad Lotfabadi N, Haghirossadat F. Effect of Rosemary Essential Oil on BIM Apoptotic Gene Expression in MCF 7 Breast Cancer Cell Line. JSSU 2022; 30:4452-61. doi: 10.18502/ssu.v30i1.9100.##Nikoumanesh S, Asgharian A M. The Antioxidant and cytotoxic Effects of nettle-leaves (Urtica dioica L.) Ethanolic extract on the A549 cell line. NCMBJ 2017; 7:27-34.##Keshtmand Zahra, Seyede Narges Naimi, Ardeshir Hesampour. Anti-cancer effect of Artemisia turcomanica extract on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). J Mol Biol 2023; 15: 47-54. doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2023.101030.##Banitalebi Dehkordi M, Zia Jahromi N, Sazgar H. Study the Effect of Eugenol on CASP8 and CASP9 Gene's Expression in Colon Cancer Cell Lines HT-29. J Ilam Uni Med Sci 2019; 27:85-96. doi: 10.29252/sjimu.27.5.85.##Mirzaie A, Bagheri Kashtali A, Sahebjamee H, Noorbazargan H, Rahmati H, Sadat Shandiz S A. Phytochemical composition, antibacterial and anticancer activities of Trifolium cherleri extract on lung cancer cell line (A549) and analysis of caspase 3 and caspase 9 apoptosis genes expression. Tehran Univ Med J 2017; 75:343-9.##Mohd Fisall UF, Ismail NZ, Adebayo IA, Arsad H. Dichloromethane fraction of Moringa oleifera leaf methanolic extract selectively inhibits breast cancer cells (MCF7) by induction of apoptosis via upregulation of Bax, p53 and caspase 8 expressions. Mol Biol Rep 2021;48:4465-75. doi: 10.1007/s11033-021-06466-y.## ##

بررسی اثر نانوذرۀ اکسید آهن پوشش‌دهی‌شده با گلوکز و کنژوگه‌شده با سافرانال روی زنده‌مانی و بیان ژن‌ها در سلول‌های ردۀ سرطان کبد Investigating the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with glucose and conjugated with safranal on the survival and expression of some genes related to cell death in liver cancer cells 1 1 مقدمه: نرخ بالای ابتلا و تلفات ناشی از سرطان کبد نگرانی‌های فراوانی دربارۀ میزان اثربخشی درمان‌های کنونی ایجاد کرده است. این مطالعه با هدف ساختن نانوذرۀ اکسید آهن پوشش‌دهی‌شده با گلوکز و کنژوگه‌شده با سافرانال و بررسی اثر آن روی زنده‌مانی و بیان ژن‌های کاسپاز 8، کاسپاز 9، p53 و CAD در سلول‌های ردۀ سرطان کبد انجام پذیرفت. مواد و روش­ها: سلول‌های ردۀ سرطان کبد به مدت 24 ساعت با غلظت‌های مختلف نانوذره تیمار شدند و اثر نانوذره بر زنده‌مانی سلول‌ها با استفاده از آزمایش ام‌تی‌تی تعیین گردید؛ پس از محاسبۀ درصد مهاری غلظت‌های مختلف نانوذره، سلول‌ها با غلظت نیمه‌مهاری تیمار شدند، محتوی آر ان ای همۀ آنان استخراج گردید، مولکول دی‌ان‌ای مکمل سنتز شد و میزان بیان ژن‌ها با آزمایش Real-Time PCR بررسی گردید. یافته ­های پژوهش: نانوذرۀ سافرانال در غلظت‌های بالاتر از 5/62 میکروگرم/میلی‌لیتر سبب کاهش چشمگیر میزان زنده‌مانی سلول‌های سرطانی شد؛ همچنین غلظت نیمه‌مهاری نانوذره برای سلول‌های ردۀ سرطان کبد و سلول‌های غیرسرطانی به‌ترتیب 277 و 458 میکروگرم/میلی‌لیتر بود که نشان‌دهندۀ آثار سایتوتوکسیک قوی‌تر نانوذره بر سلول‌های سرطانی بود. مشاهده شد که تیمار سلول‌ها با سافرانال سبب افزایش معنی‌دار بیان ژن‌های کاسپاز 8، کاسپاز 9، p53 و CAD به میزان به‌ترتیب 27/4، 09/2، 92/3 و 76/1 برابری در سلول‌های ردۀ سرطان کبد می‌شود. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه، القای آپوپتوز را می‌توان به‌عنوان سازوکار اصلی ضدسرطانی نانوذرۀ Fe3O4@Glu-Safranal در نظر گرفت که در پاسخ به آسیب‌های سلولی مستقیم یا ناشی از ایجاد استرس اکسیداتیو توسط نانوذره رخ می‌دهد.   2 Introduction:  The high incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer have raised concerns about the effectiveness of current treatments. This study aimed to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles coated with glucose and conjugated with Safranal (Fe₃O₄@Glu-Safranal) and investigate its effect on the viability and expression of the CASP8, CASP9, p53, and CAD genes in a liver cancer cell line (HepG2). Materials & Methods: HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of the nanoparticles, and the effect of nanoparticles on cell viability was determined using the MTT test. After determining the inhibitory percentage of different concentrations of nanoparticles, the cells were treated with 50% inhibitory concentration of the nanoparticles, their total RNA was extracted, cDNA was synthesized, and gene expression level was evaluated by real-time PCR. The statistical tests included one-way ANOVA and paired t-test, which were analyzed by SPSS V.22 at a level of significance less than 0.05. Results: The results showed that the Fe₃O₄@Glu-Safranal nanoparticle at concentrations higher than 62.5 µg/ml causes a significant decrease in the survival rate of cancer cells. A 50% inhibitory concentration of the nanoparticle for liver cancer cell lines was found to be 277 and 458 μg/ml, respectively. This showed that the nanoparticle had stronger cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Also, it was observed that treatment of the cells with Fe₃O₄@Glu-Safranal caused a significant increase in the expression of the CASP8, CASP9, p53, and CAD genes by 4.27, 2.09, 3.92, and 1.76 folds, respectively, in liver cancer cells (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Apoptosis induction can be considered the main anticancer mechanism of the Fe₃O₄@Glu-Safranal nanoparticle, which is caused in response to direct cell damage or generated oxidative stress.   50 66 2024/02/272024/04/132024/04/292024/06/52023/04/6 1402/1/17 2024/06/92024/05/212024/06/162024/09/72024/07/14 1403/4/24 سمیه میکائیلی قزلجه Somayeh Mikaeili Ghezeljeh گروه زیست شناسی، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران ایران somayehmikaili6764@gmail.com علی صالح زاده Ali Salehzadeh گروه زیست شناسی، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران ایران salehzadeh@iaurasht.ac.ir سمیه عطائی جلیسه Somayeh Ataei-e jaliseh گروه زیست شناسی، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران ایران atayi.somayeh@yahoo.com Apoptosis Caspase Liver cancer Safranal سافرانال سرطان کبد آپوپتوز کاسپاز Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71:209-49. doi:10.3322/caac.21660.##Chi X, Liu K, Luo X, Yin Z, Lin H, Gao J. Recent advances of nanomedicines for liver cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2020;8:3747-71. doi:10.1039/C9TB02871D.##Gavas S, Quazi S, Karpiński TM. Nanoparticles for cancer therapy: current progress and challenges. Nanoscale Res Lett 2021; 16:173. doi:10.1186/s11671-021-03628-6.##Hernández-Hernández AA, Aguirre-Álvarez G, Cariño-Cortés R, Mendoza-Huizar LH, Jiménez-Alvarado R. Iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, functionalization, and applications in diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Chem Pap 2020; 74:3809-24. doi:10.1007/s11696-020-01229-8##Arruebo M, Fernández-Pacheco R, Ibarra MR, Santamaría J. Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nano Today 2007; 2:22-32. doi:10.1016/S1748-0132(07)70084-1.##Khan MI, Mohammad A, Patil G, Naqvi SA, Chauhan LK, Ahmad I. Induction of ROS, mitochondrial damage and autophagy in lung epithelial cancer cells by iron oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012; 33:1477-88. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.080.##Ahamed M, Alhadlaq HA, Khan MM, Akhtar MJ. Selective killing of cancer cells by iron oxide nanoparticles mediated through reactive oxygen species via p53 pathway. J Nanoparticle Res 2013; 15:1-1. doi:10.1007/s11051-012-1225-6.##Naghshineh A, Dadras A, Ghalandari B, Riazi GH, Modaresi SM, Afrasiabi A, et al. Safranal as a novel anti-tubulin binding agent with potential use in cancer therapy: An in vitro study. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 238:151-60. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.023.##Al-Hrout AA, Chaiboonchoe A, Khraiwesh B, Murali C, Baig B, El-Awady R, et al. Safranal induces DNA double-strand breakage and ER-stress-mediated cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16951. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34855-0.##Shokrollahi F, Salehzadeh A, Kafilzadeh F, Zaefizadeh M. Cytotoxic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with glucose and conjugated with Coumarin (Fe3O4@ Glu-Coumarin NPs) on liver cancer, HepG2, cell line. Inorg Chem Commun 2023; 157:111380. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111380.##Mikaeili Ghezeljeh S, Salehzadeh A, Ataei-e Jaliseh S. Iron oxide nanoparticles coated with Glucose and conjugated with Safranal (Fe3O4@ Glu-Safranal NPs) inducing apoptosis in liver cancer cell line (HepG2). BMC Chem 2024;18:33. doi:10.1186/s13065-024-01142-1.##Sadat Shandiz SA, Montazeri A, Abdolhosseini M, Hadad Shahrestani S, Hedayati M, Moradi-Shoeili Z, et al. Functionalization of Ag nanoparticles by glutamic acid and conjugation of Ag@ Glu by thiosemicarbazide enhances the apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. J Clust Sci 2018;29:1107-14. doi:10.1007/s10876-018-1424-0.##Pfaffl MW. A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT–PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:e45-. doi:10.1093/nar/29.9.e45.##Emami N, Farhadian M, Solaimany Nazar AR, Tangestaninejad S. Adsorption of cefixime and lamotrigine on HKUST-1/ZIF-8 nanocomposite: Isotherms, kinetics models and mechanism. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2023; 20:1645-72. doi:10.1007/s13762-022-04679-7.##Abbaszadegan S, Al-Marzouqi AH, Salem AA, Amin A. Physicochemical characterizations of safranal-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide and conventional methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 83:215-26. doi:10.1007/s10847-015-0555-2.##Dobson J. Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. Drug Dev Res 2006; 67:55-60. doi:10.1002/ddr.20067.##Huang G, Chen H, Dong Y, Luo X, Yu H, Moore Z, et al. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: amplifying ROS stress to improve anticancer drug efficacy. Theranostics 2013; 3:116. doi:10.7150/thno.5411.##Yusefi M, Shameli K, Su Yee O, Teow SY, Hedayatnasab Z, Jahangirian H, et al. Green synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles stabilized by a Garcinia mangostana fruit peel extract for hyperthermia and anticancer activities. Int J Nanomedicine 2021: 2515-32. doi:10.2147/IJN.S284134.##Riedl SJ, Shi Y. Molecular mechanisms of caspase regulation during apoptosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2004; 5:897-907. doi:10.1038/nrm1496.##Fan TJ, Han LH, Cong RS, Liang J. Caspase family proteases and apoptosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 2005; 37:719-27. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7270.2005.00108.x.##Yuste VJ, Sánchez-López I, Solé C, Moubarak RS, Bayascas JR, Dolcet X, et al. The contribution of apoptosis-inducing factor, caspase-activated DNase, and inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase to the nuclear phenotype and DNA degradation during apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:35670-83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M504015200.##Delalat R, Sadat Shandiz SA, Pakpour B. Antineoplastic effectiveness of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Onopordum acanthium L. extract (AgNPs-OAL) toward MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2022:1-8. doi:10.1007/s11033-021-06936-3.##Fridman JS, Lowe SW. Control of apoptosis by p53. Oncogene 2003; 22:9030-40. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207116.##Bigdeli R, Shahnazari M, Panahnejad E, Cohan RA, Dashbolaghi A, Asgary V. Cytotoxic and apoptotic properties of silver chloride nanoparticles synthesized using Escherichia coli cell-free supernatant on human breast cancer MCF 7 cell line. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2019;47:1603-9. doi:10.1080/21691401.2019.1604533.##Zarrinpour V, Mohammad Amoie A, Sadat Shandiz SA, Salehzadeh A. Effect of ZnFe2O4@ Ag Nanocomposite Biosynthesized by Chlorella vulgaris on the Expression of P53, Caspase 9, and CAD Genes in Breast Cancer Cell Line. Anim Biol J 2023;1:137-148.##Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71:209-49. doi:10.3322/caac.21660.##Chi X, Liu K, Luo X, Yin Z, Lin H, Gao J. Recent advances of nanomedicines for liver cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2020;8:3747-71. doi:10.1039/C9TB02871D.##Gavas S, Quazi S, Karpiński TM. Nanoparticles for cancer therapy: current progress and challenges. Nanoscale Res Lett 2021; 16:173. doi:10.1186/s11671-021-03628-6.##Hernández-Hernández AA, Aguirre-Álvarez G, Cariño-Cortés R, Mendoza-Huizar LH, Jiménez-Alvarado R. Iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, functionalization, and applications in diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Chem Pap 2020; 74:3809-24. doi:10.1007/s11696-020-01229-8##Arruebo M, Fernández-Pacheco R, Ibarra MR, Santamaría J. Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nano Today 2007; 2:22-32. doi:10.1016/S1748-0132(07)70084-1.##Khan MI, Mohammad A, Patil G, Naqvi SA, Chauhan LK, Ahmad I. Induction of ROS, mitochondrial damage and autophagy in lung epithelial cancer cells by iron oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012; 33:1477-88. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.080.##Ahamed M, Alhadlaq HA, Khan MM, Akhtar MJ. Selective killing of cancer cells by iron oxide nanoparticles mediated through reactive oxygen species via p53 pathway. J Nanoparticle Res 2013; 15:1-1. doi:10.1007/s11051-012-1225-6.##Naghshineh A, Dadras A, Ghalandari B, Riazi GH, Modaresi SM, Afrasiabi A, et al. Safranal as a novel anti-tubulin binding agent with potential use in cancer therapy: An in vitro study. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 238:151-60. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.023.##Al-Hrout AA, Chaiboonchoe A, Khraiwesh B, Murali C, Baig B, El-Awady R, et al. Safranal induces DNA double-strand breakage and ER-stress-mediated cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16951. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34855-0.##Shokrollahi F, Salehzadeh A, Kafilzadeh F, Zaefizadeh M. Cytotoxic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with glucose and conjugated with Coumarin (Fe3O4@ Glu-Coumarin NPs) on liver cancer, HepG2, cell line. Inorg Chem Commun 2023; 157:111380. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111380.##Mikaeili Ghezeljeh S, Salehzadeh A, Ataei-e Jaliseh S. Iron oxide nanoparticles coated with Glucose and conjugated with Safranal (Fe3O4@ Glu-Safranal NPs) inducing apoptosis in liver cancer cell line (HepG2). BMC Chem 2024;18:33. doi:10.1186/s13065-024-01142-1.##Sadat Shandiz SA, Montazeri A, Abdolhosseini M, Hadad Shahrestani S, Hedayati M, Moradi-Shoeili Z, et al. Functionalization of Ag nanoparticles by glutamic acid and conjugation of Ag@ Glu by thiosemicarbazide enhances the apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. J Clust Sci 2018;29:1107-14. doi:10.1007/s10876-018-1424-0.##Pfaffl MW. A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT–PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:e45-. doi:10.1093/nar/29.9.e45.##Emami N, Farhadian M, Solaimany Nazar AR, Tangestaninejad S. Adsorption of cefixime and lamotrigine on HKUST-1/ZIF-8 nanocomposite: Isotherms, kinetics models and mechanism. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2023; 20:1645-72. doi:10.1007/s13762-022-04679-7.##Abbaszadegan S, Al-Marzouqi AH, Salem AA, Amin A. Physicochemical characterizations of safranal-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide and conventional methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 83:215-26. doi:10.1007/s10847-015-0555-2.##Dobson J. Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. Drug Dev Res 2006; 67:55-60. doi:10.1002/ddr.20067.##Huang G, Chen H, Dong Y, Luo X, Yu H, Moore Z, et al. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: amplifying ROS stress to improve anticancer drug efficacy. Theranostics 2013; 3:116. doi:10.7150/thno.5411.##Yusefi M, Shameli K, Su Yee O, Teow SY, Hedayatnasab Z, Jahangirian H, et al. Green synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles stabilized by a Garcinia mangostana fruit peel extract for hyperthermia and anticancer activities. Int J Nanomedicine 2021: 2515-32. doi:10.2147/IJN.S284134.##Riedl SJ, Shi Y. Molecular mechanisms of caspase regulation during apoptosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2004; 5:897-907. doi:10.1038/nrm1496.##Fan TJ, Han LH, Cong RS, Liang J. Caspase family proteases and apoptosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 2005; 37:719-27. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7270.2005.00108.x.##Yuste VJ, Sánchez-López I, Solé C, Moubarak RS, Bayascas JR, Dolcet X, et al. The contribution of apoptosis-inducing factor, caspase-activated DNase, and inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase to the nuclear phenotype and DNA degradation during apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:35670-83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M504015200.##Delalat R, Sadat Shandiz SA, Pakpour B. Antineoplastic effectiveness of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Onopordum acanthium L. extract (AgNPs-OAL) toward MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2022:1-8. doi:10.1007/s11033-021-06936-3.##Fridman JS, Lowe SW. Control of apoptosis by p53. Oncogene 2003; 22:9030-40. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207116.##Bigdeli R, Shahnazari M, Panahnejad E, Cohan RA, Dashbolaghi A, Asgary V. Cytotoxic and apoptotic properties of silver chloride nanoparticles synthesized using Escherichia coli cell-free supernatant on human breast cancer MCF 7 cell line. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2019;47:1603-9. doi:10.1080/21691401.2019.1604533.##Zarrinpour V, Mohammad Amoie A, Sadat Shandiz SA, Salehzadeh A. Effect of ZnFe2O4@ Ag Nanocomposite Biosynthesized by Chlorella vulgaris on the Expression of P53, Caspase 9, and CAD Genes in Breast Cancer Cell Line. Anim Biol J 2023;1:137-148.## ##

آیا ابزار کمک‌کننده به تحرک‌پذیری بافت نرم بر کیفیت زندگی بیماران مبتلا به آرنج تنیس‌بازان تأثیر دارد؟ Does Instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization affect the quality of life of patients with tennis elbow? 1 1 مقدمه: عارضۀ آرنج تنیس‌بازان یکی از شایع‌ترین عوامل درد آرنج است. مبتلایان به این عارضه از درد، کاهش قدرتِ گرفتن دست و کاهش فعالیت‌های عملکردی که ممکن است تأثیر چشمگیری بر فعالیت‌های روزمره و سبک زندگی بگذارد، گلایه می‌کنند؛ بنابراین، هدف پژوهش حاضر تعیین تأثیر ابزار کمک‌کننده به تحرک‌پذیری بافت نرم بر کیفیت زندگی بیماران مبتلا به آرنج تنیس‌بازان بود. مواد و روش­ها: در این مطالعه، 44 فرد غیر ورزشکار مبتلا به آرنج تنیس‌بازان به‌صورت هدفمند و در دسترس، انتخاب و به‌صورت تصادفی به دو گروه تجربی (13 مرد و 9 زن) و کنترل (16 مرد و 6 زن) تقسیم شدند. بیماران گروه کنترل یک‌بار تزریق کورتیکواستروئید، 10 جلسه فیزیوتراپی و استفاده روزانه از باند آرنج تنیس‌بازان به مدت یک ماه دریافت کردند، درحالی‌که بیماران گروه تجربی علاوه بر دریافت مداخلات گروه کنترل، 4 هفته، هر هفته دو جلسه به مدت 10 دقیقه، ابزار کمک‌کننده به تحرک‌پذیری بافت نرم دریافت نمودند. کیفیت زندگی بیماران با استفاده از پرسش‌نامۀ SF36، پیش و پس از 4 هفته اندازه‌گیری شد. داده‌ها با استفاده آزمون‌های تحلیل کوواریانس تجزیه‌وتحلیل گردید (P<0.05). یافته ­های پژوهش: یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که میانگین امتیاز کیفیت زندگی بیماران گروه تجربی نسبت به گروه کنترل تفاوت معناداری داشت (P<0.05)، به‌طوری‌که در گروه تجربی نسبت به گروه کنترل، این امتیاز بهتر بود. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده از ابزار کمک‌کننده به تحرک‌پذیری بافت نرم همراه با مداخلات متداول درمان بیماری آرنج تنیس‌بازان می‌تواند در بهبود کیفیت زندگی مؤثر باشد.   2 Introduction:  One of the most common causes of elbow pain is tennis elbow disorders. Sufferers of this disorder complain of pain, decreased grip strength, and reduced functional activities that may have a significant impact on daily activities and lifestyle. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the impact of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) on the quality of life of patients with tennis elbow disorders. Materials & Methods: 44 non-athletes with tennis elbow disorder were selected purposefully and available and randomly divided into two experimental groups (13 males and 9 females) and control (16 males and 6 females). Participants in the control group received a single injection of corticosteroids, 10 sessions of physiotherapy, and daily use of a tennis elbow splint for one month, while the patients in the intervention group, in addition to receiving the interventions of the control group, received IASTM for two sessions each week for 4 weeks for 10 minutes. The patients' quality of life was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire before and after the intervention. The statistical test included one-way ANOVA, which was analyzed by SPSS V.26 at a level of significance less than 0.05. Results: After the intervention, the average score of the quality of life subscales wasn’t significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05), but the total quality of life score of the intervention group was significantly different from the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: The use of IASTM along with common interventions for the treatment of tennis elbow can be effective in improving the quality of life.   67 79 2024/02/272024/04/132024/04/292024/06/52023/04/62023/05/15 1402/2/25 2024/06/92024/05/212024/06/162024/09/72024/07/142024/06/23 1403/4/3 نادر رهنما Nader Rahnama گروه آسیب شناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران rahnamanader@yahoo.com سپیده آقاجانی Sepideh Aghajani گروه آسیب شناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران sepideh.aghajani431990@yahoo.com ابوالقاسم زارع زاده Abolghasem Zarezadeh گروه جراحی استخوان و مفاصل، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران zarezadeh@med.mui.ac.ir Instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) Quality of life Tennis elbow ابزار کمک‌کننده به تحرک‌پذیری بافت نرم کیفیت زندگی آرنج تنیس‌بازان Cyriax JH. The pathology and treatment of tennis elbow. J Bone Joint Surg 1936; 18:921-40.##Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B. Management of Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy: One Size Does Not Fit All. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther 2015;45:938-49. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5841.##Chesterton LS, Mallen CD, Hay EM. Management of tennis elbow. Open Access J Sport Med 2011;2:53-9. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S10310.##Blanchette MA, Normand MC. Impairment assessment of lateral epicondylitis through electromyography and dynamometry. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2011;55:96-106.##Serafini G. Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis. In: Ultrasound-guided Musculoskeletal Procedures. Springer; 2012. p. 67-71. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2742-8_11.##Uygur E, Ş BA, Nç SERİ. Dry needling in lateral epicondylitis : a prospective controlled study. Int Orthop 2017;2321-5. doi :10.1007/s00264-017-3604-1.##Verhaar JAN. Epidemiology of tennis elbow. Maastricht: University Press 1992. doi:102648/dis.19920 904jv.##Kelley JD, Lombardo SJ, Pink M, Perry J, Giangarra CE. Electromyographic and cinematographic analysis of elbow function in tennis players with lateral epicondylitis. Am J Sports Med 1994;22:359-63. doi: 10.1177/036354659402200311.##Uygur E, Aktaş B, Yilmazoglu EG. The use of dry needling vs. corticosteroid injection to treat lateral epicondylitis: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2021;30:134-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.08.044.##Marques A da CB, Machado CAM, Tomim DH, Guimarães PRB, Felix JVC, Kalinke LP. Assessment of quality of life three years from hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Rev da Esc Enferm da USP 2021;55: e20200270. doi: 10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2020-0270.##King AC, Pruitt LA, Phillips W, Oka R, Rodenburg A, Haskell WL. Comparative effects of two physical activity programs on measured and perceived physical functioning and other health-related quality of life outcomes in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000;55:M74-83. doi: 10.1093/gerona/55.2.M74.##Chikaodinaka AA. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) scores vary with treatment and may identify potential defaulters during treatment of tuberculosis. Malawi Med J. 2018;30:283-90. doi: 10.4314/mmj.v30i4.12.##Bisset L, Paungmali A, Vicenzino B, Beller E. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on physical interventions for lateral epicondylalgia. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:411-22. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.016170.##Sevier TL, Stegink-jansen CW. Astym treatment vs . eccentric exercise for lateral elbow tendinopathy : a randomized controlled clinical trial. PeerJ 2015; 3:e967. doi: 10.7717/peerj.967.##Cheatham SW, Baker R, Kreiswirth E. Instrument assisted soft-tissue mobilization: a commentary on clinical practice guidelines for rehabilitation professionals. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2019;14:670-82.##Papa JA. Two cases of work-related lateral epicondylopathy treated with Graston Technique® and conservative rehabilitation. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2012;56:192-200.##Baker RT, Nasypany A, Seegmiller JG, Baker JG. Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization treatment for tissue extensibility dysfunction. Int J Athl Ther Train 2013;18:16-21.##Cheatham SW, Lee M, Cain M, Baker R. The efficacy of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization: a systematic review. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2016;60:200.##ketabchi J, Shahrbanian Sh TE. Comparison between the Short Term and Durability Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Exercise andInstrument Assisted soft Tissue Mobilization Techniqueon Ankle-Dorsiflexion Range of Motion. J Ilam Uni Med Sci 2019; 27:137-47. doi: 10.29252/sjimu.27.1.137.##Blanchette MA, Normand MC. Augmented soft tissue mobilization vs natural history in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis: a pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2011;34:123-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.12.001.##Khan A, Shah MZ, Shoaib M. Efficacy of Autologous Blood Injections plus Dry Needling in Refractory Tennis Elbow. Pakistan J Med Heal Sci 2020;14:601-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.12.001.##Zheng C, Zeng D, Chen J, Liu S, Li J, Ruan Z, et al. Effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in patients with tennis elbow: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020;99: e21189. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021189.##Lin YC, Tu YK, Chen SS, Lin IL, Chen SC, Guo HR. Comparison between botulinum toxin and corticosteroid injection in the treatment of acute and subacute tennis elbow: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, active drug-controlled pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2010;89:653-9. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181cf564d.##Motamed N, Ayatollahi AR, Zare N, Sadeghi Hassanabadi A. Validity and reliability of the Persian translation of the SF-36 version 2 questionnaire. East Mediterr Health J 2005;11:349-57.##Painter P, Stewart AL, Carey S. Physical functioning: definitions, measurement, and expectations. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1999; 6:110-23. doi: 10.1016/S1073-4449(99)70028-2.##Lowe T. loving life [Internet]. 2022.##Pathan AF, Sharath H V. A Review of Physiotherapy Techniques Used in the Treatment of Tennis Elbow. Cureus 2023;15:e47706. doi: 10.7759/cureus.47706.##Aghajani S, Rahnama N, Zarezadeh A. The effect of Instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) on pain, Function and severity of disability in patients with tennis elbow. Stud Body Posture Sport Inj 2024;1:1-13. doi: 10.48308/posture.2323.103579.##Fusco O, Ferrini A, Santoro M, Lo Monaco MR, Gambassi G, Cesari M. Physical function and perceived quality of life in older persons. Aging Clin Exp Res 2012;24:68-73. doi: 10.1007/BF03325356.##NHS [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/self-help/guides-tools-and-activities/five-steps-to-mental-wellbeing/.##Siwek DS. The pain center [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://www.thepaincenter.com/conditions/total-body-pain/#treatment.##Dean B. Authentic Happiness [Internet]. 2024.##National Institutes of Health (NIH) - Turning Discovery into HealthSearch the NIH Website Search NIH [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.nih.gov/health-information/emotional-wellness-toolkit.##Aliouche H. NEWS MEDICAL; LIFE SCIENCES [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Self-Perceived-Health.aspx#:~:text=Self-p%0A.erceived health is defined,%2C and social well-being.##Ware Jr JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992;30: 473-83.##Cyriax JH. The pathology and treatment of tennis elbow. J Bone Joint Surg 1936; 18:921-40.##Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B. Management of Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy: One Size Does Not Fit All. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther 2015;45:938-49. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5841.##Chesterton LS, Mallen CD, Hay EM. Management of tennis elbow. Open Access J Sport Med 2011;2:53-9. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S10310.##Blanchette MA, Normand MC. Impairment assessment of lateral epicondylitis through electromyography and dynamometry. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2011;55:96-106.##Serafini G. Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis. In: Ultrasound-guided Musculoskeletal Procedures. Springer; 2012. p. 67-71. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2742-8_11.##Uygur E, Ş BA, Nç SERİ. Dry needling in lateral epicondylitis : a prospective controlled study. Int Orthop 2017;2321-5. doi :10.1007/s00264-017-3604-1.##Verhaar JAN. Epidemiology of tennis elbow. Maastricht: University Press 1992. doi:102648/dis.19920 904jv.##Kelley JD, Lombardo SJ, Pink M, Perry J, Giangarra CE. Electromyographic and cinematographic analysis of elbow function in tennis players with lateral epicondylitis. Am J Sports Med 1994;22:359-63. doi: 10.1177/036354659402200311.##Uygur E, Aktaş B, Yilmazoglu EG. The use of dry needling vs. corticosteroid injection to treat lateral epicondylitis: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2021;30:134-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.08.044.##Marques A da CB, Machado CAM, Tomim DH, Guimarães PRB, Felix JVC, Kalinke LP. Assessment of quality of life three years from hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Rev da Esc Enferm da USP 2021;55: e20200270. doi: 10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2020-0270.##King AC, Pruitt LA, Phillips W, Oka R, Rodenburg A, Haskell WL. Comparative effects of two physical activity programs on measured and perceived physical functioning and other health-related quality of life outcomes in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000;55:M74-83. doi: 10.1093/gerona/55.2.M74.##Chikaodinaka AA. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) scores vary with treatment and may identify potential defaulters during treatment of tuberculosis. Malawi Med J. 2018;30:283-90. doi: 10.4314/mmj.v30i4.12.##Bisset L, Paungmali A, Vicenzino B, Beller E. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on physical interventions for lateral epicondylalgia. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:411-22. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.016170.##Sevier TL, Stegink-jansen CW. Astym treatment vs . eccentric exercise for lateral elbow tendinopathy : a randomized controlled clinical trial. PeerJ 2015; 3:e967. doi: 10.7717/peerj.967.##Cheatham SW, Baker R, Kreiswirth E. Instrument assisted soft-tissue mobilization: a commentary on clinical practice guidelines for rehabilitation professionals. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2019;14:670-82.##Papa JA. Two cases of work-related lateral epicondylopathy treated with Graston Technique® and conservative rehabilitation. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2012;56:192-200.##Baker RT, Nasypany A, Seegmiller JG, Baker JG. Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization treatment for tissue extensibility dysfunction. Int J Athl Ther Train 2013;18:16-21.##Cheatham SW, Lee M, Cain M, Baker R. The efficacy of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization: a systematic review. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2016;60:200.##ketabchi J, Shahrbanian Sh TE. Comparison between the Short Term and Durability Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Exercise andInstrument Assisted soft Tissue Mobilization Techniqueon Ankle-Dorsiflexion Range of Motion. J Ilam Uni Med Sci 2019; 27:137-47. doi: 10.29252/sjimu.27.1.137.##Blanchette MA, Normand MC. Augmented soft tissue mobilization vs natural history in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis: a pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2011;34:123-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.12.001.##Khan A, Shah MZ, Shoaib M. Efficacy of Autologous Blood Injections plus Dry Needling in Refractory Tennis Elbow. Pakistan J Med Heal Sci 2020;14:601-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.12.001.##Zheng C, Zeng D, Chen J, Liu S, Li J, Ruan Z, et al. Effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in patients with tennis elbow: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020;99: e21189. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021189.##Lin YC, Tu YK, Chen SS, Lin IL, Chen SC, Guo HR. Comparison between botulinum toxin and corticosteroid injection in the treatment of acute and subacute tennis elbow: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, active drug-controlled pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2010;89:653-9. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181cf564d.##Motamed N, Ayatollahi AR, Zare N, Sadeghi Hassanabadi A. Validity and reliability of the Persian translation of the SF-36 version 2 questionnaire. East Mediterr Health J 2005;11:349-57.##Painter P, Stewart AL, Carey S. Physical functioning: definitions, measurement, and expectations. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1999; 6:110-23. doi: 10.1016/S1073-4449(99)70028-2.##Lowe T. loving life [Internet]. 2022.##Pathan AF, Sharath H V. A Review of Physiotherapy Techniques Used in the Treatment of Tennis Elbow. Cureus 2023;15:e47706. doi: 10.7759/cureus.47706.##Aghajani S, Rahnama N, Zarezadeh A. The effect of Instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) on pain, Function and severity of disability in patients with tennis elbow. Stud Body Posture Sport Inj 2024;1:1-13. doi: 10.48308/posture.2323.103579.##Fusco O, Ferrini A, Santoro M, Lo Monaco MR, Gambassi G, Cesari M. Physical function and perceived quality of life in older persons. Aging Clin Exp Res 2012;24:68-73. doi: 10.1007/BF03325356.##NHS [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/self-help/guides-tools-and-activities/five-steps-to-mental-wellbeing/.##Siwek DS. The pain center [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://www.thepaincenter.com/conditions/total-body-pain/#treatment.##Dean B. Authentic Happiness [Internet]. 2024.##National Institutes of Health (NIH) - Turning Discovery into HealthSearch the NIH Website Search NIH [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.nih.gov/health-information/emotional-wellness-toolkit.##Aliouche H. NEWS MEDICAL; LIFE SCIENCES [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Self-Perceived-Health.aspx#:~:text=Self-p%0A.erceived health is defined,%2C and social well-being.##Ware Jr JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992;30: 473-83.## ##

بررسی بیان ژن‌های VEGF و FGF در روند آنژیوژنز پردۀ کوریوآلانتوئیک جنین جوجه تحت اثر آنتی‌بیوتیک داکسی سایکلین Investigation of VEGF and FGF gene expression during angiogenesis of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane treated with doxycycline antibiotic 1 1 مقدمه: آنژیوژنز فرایند زیستی جوانه زدن رگ‌های جدید از رگ‌های موجود در بافت است. عامل‌های رشد اندوتلیال عروقی (VEGF) و فاکتور رشد فیبروبلاستی (FGF) عامل اصلی در هدایت مولکولی این فرایند هستند. با توجه به اهمیت آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها در کاهش رگ‌زایی از طریق کاهش فعالیـت کلاژناز، فسفولیپاز 2A و چندین ماتریکس متالوپروتئیناز، هدف این پژوهش بررسی اثر آنتی‌بیوتیک داکسی سایکلین بر تغییرات بیان ژن‌های VEGF و FGF در مسیر آنژیوژنز پردۀ کوریوآلانتوئیک (CAM) جنین جوجه بود. مواد و روش­ها: در این تحقیق، تعداد 50 عدد تخم‌مرغ نطفه‌دار نژاد Ross به‌طور تصادفی به 5 گروه شامل گروه شاهد، شاهد آزمایشگاهی (pbs) و 3 گروه تجربی تقسیم شدند. در روز هشتم انکوباسیون، گروه شاهد آزمایشگاهی با نرمال سالین و گروه‌های تجربی با دوزهای 5۰، 1۰۰ و 25۰ میکرومول بر میلی‌لیتر آنتی‌بیوتیک داکسی سایکلین تیمار گردیدند.  روز دوازدهم، از نمونه‌ها عکس تهیه شد. تعداد و طول عروق خونی و سپس وزن و طول جنین‌ها اندازه‌گیری گردید. از فن Real Time PCR  در بررسی تغییرات بیان ژن‌های VEGF و FGF  روی پرده CAM استفاده شد. از نرم‌افزار SPSS vol.20 برای انجام آزمون‌های آماری در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0 استفاده گردید. یافته­ های پژوهش: تعداد عروق و طول عروق در گروه‌های تیمار کاهش معناداری را نسبت به گروه شاهد نشان داد؛ همچنین میزان بیان ژن‌های VEGF و FGF در گروه‌های تیمار به‌طور معناداری کمتر از گروه شاهد بود. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: آنتی‌بیوتیک داکسی سایکلین می‌تواند به‌طور معنی‌داری میزان بیان ژن‌های VEGF و FGF و روند رگ‌زایی پـردۀ کوریوآلانتوئیک جنین‌ جوجه را کاهش دهد. 2 Introduction:  Angiogenesis is the biological process of sprouting new vessels from existing vessels in the tissue. The main factors in the molecular guidance of this process are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Given the significance of antibiotics in reducing angiogenesis through the inhibition of collagenase, phospholipase A2, and several matrix metalloproteinases, the objective of this study was to examine the impact of the Doxycycline antibiotic on alterations in the gene expression of VEGF and FGF within the angiogenesis pathway of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in chick embryos. Materials & Methods: In this research, 50 Ross fertilized eggs were randomly divided into 5 groups, including the control group, laboratory control, and 3 experimental groups. On the eighth day of incubation, the laboratory control group was treated with normal saline, and the experimental groups were treated with doses of 50, 100, and 250 µmol/ml of the Doxycycline antibiotic. On the twelfth day, photographs were taken of the samples. The number and length of blood vessels and then the weight and length of embryos were measured. A real-time PCR technique was used to investigate the expression changes of VEGF and FGF genes on the CAM membrane. The statistical tests included one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, and post hoc tukey, which were analyzed by SPSS V.20 at a level of significance less than 0.05. Results: The number of vessels and the length of vessels in the treatment groups showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, the expression level of VEGF and FGF genes in the treatment groups was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The doxycycline antibiotic can significantly reduce the expression level of VEGF and FGF genes and the angiogenic process of the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos.   80 91 2024/02/272024/04/132024/04/292024/06/52023/04/62023/05/152024/04/18 1403/1/30 2024/06/92024/05/212024/06/162024/09/72024/07/142024/06/232024/08/7 1403/5/17 محمدرضا پورمحمد Mohammadreza Pourmohammad Pourmohammad گروه انگل‌شناسی پزشکی، دانشکدۀ پیراپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران Pourmohammad.mr2001@gmail.com جینا خیاط زاده Jina Khayatzadeh گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران ایران J.khayatzadeh@mshdiau.ac.ir حنانه اکبری Seyyedeh Hananeh Akbari گروه بیوتکنولوژی، واحد سبزوار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سبزوار، ایران ایران haakbari@gmail.com سیما افشارنژاد Sima Afsharanjad گروه بیوشیمی، واحد علوم پزشکی مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران ایران afsharnezhad26@mshdiau.ac.ir سعیده ظفر بالانژاد Saeedeh Zafar Balanjad گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران ایران mojganzafar@yahoo.com Doxycycline antibiotic Chorioallantoic Membrane Angiogenesis VEGF FGF آنتی‌بیوتیک داکسی سایکلین پردۀ کوریوآلانتوئیک آنژیوژنز VEGF FGF Ramezani T, Baharara J. A review on Angiogenesis in tumor. J Cell Tissue 2014; 5: 89-100. doi:10.52547/JCT.5.1.89 [Persian].##Pourmohammad M, Khayatzadeh J, Azarizadeh M, Pouresmaeil V, Zafar Balanjad S. The Effect of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Ferula Assa- Foetida Resin Root and Shoot on the VEGF and FGF Gene Expression in the Chorioallantoic Membrane of Chick Embryos. Res Med 2024; 48:50-62.##Vimalraj S, Renugaa S, Dhanasekaran A. Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane: a biomaterial testing platform for tissue engineering applications. Process Biochem 2023; 124:81-91. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.11.007.##Gulcu A, Akkaya O. Investigation of the antiangiogenic properties of zoledronic acid by using chorioallantoic membrane model. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221093410. doi:10.1177/15593258221093410.##Boeing H, Bechthold A, Bub A, Ellinger S, Haller D, Kroke A, et al. Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. Eur J Nutr 2012; 51: 637-63. doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0380-y.##Prabhakar P, Mukherjee S, Kumar A, Kumar S, Verma DK, Dhara S, et al. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of key phenolic compounds from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), their characterization, and measurement of their anti-diabetic and cytotoxic potential. J Food Me:as char:act 2023; 17:5697-720. doi:10.1007/s11694-023-02082-5.##Mojzis J, Varinska L, Mojzisova G, Kostova I, Mirossay L. Antiangiogenic effects of flavonoids and chalcones. Pharmacol Res 2008; 57: 259-65. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2008.02.005.##Pourmohammad M, Jomeh H, khakzad M, Khayatzadeh J, Mokhtari Amirmajdi E. Human papillomavirus and Helicobacter pylori co-infection in gastric cancer patients. Feyz Med Sci J 2023; 27:679-87. doi:10.48307/FMSJ.2023.27.6.679 [Persian].##Buhr CR, Wiesmann N, Tanner RC, Brieger J, Eckrich J. The chorioallantoic membrane assay in nanotoxicological research—An alternative for in vivo experimentation. Nanomaterials 2020; 10:2328. doi:10.3390/nano10122328##Sarkar A, Roy A, Maity M, Nayak D, Das S. Ultradiluted Eupatorium perfoliatum alleviates DENV-induced fibrosis by regulation of TGFβ1, MMP-9 and interferons. Future Virol 2023; 18:767-82. doi:10.2217/fvl-2023-0121.##Karaconji T, Skippen B, Di Girolamo N, Taylor SF, Francis IC, Coroneo MT. Doxycycline for treatment of blepharochalasis via inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;28: e76-e8. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0b013e31822ddf6e.##Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollmann B. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12ed, McGraw-Hill Medical, New York, 2011.##Sun C, Li XX, He XJ, Zhang Q, Tao Y. Neuroprotective effect of minocycline in a rat model of branch retinal vein occlusion. Exp Eye Res 2013; 113:105-16. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.05.018.##Zamaninan Azodi M, Ardeshiry Lajimi A, Rezaei Tavirani M, Rezaei Tavirani M, Khodarahmi R. Study of Antibiotical Effects of Scrophularia Striata with Tetracyclin Aqueous Extract on E. Coli in Comparison with Tetracyclin. J Ilam Uni Med Sci 2013; 20:127-133.##Varghese GM, Dayanand D, Gunasekaran K, Kundu D, Wyawahare M, Sharma N, et al. Intravenous Doxycycline, Azithromycin, or Both for Severe Scrub Typhus. N Engl J Med Overseas Ed 2023; 388:792-803. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2208449.##Hormozi M, Talebi S, Khorshid HRK, Zarnani AH, Kamali K, Jeddi-Tehrani M, et al. The effect of Setarud (IMODTM) on angiogenesis in transplanted human ovarian tissue to nude mice. Iran J Reprod Med 2015; 13:605.##Ribatti D. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 70:97-101. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.11.004##Hormozi M, Ahmadvand H, Tavafi M, Baharvand P. Effectiveness of setarud (IMOD™) in attenuating gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Discov Appl Sci 2024; 6:372. doi: 10.1007/s42452-024-06071-1.##Abdullah NK, Shindala MK, Mustafa NG. VEGF Gene Expression and Angiogenesis in the Chorioallantoic Membrane: The Role of Cloprostenol. Egypt J Vet Sci 2023;54):359-68. doi:10.21608/ejvs.2023.183294.1420.##Norooznezhad AH, Norooznezhad F,Ahmadi K. Next target of tranilast: inhibition of corneal neovascularization. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:700-2. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.03.007##Pourmohammad M, Alammar H, Khakzad M, Khayatzadeh J. Relationship of Asthma Severity with Haemophilus influenzae Type an Infection in Patients with Asthma Compared to Healthy People. Res Mol Med 2023; 11:129-36. doi:10.32598/rmm.11.2.1312.##Hassan ZM, Feyzi R, Sheikhian A, Bargahi A, Mostafaie A, Mansouri K, et al. Low molecular weight fraction of shark cartilage can modulate immune responses and abolish angiogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:961-70. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.01.006.##Motlagh HRM, Mansouri K, Shakiba Y, Keshavarz M, Khodarahmi R, Siami A, et al. Antiangiogenic effect of aqueous extract of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) bulbs in rat aorta ring model. Yakhteh Med J 2009; 11:190-5.##Keshavarz M, Bidmeshkipour A, Mostafaei A, Mansouri K, Mohammadi MH. Anti-tumor activity of Salvia officinalis is due to its anti-angiogenic, antimigratory and anti-proliferative effects. Cell J 2011;12: 477-82.##Mostafaei A, Mansouri K, Norouznezhad A, Mohammadi MH. Anti-angiogenic activity of Ficus carica latex extract on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cell J 2011; 12:525-8.##Keshavarz M, Norouznezhad A, Mansouri K, Mostafaei A. Cannabinoid (JWH-133) therapy could be effective for treatment of corneal neovascularization. Iran J Med Hypoteses Idea 2010;4.##Mansouri K, Mahamed-Khosroushahi L, Rasouli H. Anti-angiogenic/inflammatory behavior of mushroom ganoderma lucidum extract could be effective for treatment of corneal neovascularization: A hypothesis. J Rep Pharm Sci 2014; 3:14-8.##Nguyen A, Hoang V, Laquer V, Kelly KM. Angiogenesis in cutaneous disease: part I. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;61:921-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.05.052.##Ghandehari S, HomayouniTabrizi M, Ardalan P. Evaluation of Anti-angiogenic Activity of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis by Rubina tinctorum L (RuAgNPs) Using Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay. J Arak Uni Med Sci 2018; 21:82- 90.##Su W, Li Z, Li F, Chen X, Wan Q, Liang D. Doxycycline-mediated inhibition of corneal angiogenesis: an MMP-independent mechanism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:783-8. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10323.##Cox CA, Amaral J, Salloum R, Guedez L, Reid TW, Jaworski C, et al. Doxycycline's effect on ocular angiogenesis: an in vivo analysis. Ophthalmology 2010; 117:1782-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.01.037.##Hadjimichael AC, Foukas AF, Savvidou OD, Mavrogenis AF, Psyrri AK, Papagelopoulos PJ. The anti-neoplastic effect of doxycycline in osteosarcoma as a metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor: a systematic review. Clin Sarcoma Res 2020; 10:1-10. doi:10.1186/s13569-020-00128-6.##Khoshdel AR, Emami Aleagha O, Shahriary A, Aghamollaei H, Najjar Asiabani F. Topical effects of n-acetyl cysteine and doxycycline on inflammatory and angiogenic factors in the rat model of alkali-burned cornea. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:82-9. doi:10.1089/jir.2021.0150.##Han L, Su W, Huang J, Zhou J, Qiu S, Liang D. Doxycycline inhibits inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis in mouse cornea by multiple mechanisms. PLoS One 2014;9: e108931. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108931.##Lee HH, O'Malley MJ, Friel NA, Chu CR. Effects of doxycycline on mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and cartilage repair. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:385-93. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.11.010.##Qi L, Zhang S, Zhang D, Yin X, Wang S, Sun B. The inhibitory effect of endostatin and doxycycline administration on B16 melanoma angiogenesis and cellular proliferation. Chin Clin Oncol 2008; 5:179-82. doi:10.1007/s11805-008-0179-z.##Ramezani T, Baharara J. A review on Angiogenesis in tumor. J Cell Tissue 2014; 5: 89-100. doi:10.52547/JCT.5.1.89 [Persian].##Pourmohammad M, Khayatzadeh J, Azarizadeh M, Pouresmaeil V, Zafar Balanjad S. The Effect of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Ferula Assa- Foetida Resin Root and Shoot on the VEGF and FGF Gene Expression in the Chorioallantoic Membrane of Chick Embryos. Res Med 2024; 48:50-62.##Vimalraj S, Renugaa S, Dhanasekaran A. Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane: a biomaterial testing platform for tissue engineering applications. Process Biochem 2023; 124:81-91. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.11.007.##Gulcu A, Akkaya O. Investigation of the antiangiogenic properties of zoledronic acid by using chorioallantoic membrane model. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221093410. doi:10.1177/15593258221093410.##Boeing H, Bechthold A, Bub A, Ellinger S, Haller D, Kroke A, et al. Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. Eur J Nutr 2012; 51: 637-63. doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0380-y.##Prabhakar P, Mukherjee S, Kumar A, Kumar S, Verma DK, Dhara S, et al. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of key phenolic compounds from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), their characterization, and measurement of their anti-diabetic and cytotoxic potential. J Food Me:as char:act 2023; 17:5697-720. doi:10.1007/s11694-023-02082-5.##Mojzis J, Varinska L, Mojzisova G, Kostova I, Mirossay L. Antiangiogenic effects of flavonoids and chalcones. Pharmacol Res 2008; 57: 259-65. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2008.02.005.##Pourmohammad M, Jomeh H, khakzad M, Khayatzadeh J, Mokhtari Amirmajdi E. Human papillomavirus and Helicobacter pylori co-infection in gastric cancer patients. Feyz Med Sci J 2023; 27:679-87. doi:10.48307/FMSJ.2023.27.6.679 [Persian].##Buhr CR, Wiesmann N, Tanner RC, Brieger J, Eckrich J. The chorioallantoic membrane assay in nanotoxicological research—An alternative for in vivo experimentation. Nanomaterials 2020; 10:2328. doi:10.3390/nano10122328##Sarkar A, Roy A, Maity M, Nayak D, Das S. Ultradiluted Eupatorium perfoliatum alleviates DENV-induced fibrosis by regulation of TGFβ1, MMP-9 and interferons. Future Virol 2023; 18:767-82. doi:10.2217/fvl-2023-0121.##Karaconji T, Skippen B, Di Girolamo N, Taylor SF, Francis IC, Coroneo MT. Doxycycline for treatment of blepharochalasis via inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;28: e76-e8. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0b013e31822ddf6e.##Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollmann B. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12ed, McGraw-Hill Medical, New York, 2011.##Sun C, Li XX, He XJ, Zhang Q, Tao Y. Neuroprotective effect of minocycline in a rat model of branch retinal vein occlusion. Exp Eye Res 2013; 113:105-16. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.05.018.##Zamaninan Azodi M, Ardeshiry Lajimi A, Rezaei Tavirani M, Rezaei Tavirani M, Khodarahmi R. Study of Antibiotical Effects of Scrophularia Striata with Tetracyclin Aqueous Extract on E. Coli in Comparison with Tetracyclin. J Ilam Uni Med Sci 2013; 20:127-133.##Varghese GM, Dayanand D, Gunasekaran K, Kundu D, Wyawahare M, Sharma N, et al. Intravenous Doxycycline, Azithromycin, or Both for Severe Scrub Typhus. N Engl J Med Overseas Ed 2023; 388:792-803. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2208449.##Hormozi M, Talebi S, Khorshid HRK, Zarnani AH, Kamali K, Jeddi-Tehrani M, et al. The effect of Setarud (IMODTM) on angiogenesis in transplanted human ovarian tissue to nude mice. Iran J Reprod Med 2015; 13:605.##Ribatti D. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 70:97-101. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.11.004##Hormozi M, Ahmadvand H, Tavafi M, Baharvand P. Effectiveness of setarud (IMOD™) in attenuating gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Discov Appl Sci 2024; 6:372. doi: 10.1007/s42452-024-06071-1.##Abdullah NK, Shindala MK, Mustafa NG. VEGF Gene Expression and Angiogenesis in the Chorioallantoic Membrane: The Role of Cloprostenol. Egypt J Vet Sci 2023;54):359-68. doi:10.21608/ejvs.2023.183294.1420.##Norooznezhad AH, Norooznezhad F,Ahmadi K. Next target of tranilast: inhibition of corneal neovascularization. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:700-2. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.03.007##Pourmohammad M, Alammar H, Khakzad M, Khayatzadeh J. Relationship of Asthma Severity with Haemophilus influenzae Type an Infection in Patients with Asthma Compared to Healthy People. Res Mol Med 2023; 11:129-36. doi:10.32598/rmm.11.2.1312.##Hassan ZM, Feyzi R, Sheikhian A, Bargahi A, Mostafaie A, Mansouri K, et al. Low molecular weight fraction of shark cartilage can modulate immune responses and abolish angiogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:961-70. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.01.006.##Motlagh HRM, Mansouri K, Shakiba Y, Keshavarz M, Khodarahmi R, Siami A, et al. Antiangiogenic effect of aqueous extract of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) bulbs in rat aorta ring model. Yakhteh Med J 2009; 11:190-5.##Keshavarz M, Bidmeshkipour A, Mostafaei A, Mansouri K, Mohammadi MH. Anti-tumor activity of Salvia officinalis is due to its anti-angiogenic, antimigratory and anti-proliferative effects. Cell J 2011;12: 477-82.##Mostafaei A, Mansouri K, Norouznezhad A, Mohammadi MH. Anti-angiogenic activity of Ficus carica latex extract on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cell J 2011; 12:525-8.##Keshavarz M, Norouznezhad A, Mansouri K, Mostafaei A. Cannabinoid (JWH-133) therapy could be effective for treatment of corneal neovascularization. Iran J Med Hypoteses Idea 2010;4.##Mansouri K, Mahamed-Khosroushahi L, Rasouli H. Anti-angiogenic/inflammatory behavior of mushroom ganoderma lucidum extract could be effective for treatment of corneal neovascularization: A hypothesis. J Rep Pharm Sci 2014; 3:14-8.##Nguyen A, Hoang V, Laquer V, Kelly KM. Angiogenesis in cutaneous disease: part I. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;61:921-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.05.052.##Ghandehari S, HomayouniTabrizi M, Ardalan P. Evaluation of Anti-angiogenic Activity of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis by Rubina tinctorum L (RuAgNPs) Using Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay. J Arak Uni Med Sci 2018; 21:82- 90.##Su W, Li Z, Li F, Chen X, Wan Q, Liang D. Doxycycline-mediated inhibition of corneal angiogenesis: an MMP-independent mechanism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:783-8. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10323.##Cox CA, Amaral J, Salloum R, Guedez L, Reid TW, Jaworski C, et al. Doxycycline's effect on ocular angiogenesis: an in vivo analysis. Ophthalmology 2010; 117:1782-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.01.037.##Hadjimichael AC, Foukas AF, Savvidou OD, Mavrogenis AF, Psyrri AK, Papagelopoulos PJ. The anti-neoplastic effect of doxycycline in osteosarcoma as a metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor: a systematic review. Clin Sarcoma Res 2020; 10:1-10. doi:10.1186/s13569-020-00128-6.##Khoshdel AR, Emami Aleagha O, Shahriary A, Aghamollaei H, Najjar Asiabani F. Topical effects of n-acetyl cysteine and doxycycline on inflammatory and angiogenic factors in the rat model of alkali-burned cornea. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:82-9. doi:10.1089/jir.2021.0150.##Han L, Su W, Huang J, Zhou J, Qiu S, Liang D. Doxycycline inhibits inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis in mouse cornea by multiple mechanisms. PLoS One 2014;9: e108931. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108931.##Lee HH, O'Malley MJ, Friel NA, Chu CR. Effects of doxycycline on mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and cartilage repair. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:385-93. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.11.010.##Qi L, Zhang S, Zhang D, Yin X, Wang S, Sun B. The inhibitory effect of endostatin and doxycycline administration on B16 melanoma angiogenesis and cellular proliferation. Chin Clin Oncol 2008; 5:179-82. doi:10.1007/s11805-008-0179-z.## ##

اثر عصارۀ سلولی و سوپرناتانت پروبیوتیک بیفیدوباکتریوم بیفیدوم بر مرگ ردۀ سلول‌های سرطانی معده و بیان برخی از ژن‌های آپوپتوزی Cytotoxicity Effect of Bifidobacterium bifidum probiotic Cell Extract and supernatants on Adenocarcinoma gastric Cancer Cell Line and Analysis of some Apoptosis Genes Expression 1 1 مقدمه: سرطان یکی از مهم‌ترین علل مرگ‌ومیر در سرتاسر جهان شناخته می‌شود. پروبیوتیک‌ها میکروارگانیسم‌های زنده‌ای هستند که با روش‌های گوناگون، نقش مهمی در حفاظت از میزبان در موارد مختلف ایفا می‌کنند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی آثار سمیت سلولی عصاره و سوپرناتانت باکتری پروبیوتیک بیفیدوباکتریوم بیفیدوم بر روی ردۀ سلول سرطانی معده و تجزیه‌وتجلیل بیان ژن‌های آپوپتوزی P53، Bcl2 و  Fas بود. مواد و روش­ها: در این مطالعۀ تجربی، ابتدا عصارۀ سلولی کشته‌شده با حرارت و سوپرناتانت باکتری بیفیدوباکتریوم بیفیدوم تهیه شد. در ادامه، آثار سمیت سلولی عصارۀ سلول باکتری و سوپرناتانت آن روی ردۀ سلول سرطانی معده در مدت‌زمان‌های 24، 48 و 72 ساعت بررسی گردید. میزان بیان ژن‌های آپوپتوزی P53، Bcl2 و  Fasدر ردۀ سلول‌های سرطانی معده نیز با استفاده از روش مولکولی بررسی شد. درنهایت، با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Graphpad Prism vol.8 و آزمون آماری  آنالیز واریانس یک‌طرفه، داده‌ها تجزیه‌وتحلیل گردیدند (0.05>P). یافته ­های پژوهش: نتایج آزمون سمیت سلولی نشان داد که سوپرناتانت با pH=6، سپس سوپرناتانت با pH=4 و سپس عصاره باکتری پروبیوتیک بیفیدوباکتریوم بیفیدوم در زمان‌های 48 و 72 ساعت، باعث کاهش بقای ردۀ سلولی سرطان معده شد. نتایج میزان بیان ژن به روش مولکولی نیز حاکی از افزایش میزان بیان ژن‌های Fas و P53  (0.05>P) و کاهش بیان ژن Bcl2 (0.05>P) در مقایسه با بیان ژن مرجع GAPDH طی 72 ساعت بود. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: سوپرناتانت‌های باکتری پروبیوتیک بیفید و باکتریوم بیفیدوم به‌ترتیب با pH=6 و pH=4 می‌توانند سبب القای آپوپتوز در ردۀ سلول‌های سرطانی معده شوند و بنابراین، می‌توان با انجام مطالعات بیشتر از این باکتری به‌عنوان یک محصول پروبیوتیک ضدسرطان در پیشگیری از سرطان معده استفاده کرد.   2 Introduction:  Cancer is considered one of the most significant causes of death worldwide. Probiotics are living microbes that play a significant role in protecting the host in various ways. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of Bifidobacterium bifidum cell extract and supernatants as probiotic bacteria on the Adenocarcinoma gastric cancer cell line and analysis of Fas, P53, and Bcl2 gene expression. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, the cell extract of heat-killed and supernatants Bifidobacterium bifidum was prepared. The cytotoxicity of cell extract and supernatants on AGS cell lines was evaluated in 24, 48, and 72 hours using a cytotoxicity assay. Moreover, the P53, Bcl2, and Fas apoptosis gene expression levels in the Adenocarcinoma gastric cancer cell line were analyzed using a molecular assay. The collected data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA analysis with the Graph Pad Prism V.8 at the level of significance less than 0.05. Results: Supernatant (pH = 6), then supernatant (pH = 4), and then cell extracts of Bifidobacterium bifidum were able to reduce the survival rate of the AGS cell line in 48 and 72 hours. The results of gene expression by molecular method also showed an increase in Fas and P53 gene expression (p < 0.05) and a decrease in Bcl2 gene expression (p < 0.05) in the adenocarcinoma gastric cancer cell line compared to the reference GAPDH gene expression after 72 hours. Conclusion: Supernatant of Bifidobacterium bifidum with, respectively, pH = 6 and pH = 4, could induce apoptosis in the Adenocarcinoma gastric cancer cell line. So, it seems that Bifidobacterium bifidum has potential uses as a probiotic for pharmaceutical applications, including the prevention of gastric cancer.   92 105 2024/02/272024/04/132024/04/292024/06/52023/04/62023/05/152024/04/182024/01/28 1402/11/8 2024/06/92024/05/212024/06/162024/09/72024/07/142024/06/232024/08/72024/06/16 1403/3/27 هانیه همتیان Hanieh Hemmatian گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران ایران hanieh.hmtian@gmail.com علی شریف زاده Ali Sharifzadeh گروه آموزشی میکروبیولوژی، دانشکدۀ دامپزشکی، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران ایران alisharifzadeh10@gmail.com فرانک عالی Faranak Aali مرکز تحقیقات بیوتکنولوژی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران ایران faranakaali1361@gmail.com Gastric Cancer Apoptosis Probiotic سرطان معده آپوپتوز پروبیوتیک Semnani S, Besharat S, Arabali A, Kestkar AA, Roshandel Gh, Abdolahi N, et al. Relation between drinking water hardness and the incidence of esophageal and gastric cancers. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2009; 11:76-80.##IW CD, Jaia CJ. Gastric cancer epidemiology: current trend and future direction. Hygiene 2023; 3:256-68. doi:10.3390/hygiene3030019.##Eom SS, Choi W, Eom BW, Park SH, Kim SJ, Kim YI, et al. A Comprehensive and Comparative Review of Global Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines. J Gastric Cancer 2022; 22:3-23. doi: 10.5230/jgc.2022.22. e10.##Wang F, Li T, Zhang B, Li H, Wu Q, Yang L, et al. MicroRNA- 19a/b regulates multidrug resistance in human gastric cancer cells by targeting PTEN. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:688-94. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.010.##Mocan L. Surgical Management of Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2557. doi: 10.3390/jcm10122557.##Lang SA, Gaumann A, Koehl GE, Seidel U, Bataille F, Klein D, et al. Mammalian target of rapamycin is activated in human gastric cancer and serves as a target for therapy in an experimental model. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1803-10. doi: 10.1002/ijc.22442.##Guan WL, He Y, Xu RH. Gastric cancer treatment: recent progress and future perspectives. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:57. doi: 10.1186/s13045-023-01451-3.##Panda SK, Sahoo PK, Agarwala SK, Houghton TT, Chandrapattan PP, Sankar KV, et al. Evolution of treatment in gastric cancer- a systematic review. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2022; 34:12. doi: 10.1186/s43046-022-00114-7.##Wong H, Yau T. Molecular targeted therapies in advanced gastric cancer: does tumor histology matter? Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2013; 6:15-31. doi: 10.1177/1756283X12453636.##Yaghoobi H, Bandeh poor M, Kazemi B. 2016.Application of bacteria in the treatment of cancer. New Cell Biotech Mol 2016; 26:96-100[Persian].##Slizewska K, Kopec PM, Slizewska W. The roles of probiotics in cancer prevention. Cancers 2021; 13: 1-22. doi: 10.3390/cancers13010020.##Kumar A, Pramanik J, Goyal N, Chauhan D, Sivamaruthi BS, Prajapati BG, et al. Gut Microbiota in Anxiety and Depression: Unveiling the Relationships and Management Options. Pharmaceuticals 2023;16:565. doi: 10.3390/ph16040565.##Faghfoori Z, Faghfoori MH, Saber A, Izadi A, Yari Khosroushahi A. Anticancer effects of bifidobacteria on colon cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:258. doi: 10.1186/s12935-021-01971-3.##Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin 2023; 73:17-48. doi: 10.3322/caac.21763.##Araghi M, Soerjomataram I, Jenkins M, Brierley J, Morris E, Bray F, et al. Global trends in colorectal cancer mortality: projections to the year 2035. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2992-3000. doi: 10.1002/ijc.32055.##Brenner AT, Dougherty M, Reuland DS. Colorectal cancer screening in average risk patients. Med Clin North Am 2017; 101:755-67. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.03.007.##Asadollahi P, Ghanavati R, Rouhani M, Razavi S, Esghaei M, Talebi M. Anticancer efects of Bifdobacterium species in colon cancer cells and a mouse model of carcinogenesis. PloS One 2020; 15:1-18. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232930.##Nowak A, Paliwoda A, Błasiak J. Anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and antioxidative activity of Lactobacillus and Bifdobacterium strains: A review of mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019;59:3456-67. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1494539.##Tiptiri-Kourpeti A, Spyridopoulou K, Santarmaki V, Aindelis G, Tompoulidou E, Lamprianidou EE, et al. Lactobacillus casei exerts anti-proliferative efects accompanied by apoptotic cell death and up-regulation of TRAIL in colon carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147960. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147960.##Fahmy CA, Gamal-Eldeen AM, El-Hussieny EA, Raafat BM, Mehanna NS, Talaat RM, et al. Bifdobacterium longum suppresses murine colorectal cancer through the modulation of oncomirs and tumor suppressor mirnas. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:688-700. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1577984.##Miller LE, Lehtoranta L, Lehtinen MJ. 2017. The efect of Bifdobacterium animalis ssp. lactis HN019 on cellular immune function in healthy elderly subjects: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2017; 9:191. doi: 10.3390/nu9030191.##Zhong L, Zhang X, Covasa M. Emerging roles of lactic acid bacteria in protection against colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7878-86. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7878.##Zarei L, Abtahim M, Karaje Daghi A, Ismaili H. Direct effect of bifidobacterium cell wall extract on the proliferation of K562 cancer cell line. J Fasa Univ Med Sci 2016; 7:21-27.##Kato S, Hamouda N, Kano Y, Oikawa Y, Tanaka Y, Matsumoto K, et al . Probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 attenuates 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis in mice via suppression of dysbiosis-related secondary inflammatory responses. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017;44:1017-25. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12792.##Wei H, Chen L, Lian G, Yang J, Li F, Zou Y, et al. Antitumor mechanisms of bifidobacteria(review). Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3-8. doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8692.##Semnani S, Besharat S, Arabali A, Kestkar AA, Roshandel Gh, Abdolahi N, et al. Relation between drinking water hardness and the incidence of esophageal and gastric cancers. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2009; 11:76-80.##IW CD, Jaia CJ. Gastric cancer epidemiology: current trend and future direction. Hygiene 2023; 3:256-68. doi:10.3390/hygiene3030019.##Eom SS, Choi W, Eom BW, Park SH, Kim SJ, Kim YI, et al. A Comprehensive and Comparative Review of Global Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines. J Gastric Cancer 2022; 22:3-23. doi: 10.5230/jgc.2022.22. e10.##Wang F, Li T, Zhang B, Li H, Wu Q, Yang L, et al. MicroRNA- 19a/b regulates multidrug resistance in human gastric cancer cells by targeting PTEN. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:688-94. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.010.##Mocan L. Surgical Management of Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2557. doi: 10.3390/jcm10122557.##Lang SA, Gaumann A, Koehl GE, Seidel U, Bataille F, Klein D, et al. Mammalian target of rapamycin is activated in human gastric cancer and serves as a target for therapy in an experimental model. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1803-10. doi: 10.1002/ijc.22442.##Guan WL, He Y, Xu RH. Gastric cancer treatment: recent progress and future perspectives. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:57. doi: 10.1186/s13045-023-01451-3.##Panda SK, Sahoo PK, Agarwala SK, Houghton TT, Chandrapattan PP, Sankar KV, et al. Evolution of treatment in gastric cancer- a systematic review. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2022; 34:12. doi: 10.1186/s43046-022-00114-7.##Wong H, Yau T. Molecular targeted therapies in advanced gastric cancer: does tumor histology matter? Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2013; 6:15-31. doi: 10.1177/1756283X12453636.##Yaghoobi H, Bandeh poor M, Kazemi B. 2016.Application of bacteria in the treatment of cancer. New Cell Biotech Mol 2016; 26:96-100[Persian].##Slizewska K, Kopec PM, Slizewska W. The roles of probiotics in cancer prevention. Cancers 2021; 13: 1-22. doi: 10.3390/cancers13010020.##Kumar A, Pramanik J, Goyal N, Chauhan D, Sivamaruthi BS, Prajapati BG, et al. Gut Microbiota in Anxiety and Depression: Unveiling the Relationships and Management Options. Pharmaceuticals 2023;16:565. doi: 10.3390/ph16040565.##Faghfoori Z, Faghfoori MH, Saber A, Izadi A, Yari Khosroushahi A. Anticancer effects of bifidobacteria on colon cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:258. doi: 10.1186/s12935-021-01971-3.##Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin 2023; 73:17-48. doi: 10.3322/caac.21763.##Araghi M, Soerjomataram I, Jenkins M, Brierley J, Morris E, Bray F, et al. Global trends in colorectal cancer mortality: projections to the year 2035. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2992-3000. doi: 10.1002/ijc.32055.##Brenner AT, Dougherty M, Reuland DS. Colorectal cancer screening in average risk patients. Med Clin North Am 2017; 101:755-67. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.03.007.##Asadollahi P, Ghanavati R, Rouhani M, Razavi S, Esghaei M, Talebi M. Anticancer efects of Bifdobacterium species in colon cancer cells and a mouse model of carcinogenesis. PloS One 2020; 15:1-18. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232930.##Nowak A, Paliwoda A, Błasiak J. Anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and antioxidative activity of Lactobacillus and Bifdobacterium strains: A review of mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019;59:3456-67. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1494539.##Tiptiri-Kourpeti A, Spyridopoulou K, Santarmaki V, Aindelis G, Tompoulidou E, Lamprianidou EE, et al. Lactobacillus casei exerts anti-proliferative efects accompanied by apoptotic cell death and up-regulation of TRAIL in colon carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147960. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147960.##Fahmy CA, Gamal-Eldeen AM, El-Hussieny EA, Raafat BM, Mehanna NS, Talaat RM, et al. Bifdobacterium longum suppresses murine colorectal cancer through the modulation of oncomirs and tumor suppressor mirnas. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:688-700. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1577984.##Miller LE, Lehtoranta L, Lehtinen MJ. 2017. The efect of Bifdobacterium animalis ssp. lactis HN019 on cellular immune function in healthy elderly subjects: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2017; 9:191. doi: 10.3390/nu9030191.##Zhong L, Zhang X, Covasa M. Emerging roles of lactic acid bacteria in protection against colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7878-86. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7878.##Zarei L, Abtahim M, Karaje Daghi A, Ismaili H. Direct effect of bifidobacterium cell wall extract on the proliferation of K562 cancer cell line. J Fasa Univ Med Sci 2016; 7:21-27.##Kato S, Hamouda N, Kano Y, Oikawa Y, Tanaka Y, Matsumoto K, et al . Probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 attenuates 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis in mice via suppression of dysbiosis-related secondary inflammatory responses. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017;44:1017-25. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12792.##Wei H, Chen L, Lian G, Yang J, Li F, Zou Y, et al. Antitumor mechanisms of bifidobacteria(review). Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3-8. doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8692.## ##

اثربخشی بستۀ آموزشی مقابله‌ای شناختی- رفتاری با تنیدگی ناباروری بر تحمل پریشانی و تنظیم شناختی هیجان در زنان نابارور The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral coping training package with infertility stress on distress tolerance and cognitive regulation of emotion in infertile women 1 1 مقدمه: ناباروری یکی از مشکلات عمدۀ تولیدمثل است و به‌صورت ناتوانی در بارداری پس از یک سال مقاربت، بدون استفاده از هرگونه روش پیشگیری از بارداری تعریف می‌شود. هدف از انجام این پژوهش اثربخشی بستۀ آموزشی مقابله‌ای شناختی- رفتاری با تنیدگی ناباروری بر تحمل پریشانی و تنظیم شناختی هیجان در زنان نابارور بود. مواد و روش­ها: پژوهش حاضر با توجه به هدف، کاربردی و شیوۀ اجرا، نیمه‌آزمایشی از نوع طرح پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون با پیگیری دوماهه به‌همراه گروه شاهد است. جامعۀ آماری این پژوهش زنان نابارور مراجعه‌کننده به مراکز ناباروری و مطب متخصصان زنان و درمان نازایی شهر کرمانشاه در سال 1401 بود. از میان زنان نابارور واجد شرایط شرکت در پژوهش و به‌منظور بررسی کیفیت و کنترل اثر بستۀ آموزشی استفاده‌شده، 60 نفر با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند بر اساس رضایت آگاهانه به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب و به‌صورت تصادفی ساده در سه گروه (دو گروه آزمایش و یک گروه شاهد) تقسیم شدند و گروه آزمایش با استفاده از بستۀ آموزشی مقابله‌ای شناختی- رفتاری با تنیدگی ناباروری قبادی، در 12 جلسه آموزش دید. در این پژوهش برای اندازه‌گیری مقیاس‌ها، از پرسش‌نامۀ استرس ناباروری نیوتن و تحمل پریشانی هیجانی سیمونز و تنظیم شناختی هیجان گارنفسکی استفاده شده است. در این پژوهش، تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS vol.24 و آزمون آنالیز واریانس با اندازه‌گیری مکرر و بررسی پیش‌فرض‌های آن صورت گرفته است. یافته ­های پژوهش: نتایج نشان داد، میان سه مرحلۀ پیش‌آزمون، پس‌آزمون و پیگیری در تحمل پریشانی (P<0.05-0.001) و تنظیم شناختی هیجان (P<0.05-0.001) و مؤلفه‌های آن‌ها تفاوت وجود دارد و این تفاوت معنادار تا مرحلۀ پیگیری نیز تداوم داشته است (P<0.05). بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: بستۀ آموزشی مقابله‌ای شناختی- رفتاری با تنیدگی ناباروری زنان نابارور می‌تواند بر تحمل پریشانی و تنظیم شناختی هیجان زنان نابارور اثربخش باشد و می‌توان از این برنامه برای کاهش تنیدگی زنان نابارور بهره گرفت.   2 Introduction:  Infertility is one of the major reproductive problems and is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of sexual intercourse without using any method of pregnancy prevention. The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of designing a cognitive-behavioral coping training package for infertile women, specifically focusing on the impact of infertility stress on distress tolerance and cognitive regulation of emotion. Materials & Methods: This was a quasi-experimental design that involved a pre-test, a post-test, and a two-month follow-up. The participants were infertile women who were referred to infertility centers and the offices of gynecologists for infertility treatment in Kermanshah city in 2021. Sixty people were selected as a sample using the purposeful sampling method based on informed consent and randomly divided into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group), and each experimental group trained in 12 sessions using a cognitive-behavioral coping training package with Ghobadi infertility stress. Data collection forms included Perceived Infertility Stress (PIS), Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation (CER). The statistical tests consisted of chi-square and repeated measure ANOVA, which were analyzed by SPSS V.24, and the level of significance was considered less than 0.05. Results: There is a difference between the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up in the Distress Tolerance scale (P<0.001) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation’s scores (P<0.001). Also, these differences were significant between groups during the follow-up stage (P<0.001). Conclusion: The cognitive-behavioral coping training package with infertility stress can be effective in decreasing the distress tolerance and cognitive emotion regulation of infertile women's emotions.   106 123 2024/02/272024/04/132024/04/292024/06/52023/04/62023/05/152024/04/182024/01/282024/05/2 1403/2/13 2024/06/92024/05/212024/06/162024/09/72024/07/142024/06/232024/08/72024/06/162024/09/22 1403/7/1 سمانه قبادی Samaneh GHobadi گروه روانشناسی ، واحد سنندج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سنندج، ایران ایران mailbank_sama@yahoo.com کیوان کاکابرایی Keivan Kakabraee گروه روانشناسی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران ایران kakabraee@gmail.com محمود گودرزی Mahmoud Goudarzi گروه مشاوره خانواده، واحد سنندج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سنندج، ایران ایران mg.sauc@gmail.com Cognitive-behavioral coping Infertility stress Distress tolerance Cognitive emotion regulation Infertile women مقابلۀ شناختی- رفتاری تنیدگی ناباروری تحمل پریشانی تنظیم شناختی هیجان زنان نابارور Samadi H, Shirazi E, Sadegh Esfahani N. 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The Fertility Problem Inventory: measuring perceived infertility-related stress. Fertil Steril 1999; 72: 54-62. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00164-8.##Latifnejad Roudsari R, Rasolzadeh Bidgoly M, Mousavifar N, Modarres Gharavi M. The effect of collaborative counseling on perceived infertility-related stress in infertile women undergoing IVF. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 2010; 14: 22-31. doi: 10.22038/ijogi.2015.5766.##Granefski N, Kraaij V. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific Sample. Pers Individ Differ 2006; 40: 1659-69. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00083-7.##Hasani J. The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. RBS 2012; 9: 229-40.##Simons J, Gaher R. The Distress Tolerance Scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure. Motiv Emotion 2005; 29: 83-102. doi:10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3.##Faraji R, Babapour Khairuddin J, Bakhshipour Rodsari A. The Mediating Role of Mental Rumination in the Relationship between Alexithymia, Impulsivity, Distress Tolerance, and Self-criticism with Self-injury. J Psychol Stud 2023; 19: 47-63. doi:10.22051/psy.2023.42713.2739.##Qobadi S, Kakabraee K, Gudarzi M. Design and validation of cognitive-behavioral coping training package with infertility stress of infertile women. JMUQ 2024.##Karimi F, Zargarshirazi F. The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Distress Tolerance in Women with Substance-Dependent Spouses. Etiadpajohi 2024; 17:175-94. doi:10.61186/etiadpajohi.17.70.175.##Poursadegh Z, Azmoudeh M. The effect of life skills training on cognitive emotion regulation strategies of pregnant mothers. Commun Health J 2019; 13: 64-56. doi: 10.22123/chj.2019.194233.1325.##Shahi Senobari S, Moeenizadeh M, Aghamohammadiyan H. The effectiveness of positive psychotherapy based on optimism on happiness and well-being in infertile women. Med J Mashhad Univ Med Sci 2022; 64: 4254-64. doi: 10.22038/mjms.2022.20139.##Mousavi SM, Khajevand Khoshli A, Asadi J, Abdollahzadeh H. Comparison of the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on distress tolerance in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Psychol Sci 2021; 20: 453-60.##González-Fernández S, Fernández-Rodríguez C, Mota-Alonso MJ, García-Teijido P, Pedrosa I, Pérez-Álvarez M. Emotional state and psychological fexibility in breast cancer survivors. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2017; 30:75-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2017.08.006.##Rezaei S M, Safara M, Mosavinezhad SM. The role of infertility stress and feeling of failure in predicting the quality of marital relationship of infertile women. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2020; 15: 140-9. doi: 10.52547/qums.15.2.140.##Koraei A, Dasht Bozorgi Z, Zahery Abdh Vand S. The Effect of Coping Strategies on Coping with Infertility in Women: Mediator Role of Marital Quality. Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care 2018; 26:191-202. doi: 10.30699/sjhnmf.26.3.191.##Basirifar M, Mosavinezhad SM. Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Distress Tolerance and Sense of Coherence in Infertile Women in Mashhad. J Health Res Commun 2022; 8:81-92.## ##

اثربخشی آموزش راهبردهای پردازش هیجان‌مدار بر استرس ادراک‌شدۀ دانشجویان آزاردیدۀ سایبری The effect of teaching emotion-oriented processing strategies on the perceived stress of cyberbullied medical students 1 1 مقدمه: استرسهای ناشی از آزار سایبری بر دانشجویان یکی از معضلات جامعۀ امروز است. دانشجویان پزشکی عهدهدار سلامت جسمی افراد جامعه در آینده هستند؛ درنتیجه، توجه به سلامت روانی آنان اهمیت بالایی دارد؛ بنابراین، هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر تأثیر آموزش راهبردهای پردازش هیجان‌مدار بر استرس ادراک‌شدۀ دانشجویان پزشکی آزاردیدۀ سایبری بود. مواد و روش­ها: تحقیق حاضر از نوع نیمهآزمایشی است که در سال تحصیلی 1402-1401، روی دانشجویان پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد انجام شد. تعداد 30 نفر از دانشجویان پزشکی آسیب‌دیدۀ سایبری که استرس ادراک‌شده داشتند، با روش نمونه‌‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب و به‌طور تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل، تقسیم گردیدند. دستورالعمل جلسات آموزش پردازش هیجان‌مدار طی 9 جلسه، هر جلسه 1 ساعت به‌صورت مجازی و همزمان از طریق نرم‌افزار اسکای روم ارائه شد. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسش‌نامۀ استرس ادراک‌شدۀ کوهن و همکاران استفاده گردید. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از روش‌های آمار توصیفی و آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0 استفاده شد. یافته­ های پژوهش: یافتهها نشان داد که میانگین و انحراف معیار نمرات استرس ادراک‌شدۀ در میان دانشجویان پزشکی آزاردیدۀ سایبری در پسآزمون گروه‌های آزمایش نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش‌یافته است (P=0.003)؛ همچنین میانگین گروه کنترل در پس‌آزمون کاهش چندانی نداشت، بلکه میانگین پس‌آزمون گروه کنترل (8750/35) دانشجویان علوم پزشکی مشهد نیز افزایش نشان داد. کمترین میانگین متعلق به پس‌آزمون گروه آزمایش (1250/22) است. بر اساس تحلیل کوواریانس انجام‌شده، آموزش راهبردهای پردازش هیجان‌مدار بر استرس ادراک‌شدۀ دانشجویان آزاردیدۀ سایبری علوم پزشکی مشهد تأثیر دارد (P=0.038). بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: این مطالعه نشان داد که با استفاده از پردازش هیجان‌مدار، استرس ادراک‌شدۀ ناشی از آزار سایبری کاهش یافت؛ بنابراین، یکی از بهترین رویکردها برای درمان استرس ادراک‌شده در آزاردیدگان سایبری است و درنتیجه، آموزش راهبردهای پردازش هیجان‌مدار باعث تغییر در طرح‌واره‌های هیجانی دانشجویان و سازمان‌دهی افکار آنان می­شود.   2 Introduction:  Cyber harassment of students is a significant stressor in today's society. Medical students are responsible for the physical health of people in the future, so paying attention to their mental health is of enormous importance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of teaching emotion-oriented processing strategies on the perceived stress of cyberbullied medical students. Materials & Methods: The present research was a quasi-experimental study that was conducted on medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2022-2023. Thirty cyber-damaged medical students who had been cyberbullied and perceived stress were selected by the purposive sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The educational intervention included 9 sessions, an hour for each session, virtually through the Skyroom platform. Before and after the intervention, participants filled out demographic and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) data collection forms. The statistical test consisted of the ANOVA, which was analyzed by SPSS V.25, and the level of significance was considered less than 0.05. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the perceived stress scores among medical students who suffered from cyberbullying in the post-test of the experimental groups decreased compared to the control group (P=0.003). Based on the covariance analysis, there was a significant difference in the perceived stress scores of the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.038). Conclusion: The use of emotion-oriented processing by the cyberbullied medical students can improve their perceived stress.   124 135 2024/02/272024/04/132024/04/292024/06/52023/04/62023/05/152024/04/182024/01/282024/05/22023/09/29 1402/7/7 2024/06/92024/05/212024/06/162024/09/72024/07/142024/06/232024/08/72024/06/162024/09/222024/06/16 1403/3/27 نرگس میرانی سرگزی Narges Mirani Sargasi گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران ایران m.khani@gmail.com اکرم حافظی Akram Hafezi گروه برنامه‌ریزی درسی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی، پردیس نسیبه، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران ایران danshyar00@gmail.com احمد میرگل Ahmad Mirgol گروه روان شناسی، واحد زاهدان، دانشگاه پیام نور، زاهدان، ایران ایران طیبه شمسایی زفرقندی Tayebeh Shamsaei Zafarghandi گروه معارف و تربیت اسلامی، پردیس نسیبه، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران ایران tayebe.shamsaee@gmail.com میلاد خانی Milad Khani گروه مشاوره و راهنمایی، واحد خمینی‌شهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران ایران mm.kani@gmail.com مریم طارق طیب Maryam Tariq Tayyeb گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد زاهدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، زاهدان، ایران ایران m.tayeb@gmail.com Emotion-oriented processing Perceived stress Medical students Victims of cyberbullying پردازش هیجان‌مدار استرس ادراک‌شده دانشجویان پزشکی آزاردیدگان سایبری 1. 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تاثیر بازی وارسازی آنلاین بر یادگیری صداهای ریوی و خود کارآمدی(خلاصه سیاستی) Effect of online gamification on learning lung diseases and self-efficacy (Policy Brief) 1 1 مقدمه: تشخیص و انجام اقدام درمانی مراقبتی به‌هنگام در بیماری های ریوی، یکی از مهم ترین راه های حفظ حیات بیمار می باشد. لذا مطالعه کنونی با هدف بررسی تاثیر بازی وارسازی به روش آنلاین بر یادگیری بیماری های ریوی، صداهای ریوی و خودکارآمدی در دانشجویان پرستاری انجام شد. مواد و روش­ها: مطالعه حاضر، به صورت نیمه تجربی بر روی 68 دانشجوی پرستاری ترم ششم با روش نمونه گیری در دسترس و تخصیص تصادفی به گروه کنترل و مداخله، انجام شد. افراد گروه مداخله در طی سه جلسه به صورت هفتگی، بیماری ها و صداهای ریوی را به صورت آموزش در پلتفرم استوری لاین و انجام بازی وارسازی در نرم افزار کاهوت دریافت کرده و گروه کنترل نیز همان محتوا را در قالب روش سخنرانی توسط مدرس یکسان دریافت نمودند. پرسش نامه های اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی، سنجش یادگیری و خود کارآمدی قبل از مداخله و دو هفته پس از پایان مداخله تکمیل شده و داده ها، با استفاده آزمون های آماری توصیفی و استنباطی در نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 26 تحلیل شدند. یافته­ های پژوهش: قبل از انجام مداخله بین دو گروه تفاوت معنی داری مشاهده نگردید اما پس از مداخله، میانگین و انحراف معیار نمرات سنجش یادگیری در گروه مداخله نسبت به گروه کنترل و نیز  نمرات خود کارآمدی در گروه مداخله نسبت به گروه کنترل تفاوت آماری معنی دار مشاهده گردید. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: انجام بازی وارسازی به روش آنلاین سبب بهبود یادگیری بیماری های ریوی، صدا های ریوی و خود کارآمدی در دانشجویان پرستاری می گردد. پیشنهاد می شود از این روش برای یادگیری دروس عملی و نظری استفاده شود.   2 Introduction:  Diagnosing and performing timely care treatment in lung diseases is one of the most important ways to save the patient's life. Therefore, the current study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of online gamification on learning lung diseases, lung sounds and self-efficacy in nursing students. Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted quasi-experimentally on 68 nursing students of the sixth semester with available sampling method and random assignment to control and intervention groups. During three weekly sessions, the participants of the intervention group received diseases and lung sounds in the form of training on the Storyline platform and gamification in the Kahoot software, and the control group received the same content in the form of lectures by the same lecturer. Questionnaires of demographic information, learning assessment and self-efficacy were completed before and two weeks after the end of the intervention and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests in SPSS V.26. Results: Before the intervention, no significant difference was observed between the two groups, but after the intervention, the mean and standard deviation of learning assessment scores in the intervention group compared to the control group and Also, the self-efficacy scores in the intervention group compared to the control group were statistically significantly different. Conclusion: Playing online gamification improves the learning of diseases, lung sounds and self-efficacy in nursing students. It is suggested to use this method to learn practical and theoretical lessons.   136 143 2024/02/272024/04/132024/04/292024/06/52023/04/62023/05/152024/04/182024/01/282024/05/22023/09/292024/08/26 1403/6/5 2024/06/92024/05/212024/06/162024/09/72024/07/142024/06/232024/08/72024/06/162024/09/222024/06/162024/09/29 1403/7/8 فاطمه نجفی Fatemeh Najafi گروه پرستاری، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران najafi-f@medilam.ac.ir مصیب مظفری Mosayeb Mozafari گروه پرستاری، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران mozafaric@yahoo.com معصومه شوهانی Masoumeh Shohani گروه پرستاری، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران msh282000@gmail.com مریم پاک سرشت Maryam Pakseresht گروه پرستاری، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران paksereshtmaryam@yahoo.com فخر الدین تقی نژاد Fakhreddin Taghynezhad گروه پرستاری، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران taghynejad@yahoo.com رضا پاکزاد Reza Pakzad گروه اپیدمیولوژی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران rezapakzad2010@yahoo.com امیررضا باژدان Amirreza Bazhdan کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، گروه پرستاری، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران amirrezabazhdan1380@gmail.com علی رضا وسیعی Ali Reza Vasiee گروه پرستاری، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران rezawest10@gmail.com Gamification Online Lung diseases Lung sounds Self-efficacy بازی وارسازی آنلاین بیماری های ریوی صداهای ریوی خود کارآمدی 1. 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