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اثر تمرینات ورزشی بر نشانگرهای التهابی در بیماران بزرگ‌سال و سالمند مبتلا به بیماری مزمن انسداد ریوی (COPD): مرور سیستماتیک-فراتحلیل Impact of exercise training on inflammatory markers in adult and elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A Systematic review and meta-analysis 1 1 مقدمه: بیماری مزمن انسداد ریوی (COPD) یکی از بیماری‌‌های تنفسی است که التهاب نقش مهمی در روند پیشرفت آن دارد. تمرینات ورزشی در بهبود التهاب مزمن مؤثر است؛ بااین‌حال، آثار تمرینات گوناگون ورزشی بر نشانگرهای التهابی در این بیماران واضح و روشن نیست؛ ازاین‌رو، هدف مطالعۀ حاضر بررسی تأثیر تمرینات ورزشی بر نشانگرهای التهابی IL-6، TNF-α و CRP در بیماران COPD است. مواد و روش­ها: پایگاه‌‌های اطلاعاتی PubMed، Web of Science، SID، Magiran و Google scholar برای مقالات منتشرشده تا جولای سال 2023 به‌صورت سیستماتیک جستجو شد و فراتحلیل برای تأثیر تمرینات ورزشی بر نشانگرهای التهابی در بیماران COPD انجام گرفت. تفاوت میانگین استاندارد (SMD) و فاصلۀ اطمینان 95 درصد (CI) با استفاده از الگوی اثر تصادفی محاسبه گردید؛ همچنین برای تعیین ناهمگونی از آزمون I2 و برای بررسی سوگیری انتشار از آزمون فونل پلات و تست Egger استفاده شد. یافته ­های پژوهش: نتایج تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌‌های 11 مطالعه با 578 بیمار COPD نشان داد که تمرینات ورزشی به کاهش غیر‌‌معنادار مقادیر گردش خونی CRP (P=0.16، [175/0 الی 100/0-] SMD=-0.413) و IL-6 (P=0.54، [36/0 الی 69/0-] SMD=-0.164) و TNF-α (P=0.51، [44/1- الی 72/0] SMD=-0.358) در بیماران COPD منجر می‌‌شود؛ همچنین نتایج تحلیل زیرگروهی نشان داد که تمرین هوازی (P=0.1، SMD=-0.55) نسبت به تمرین مقاومتی (P=0.7، SMD=-0.09)، به کاهش CRP سرمی در بیماران COPD می‌‌انجامد؛ اما به‌هرحال، این تفاوت معنادار نیست. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌‌های فراتحلیل حاضر نشان می‌دهد که احتمالاً تمرینات هوازی یک مداخلۀ ورزشی مؤثر برای کاهش CRP در بیماران COPD باشد.   2 Introduction:  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the respiratory diseases in which inflammation plays a key role in its development. Exercise training has acritical role in improving chronic inflammation. Nonetheless, the effects of various exercise training on inflammatory markers in these patients are not clear. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the impact of exercise on the inflammatory markers, including IL-6, TNF-α, and c-reactive protein in patients with COPD. Material & Methods: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google scholar databases for articles published until July 2023. A meta-analysis was performed for the impact of exercise on inflammatory markers in COPD patients. Effect size (SMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random effect model. Moreover, I2 test was employed to determine heterogeneity, while Funnel plot test and Egger test were used to check publication bias. Results: The results of the data analysis of 11 studies on 578 patients with COPD demonstrated that exercise led to a non-significant decrease in circulating CRP values [SMD=-0.413 (-0.100 to 0.175), P=0.16], IL-6 [SMD=-0.164 (-0.69 to 0.36], P=0.54], TNF-α [SMD=-0.358 (-1.44 to 0.72), P=0.51) in COPD patients. Furthermore, the results of the subgroup analysis pointed out that aerobic training [SMD=-0.55, P=0.1] compared to resistance training [SMD=-0.09, P=0.7] led to a decrease in CRP in patients with COPD. Nonetheless, this difference was not significant. Discussion & Conclusion: The findings of the present meta-analysis illustrated that aerobic exercise is probably an effective exercise intervention to reduce CRP in patients with COPD. 1 16 2023/07/18 1402/4/27 2024/01/8 1402/10/18 فاطمه کاظمی نسب Fatemeh Kazeminasab گروه تربیت‌بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران ایران f_kazemi85@yahoo.com نسیم بهزاد نژاد Nasim Behzanejad گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکدۀ تربیت‌بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران موسی خلفی Mousa Khalafi گروه تربیت‌بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران ایران Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease C-reactive protein Exercise Interleukin 6 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha تمرین ورزشی بیماری مزمن انسداد ریوی اینترلوکین 6 فاکتور نکروز تومور آلفا پروتئین واکنشی c Emtner M, Hallin R, Arnardottir RH, Janson C. Effect of physical training on fat-free mass in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Ups J Med Sci 2015;120:52-8. doi: 10.3109/03009734.2014.990124.##Lareau SC, Fahy B, Meek P, Wang A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019;199:P1-P2. doi: 10.1164/rccm.1991P1.##Adeloye D, Song P, Zhu Y, Campbell H, Sheikh A, Rudan I. Global, regional, and national prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 2019: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2022;10:447-58. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00511-7.##Liang W, Yang Y, Gong S, Wei M, Ma Y, Feng R, et al. Airway dysbiosis accelerates lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cell Host Microbe 2023;31:1054-70. e9. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.04.018.##Van Der Vlist JJ, Thomas WJ. The potential anti-inflammatory effect of exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2010;79:160-74. doi: 10.1159/000233264.##Palma G, Sorice GP, Genchi VA, Giordano F, Caccioppoli C, D’Oria R, et al. Adipose tissue inflammation and pulmonary dysfunction in obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:7349. doi: 10.3390/ijms23137349.##Cruthirds CL, Deutz NE, Mizubuti YG, Harrykissoon RI, Zachria AJ, Engelen MP. Abdominal obesity in COPD is associated with specific metabolic and functional phenotypes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022;19:1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12986-022-00714-z.##Obling N, Backer V, Hurst JR, Bodtger U. Nasal and systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir Med 2022;195:106774. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106774.##Khalafi M, Symonds ME. The impact of high‐intensity interval training on inflammatory markers in metabolic disorders: A meta‐analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020;2020-36. doi: 10.1111/sms.13754.##Khalafi M, Symonds ME, Akbari A. The impact of exercise training versus caloric restriction on inflammation markers: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022;62:4226-41. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1873732.##Kazeminasab F, Sadeghi E, Afshari-Safavi A. Comparative Impact of Various Exercises on Circulating Irisin in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022; 2022. doi: 10.1155/2022/8235809.##Kazeminasab F, Baharlooie M, Khalafi M. The Impact of Exercise on Serum Levels of Leptin and Adiponectin in Obese Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. IJEM 2022;23:409-25.##Khalafi M, Malandish A, Rosenkranz SK, Ravasi AA. Effect of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on visceral fat: A systemic review and meta‐analysis. Obes Rev 2021;22:e13275. doi: 10.1111/obr.13275.##Khalafi M, Alamdari KA, Symonds ME, Nobari H, Carlos-Vivas J. Impact of acute exercise on immediate and following early post-exercise FGF-21 concentration in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Hormones 2021;20:23-33. doi: 10.1007/s42000-020-00245-3.##Abd El-Kader SM, Al-Jiffri OH, Ashmawy EM, Gaowgzeh RAM. Treadmill walking exercise modulates bone mineral status and inflammatory cytokines in obese asthmatic patients with long term intake of corticosteroids. Afr Health Sci 2016;16:798-808. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v16i3.21.##Borges RC, Carvalho CR. Impact of resistance training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients during periods of acute exacerbation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014;95:1638-45. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.05.007.##Casaburi R, Bhasin S, Cosentino L, Porszasz J, Somfay A, Lewis MI, et al. Effects of testosterone and resistance training in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:870-8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200305-617OC.##Kaminsky DA, Guntupalli KK, Lippmann J, Burns SM, Brock MA, Skelly J, et al. Effect of yoga breathing (pranayama) on exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med 2017;23:696-704. doi: 10.1089/acm.2017.0102.##Knaut C, Bonfanti Mesquita C, Dourado VZ, De Godoy I, Tanni SE. Evaluation of inflammatory markers in patients undergoing a short-term aerobic exercise program while hospitalized due to acute exacerbation of COPD. Int J Inflam 2020; 2020. doi: 10.1155/2020/6492720.##Liu Y, Wang H, Nie B, Liu Y. Consequences of aerobic resistance exercise combined with Liprimar in the treatment of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Progress in nutrition 2021; 23.##Petersen A, Mittendorfer B, Magkos F, Iversen M, Pedersen B. Physical activity counteracts increased whole‐body protein breakdown in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008;18:557-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00727.x.##Troosters T, Probst VS, Crul T, Pitta F, Gayan-Ramirez G, Decramer M, et al. Resistance training prevents deterioration in quadriceps muscle function during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181:1072-7. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200908-1203OC.##Uzeloto JS, de Toledo-Arruda AC, Silva BS, Braz AM, de Lima FF, Grigoletto I, et al. Effect of physical training on cytokine expression in CD4+ T lymphocytes in subjects with stable COPD. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2022;16:17534666221091179 .doi: 10.1177/17534666221091179.##Wang CH, Chou PC, Joa WC, Chen LF, Sheng TF, Ho SC, et al. Mobile-phone-based home exercise training program decreases systemic inflammation in COPD: a pilot study. BMC Pulm Med 2014;14:1-9. doi: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-142.##Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Zhao G, Liu Y, Song M. Effects of rehabilitation training on cardiopulmonary function, life quality and inflammatory factors in serum of elderly patients with COPD. Int J Clin Exp Med 2020;13:8095-101.##Wen H, Wang L. Reducing effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure of essential hypertensive patients: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96: e6150. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006150.##Abd El-Kade SM, Al-Jiffri OH. Exercise alleviates depression related systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Afr Health Sci 2016;16:1078-88.doi: 10.4314/ahs.v16i4.25.##Toennesen LL, Meteran H, Hostrup M, Geiker NRW, Jensen CB, Porsbjerg C, et al. Effects of exercise and diet in nonobese asthma patients—a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018;6:803-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.09.028.##Chen H, Wang D, Bai C, Wang X. Proteomics-based biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Proteome Res 2010;9:2798-808. doi: 10.1021/pr100063r.##Fattouh M, Alkady O. Inflammatory biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc 2014; 63:799-804. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2014.06.011.##Fogarty AW, Jones S, Britton JR, Lewis SA, McKeever TM. Systemic inflammation and decline in lung function in a general population: a prospective study. Thorax 2007;62:515-20. doi: 10.1136/thx.2006.066969.##Ahmadi-Abhari S, Kaptoge S, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Longitudinal association of C-reactive protein and lung function over 13 years: The EPIC-Norfolk. Am J Epidemiol 2014;179:48-56 doi: 10.1093/aje/kwt208.##Ilmarinen P, Tuomisto LE, Niemelä O, Danielsson J, Haanpää J, Kankaanranta T, et al. Comorbidities and elevated IL-6 associate with negative outcome in adult-onset asthma. Eur Respir J 2016;48:1052-62. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02198-2015.##Dekker MJ, Lee S, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Graham TE, Ross R, Robinson LE. An exercise intervention without weight loss decreases circulating interleukin-6 in lean and obese men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2007;56:332-8.doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.015.##Mikkelsen U, Couppé C, Karlsen A, Grosset J, Schjerling P, Mackey A, et al. Life-long endurance exercise in humans: circulating levels of inflammatory markers and leg muscle size. Mech Ageing Dev 2013;134:531-40. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.11.004.##Sugawara K, Takahashi H, Kashiwagura T, Yamada K, Yanagida S, Homma M, et al. Effect of anti-inflammatory supplementation with whey peptide and exercise therapy in patients with COPD. Respir Med 2012;106:1526-34. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.07.001.##Larsen AI, Aukrust P, Aarsland T, Dickstein K. Effect of aerobic exercise training on plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:805-8. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01859-8.##You T, Berman DM, Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ. Effects of hypocaloric diet and exercise training on inflammation and adipocyte lipolysis in obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:1739-46. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031310.##Scheele C, Nielsen S, Pedersen BK. ROS and myokines promote muscle adaptation to exercise. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009;20:95-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.12.002.##Smith JK, Dykes R, Douglas JE, Krishnaswamy G, Berk S. Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. JAMA 1999;281:1722-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.281.18.1722.##Timmerman KL, Flynn MG, Coen PM, Markofski MM, Pence BD. Exercise training‐induced lowering of inflammatory (CD14+ CD16+) monocytes: a role in the anti‐inflammatory influence of exercise? J Leukoc Biol 2008;84:1271-8. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0408244.##Gleeson M, McFarlin B, Flynn M. Exercise and Toll-like receptors. Exerc Immunol Rev 2006;12:34-53.##McFarlin BK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, Craig BA, Robinson JP, Stewart LK, et al. Physical activity status, but not age, influences inflammatory biomarkers and toll-like receptor 4. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61:388-93. doi: 10.1093/gerona/61.4.388.##Garrod R, Ansley P, Canavan J, Jewell A. Exercise and the inflammatory response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—Does training confer anti-inflammatory properties in COPD? Med Hypotheses 2007;68:291-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.07.028.##Wood J, Vieira VJ, Keylock K. Exercise, inflammation, and innate immunity. Neurol Clin 2006;24:585-99. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2009.02.011.##Emtner M, Hallin R, Arnardottir RH, Janson C. Effect of physical training on fat-free mass in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Ups J Med Sci 2015;120:52-8. doi: 10.3109/03009734.2014.990124.##Lareau SC, Fahy B, Meek P, Wang A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019;199:P1-P2. doi: 10.1164/rccm.1991P1.##Adeloye D, Song P, Zhu Y, Campbell H, Sheikh A, Rudan I. Global, regional, and national prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 2019: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2022;10:447-58. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00511-7.##Liang W, Yang Y, Gong S, Wei M, Ma Y, Feng R, et al. Airway dysbiosis accelerates lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cell Host Microbe 2023;31:1054-70. e9. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.04.018.##Van Der Vlist JJ, Thomas WJ. The potential anti-inflammatory effect of exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2010;79:160-74. doi: 10.1159/000233264.##Palma G, Sorice GP, Genchi VA, Giordano F, Caccioppoli C, D’Oria R, et al. Adipose tissue inflammation and pulmonary dysfunction in obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:7349. doi: 10.3390/ijms23137349.##Cruthirds CL, Deutz NE, Mizubuti YG, Harrykissoon RI, Zachria AJ, Engelen MP. Abdominal obesity in COPD is associated with specific metabolic and functional phenotypes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022;19:1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12986-022-00714-z.##Obling N, Backer V, Hurst JR, Bodtger U. Nasal and systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir Med 2022;195:106774. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106774.##Khalafi M, Symonds ME. The impact of high‐intensity interval training on inflammatory markers in metabolic disorders: A meta‐analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020;2020-36. doi: 10.1111/sms.13754.##Khalafi M, Symonds ME, Akbari A. The impact of exercise training versus caloric restriction on inflammation markers: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022;62:4226-41. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1873732.##Kazeminasab F, Sadeghi E, Afshari-Safavi A. Comparative Impact of Various Exercises on Circulating Irisin in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022; 2022. doi: 10.1155/2022/8235809.##Kazeminasab F, Baharlooie M, Khalafi M. The Impact of Exercise on Serum Levels of Leptin and Adiponectin in Obese Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. IJEM 2022;23:409-25.##Khalafi M, Malandish A, Rosenkranz SK, Ravasi AA. Effect of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on visceral fat: A systemic review and meta‐analysis. Obes Rev 2021;22:e13275. doi: 10.1111/obr.13275.##Khalafi M, Alamdari KA, Symonds ME, Nobari H, Carlos-Vivas J. Impact of acute exercise on immediate and following early post-exercise FGF-21 concentration in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Hormones 2021;20:23-33. doi: 10.1007/s42000-020-00245-3.##Abd El-Kader SM, Al-Jiffri OH, Ashmawy EM, Gaowgzeh RAM. Treadmill walking exercise modulates bone mineral status and inflammatory cytokines in obese asthmatic patients with long term intake of corticosteroids. Afr Health Sci 2016;16:798-808. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v16i3.21.##Borges RC, Carvalho CR. Impact of resistance training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients during periods of acute exacerbation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014;95:1638-45. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.05.007.##Casaburi R, Bhasin S, Cosentino L, Porszasz J, Somfay A, Lewis MI, et al. Effects of testosterone and resistance training in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:870-8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200305-617OC.##Kaminsky DA, Guntupalli KK, Lippmann J, Burns SM, Brock MA, Skelly J, et al. Effect of yoga breathing (pranayama) on exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med 2017;23:696-704. doi: 10.1089/acm.2017.0102.##Knaut C, Bonfanti Mesquita C, Dourado VZ, De Godoy I, Tanni SE. Evaluation of inflammatory markers in patients undergoing a short-term aerobic exercise program while hospitalized due to acute exacerbation of COPD. Int J Inflam 2020; 2020. doi: 10.1155/2020/6492720.##Liu Y, Wang H, Nie B, Liu Y. Consequences of aerobic resistance exercise combined with Liprimar in the treatment of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Progress in nutrition 2021; 23.##Petersen A, Mittendorfer B, Magkos F, Iversen M, Pedersen B. Physical activity counteracts increased whole‐body protein breakdown in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008;18:557-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00727.x.##Troosters T, Probst VS, Crul T, Pitta F, Gayan-Ramirez G, Decramer M, et al. Resistance training prevents deterioration in quadriceps muscle function during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181:1072-7. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200908-1203OC.##Uzeloto JS, de Toledo-Arruda AC, Silva BS, Braz AM, de Lima FF, Grigoletto I, et al. Effect of physical training on cytokine expression in CD4+ T lymphocytes in subjects with stable COPD. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2022;16:17534666221091179 .doi: 10.1177/17534666221091179.##Wang CH, Chou PC, Joa WC, Chen LF, Sheng TF, Ho SC, et al. Mobile-phone-based home exercise training program decreases systemic inflammation in COPD: a pilot study. BMC Pulm Med 2014;14:1-9. doi: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-142.##Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Zhao G, Liu Y, Song M. Effects of rehabilitation training on cardiopulmonary function, life quality and inflammatory factors in serum of elderly patients with COPD. Int J Clin Exp Med 2020;13:8095-101.##Wen H, Wang L. Reducing effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure of essential hypertensive patients: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96: e6150. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006150.##Abd El-Kade SM, Al-Jiffri OH. Exercise alleviates depression related systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Afr Health Sci 2016;16:1078-88.doi: 10.4314/ahs.v16i4.25.##Toennesen LL, Meteran H, Hostrup M, Geiker NRW, Jensen CB, Porsbjerg C, et al. Effects of exercise and diet in nonobese asthma patients—a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018;6:803-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.09.028.##Chen H, Wang D, Bai C, Wang X. Proteomics-based biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Proteome Res 2010;9:2798-808. doi: 10.1021/pr100063r.##Fattouh M, Alkady O. Inflammatory biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc 2014; 63:799-804. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2014.06.011.##Fogarty AW, Jones S, Britton JR, Lewis SA, McKeever TM. Systemic inflammation and decline in lung function in a general population: a prospective study. Thorax 2007;62:515-20. doi: 10.1136/thx.2006.066969.##Ahmadi-Abhari S, Kaptoge S, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Longitudinal association of C-reactive protein and lung function over 13 years: The EPIC-Norfolk. Am J Epidemiol 2014;179:48-56 doi: 10.1093/aje/kwt208.##Ilmarinen P, Tuomisto LE, Niemelä O, Danielsson J, Haanpää J, Kankaanranta T, et al. Comorbidities and elevated IL-6 associate with negative outcome in adult-onset asthma. Eur Respir J 2016;48:1052-62. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02198-2015.##Dekker MJ, Lee S, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Graham TE, Ross R, Robinson LE. An exercise intervention without weight loss decreases circulating interleukin-6 in lean and obese men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2007;56:332-8.doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.015.##Mikkelsen U, Couppé C, Karlsen A, Grosset J, Schjerling P, Mackey A, et al. Life-long endurance exercise in humans: circulating levels of inflammatory markers and leg muscle size. Mech Ageing Dev 2013;134:531-40. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.11.004.##Sugawara K, Takahashi H, Kashiwagura T, Yamada K, Yanagida S, Homma M, et al. Effect of anti-inflammatory supplementation with whey peptide and exercise therapy in patients with COPD. Respir Med 2012;106:1526-34. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.07.001.##Larsen AI, Aukrust P, Aarsland T, Dickstein K. Effect of aerobic exercise training on plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:805-8. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01859-8.##You T, Berman DM, Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ. Effects of hypocaloric diet and exercise training on inflammation and adipocyte lipolysis in obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:1739-46. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031310.##Scheele C, Nielsen S, Pedersen BK. ROS and myokines promote muscle adaptation to exercise. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009;20:95-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.12.002.##Smith JK, Dykes R, Douglas JE, Krishnaswamy G, Berk S. Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. JAMA 1999;281:1722-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.281.18.1722.##Timmerman KL, Flynn MG, Coen PM, Markofski MM, Pence BD. Exercise training‐induced lowering of inflammatory (CD14+ CD16+) monocytes: a role in the anti‐inflammatory influence of exercise? J Leukoc Biol 2008;84:1271-8. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0408244.##Gleeson M, McFarlin B, Flynn M. Exercise and Toll-like receptors. Exerc Immunol Rev 2006;12:34-53.##McFarlin BK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, Craig BA, Robinson JP, Stewart LK, et al. Physical activity status, but not age, influences inflammatory biomarkers and toll-like receptor 4. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61:388-93. doi: 10.1093/gerona/61.4.388.##Garrod R, Ansley P, Canavan J, Jewell A. Exercise and the inflammatory response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—Does training confer anti-inflammatory properties in COPD? Med Hypotheses 2007;68:291-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.07.028.##Wood J, Vieira VJ, Keylock K. Exercise, inflammation, and innate immunity. Neurol Clin 2006;24:585-99. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2009.02.011.## ##

القای عملکردهای ضدالتهابی در مونوسیت‌های خون محیطی رت توسط دوپامین در شرایط آزمایشگاهی Induction of Anti-inflammatory Functions in Peripheral Blood Monocytes by Dopamine in Vitro 1 1 مقدمه: امروزه تا حدودی برخی از جنبه‌‌های ارتباط متقابل دستگاه نوروآندوکراین و دستگاه ایمنی شناخته‌شده است. بر اساس این، نشان داده‌شده است که برخی از سلول‌های ایمنی از قبیل مونوسیت‌ها قادر به تولید و ذخیره‌سازی دوپامین در وزیکول‌‌های ترشحی خود هستند. هدف از مطالعۀ حاضر بررسی تأثیر دوپامین بر عملکردهای ایمونولوژیک مونوسیت‌های خون محیطی رت است. مواد و روش­ها: در این مطالعۀ تجربی، سلول‌های تک‌هسته‌ای خون محیطی به کمک گرادیان فایکول-هایپک از خون محیطی رت‌ها جدا شدند؛ سپس از بخش چسبندۀ این سلول‌ها به کف فلاسک به‌عنوان سلول‌های مونوسیت استفاده گردید. سلول‌های مونوسیت در گروه تیمار به مدت 24 ساعت با دوپامین در غلظت 7-10×5 مولار مجاور شدند و آنگاه عملکرد فاگوسیتوز، انفجار تنفسی، قابلیت کشتار، تولید نیتریکاکساید، برداشت نوترال‌ رد، قابلیت حیاتی و میزان بیان ژن NF-κB آن‌ها بررسی گردید. یافته­ های پژوهش: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که مونوسیت‌های کنترل و تیمار هیچ تفاوت معنی‌داری در فاگوسیتوز پس از چالش با مخمر اپسونیزه ندارند. با وجود این، میزان برداشت نوترال رد، شدت انفجار تنفسی و تولید نیتریک‌اکساید پس از چالش با مخمر اپسونیزه و همچنین میزان بیان NF-κB در مونوسیت‌های تیمارشده با دوپامین، نسبت به گروه شاهد، به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت (P<0.05). البته فعالیت زیستی مونوسیت‌های گروه تیمار نسبت به مونوسیت‌های گروه شاهد، تغییر معنی‌داری پیدا نکرد. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: در کل به‌نظر می‌رسد که دوپامین به‌طور پویا موجب ایجاد یک فنوتیپ ضدالتهابی در سلول‌های مونوسیت می‌شود، به‌طوری‌که این مونوسیت‌ها در کنار کاهش فعالیت بخش لیزوزومی، میزان کمتری از رادیکال‌های آزاد اکسیژن و نیتروژن را تولید می‌کنند.   2 Introduction:  Nowadays, some aspects of neuroendocrine and immune systems intercalation are already known. Accordingly, it has been shown that certain immune cells, such as monocytes, can produce and store dopamine in their secretory vesicles. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dopamine on some immunological functions of the rat peripheral blood monocytes. Material & Methods:  In this experimental study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rats were isolated by a ficoll-hypaque gradient. Afterward, the plastic adherent fractions were used as monocytes. Monocytes in the treatment group cocultured for 24 h with 5×10-7 M dopamine, and then their phagocytosis performance, respiratory burst, killing ability, nitric oxide production, neutral red harvest, vital ability, and NF-κB gene expression were investigated. Results: The results of this study showed that both control or treatment monocytes showed no significant difference in phagocytosis after the challenge with opsonized yeast. Nevertheless, the neutral red uptake, respiratory burst, and nitric oxide production after the challenge with opsonized yeast, and also the expression of NF-κB, were decreased in dopamine-treated monocytes compared to monocytes in the control group (P<0.05). The monocyte vitality of the treatment group did not show any significant effects compared to the monocytes of the control group. Discussion & Conclusion: It seems that dopamine dynamically creates an anti-inflammatory phenotype in the monocyte. Therefore, alongside a decrease in the lysosomal compartment activity, the monocytes produce lower levels of free oxygen and nitrogen radicals. 17 31 2023/07/182022/10/15 1401/7/23 2024/01/82024/01/1 1402/10/11 هانیه نیک خواه Hanieh Nikkhah گروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی،دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران ایران haniehnik@gmail.com سید میثم ابطحی فروشانی Seyyed Meysam Abtahi Froushani گروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی،دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران ایران meysamabtahi@hotmail.com حبیب دستمالچی ساعی Habib Dastmalchi Saei گروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی،دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران ایران hdsaei561@gmail.com ناهیده افضل آهنگران Nahideh Afzale Ahangaran گروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی،دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران ایران n.a.ahangran@gmail.com Dopamine Monocytes Rat دوپامین مونوسیت رت Jahangiri S, Abtahi Froushani SM, Delirezh N. Combination immunotherapy with extract of heated 4T1 and naloxone in mouse model of breast cancer. Turk J Med Sci 2016;46:518-23. doi: 10.3906/sag-1410-61.##Mohammadi A, Abtahi Froushani SM, DelireZh N, Ownagh A. Alum and metoclopramide synergistically enhance cellular and humoral immunity after immunization with heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium vaccine. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108185. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108185.##Arias-Carrión O, Stamelou M, Murillo-Rodríguez E, Menéndez-González M, Pöppel E. Dopaminergic reward system: a short integrative review. Int Arch Med 2010; 3:24. doi: 10.1186/1755-7682-3-24.##Franco R, Reyes-Resina I, Navarro G. Dopamine in Health and Disease: Much More Than a Neurotransmitter. Biomedicines 2021;9:109. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9020109.##Arreola R, Alvarez-Herrera S, Pérez-Sánchez G, Becerril-Villanueva E, Cruz-Fuentes C, Flores-Gutierrez EO, et al. Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Dopamine. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3160486. doi: 10.1155/2016/3160486.##Papa I, Saliba D, Ponzoni M, Bustamante S, Canete PF, Gonzalez-Figueroa P, et al. T(FH)-derived dopamine accelerates productive synapses in germinal centres. Nature 2017;547:318-23. doi: 10.1038/nature23013.##Nourmohammadi K, Babaei-Balderlou F, Abtahi-Foroushani SM. Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonist Alters the Testosterone Release and Kisspeptin/GPR54 Signaling in Food-Restricted Rats. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci 2021;45:1879-86. doi:10.1007/s40995-021-01196-z.##Ehrchen JM, Roth J, Barczyk-Kahlert K. More Than Suppression: Glucocorticoid Action on Monocytes and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2028. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02028.##Esmaili Gourvarchin Galeh H, Meysam Abtahi Froushani S, Afzale Ahangaran N, Hadai SN. Effects of Educated Monocytes with Xenogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Conditioned Medium in a Mouse Model of Chronic Asthma. Immunol Invest 2018;47:504-20. doi: 10.1080/08820139.2018.##Torres KC, Antonelli LR, Souza AL, Teixeira MM, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ. Norepinephrine, dopamine and dexamethasone modulate discrete leukocyte subpopulations and cytokine profiles from human PBMC. J Neuroimmunol 2005;166:144-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.06.006.##McKenna F, McLaughlin PJ, Lewis BJ, Sibbring GC, Cummerson JA, Bowen-Jones D, et al. Dopamine receptor expression on human T- and B-lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and NK cells: a flow cytometric study. J Neuroimmunol 2002;132:34-40. doi: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00280-1.##Scriba A, Luciano L, Steiniger B. High-yield purification of rat monocytes by combined density gradient and immunomagnetic separation. J Immunol Methods 1996;189:203-16. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00248-0.##Abtahi Froushani SM, Abbasi A. Conditioned Medium of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Pulsed with Theobromine Can Instruct Anti-Inflammatory Neutrophils. Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2020;22:e86967. doi:10.5812/zjrms.86967.##Shushtari N, Abtahi Froushani SM. Caffeine Augments the Instruction of Anti-Inflammatory Macrophages by The Conditioned Medium of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell J 2017;19:415-24. doi: 10.22074/cellj.2017.4364.##Fijalkowski K, Czernomysy-Furowicz D, Irwin JA, Nawrotek P, Pobucewicz A. Secretory virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from mastitic bovine milk--effect on bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Res Vet Sci 2012;93:82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.017.##Pacheco R, Riquelme E, Kalergis AM. Emerging evidence for the role of neurotransmitters in the modulation of T cell responses to cognate ligands. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2010;10:65-83. doi: 10.2174/187152410790780154.##Pacheco R. Targeting dopamine receptor D3 signalling in inflammation. Oncotarget 2017;8:7224-5. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.14601.##Contreras F, Prado C, González H, Franz D, Osorio-Barrios F, Osorio F, et al. Dopamine Receptor D3 Signaling on CD4+ T Cells Favors Th1- and Th17-Mediated Immunity. J Immunol 2016;196:4143-9. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502420.##Cosentino M, Bombelli R, Ferrari M, Marino F, Rasini E, Maestroni GJ, et al. HPLC-ED measurement of endogenous catecholamines in human immune cells and hematopoietic cell lines. Life Sci 2000;68:283-95. doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00937-1.##Arreola R, Alvarez-Herrera S, Pérez-Sánchez G, Becerril-Villanueva E, Cruz-Fuentes C, Flores-Gutierrez EO, et al. Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Dopamine. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3160486. doi: 10.1155/2016/3160486.##Haskó G, Szabó C, Németh ZH, Deitch EA. Dopamine suppresses IL-12 p40 production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages via a β-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism. J Neuroimmunol 2002;122:34-9. doi: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00459-3.##Nolan RA, Muir R, Runner K, Haddad EK, Gaskill PJ. Role of Macrophage Dopamine Receptors in Mediating Cytokine Production: Implications for Neuroinflammation in the Context of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019;14:134-56. doi: 10.1007/s11481-018-9825-2.##Dale RC, Merheb V, Pillai S, Wang D, Cantrill L, Murphy TK, et al. Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders. Brain 2012;135:3453-68. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws256.##Beck G, Brinkkoetter P, Hanusch C, Schulte J, van Ackern K, van der Woude FJ, et al. Clinical review: immunomodulatory effects of dopamine in general inflammation. Crit Care 2004;8:485-91. doi: 10.1186/cc2879.##Gilmore TD. Introduction to NF-kappaB: players, pathways, perspectives. Oncogene 2006;25:6680-4. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209954.##Albensi BC. What Is Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) Doing in and to the Mitochondrion? Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:154. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00154.##Gaskill PJ, Carvallo L, Eugenin EA, Berman JW. Characterization and function of the human macrophage dopaminergic system: implications for CNS disease and drug abuse. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:203. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-203.##Cutolo M, Campitiello R, Gotelli E, Soldano S. The Role of M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867260. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1394108.##Bart VMT, Pickering RJ, Taylor PR, Ipseiz N. Macrophage reprogramming for therapy. Immunology 2021;163:128-44. doi: 10.1111/imm.13300.##Jahangiri S, Abtahi Froushani SM, Delirezh N. Combination immunotherapy with extract of heated 4T1 and naloxone in mouse model of breast cancer. Turk J Med Sci 2016;46:518-23. doi: 10.3906/sag-1410-61.##Mohammadi A, Abtahi Froushani SM, DelireZh N, Ownagh A. Alum and metoclopramide synergistically enhance cellular and humoral immunity after immunization with heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium vaccine. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108185. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108185.##Arias-Carrión O, Stamelou M, Murillo-Rodríguez E, Menéndez-González M, Pöppel E. Dopaminergic reward system: a short integrative review. Int Arch Med 2010; 3:24. doi: 10.1186/1755-7682-3-24.##Franco R, Reyes-Resina I, Navarro G. Dopamine in Health and Disease: Much More Than a Neurotransmitter. Biomedicines 2021;9:109. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9020109.##Arreola R, Alvarez-Herrera S, Pérez-Sánchez G, Becerril-Villanueva E, Cruz-Fuentes C, Flores-Gutierrez EO, et al. Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Dopamine. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3160486. doi: 10.1155/2016/3160486.##Papa I, Saliba D, Ponzoni M, Bustamante S, Canete PF, Gonzalez-Figueroa P, et al. T(FH)-derived dopamine accelerates productive synapses in germinal centres. Nature 2017;547:318-23. doi: 10.1038/nature23013.##Nourmohammadi K, Babaei-Balderlou F, Abtahi-Foroushani SM. Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonist Alters the Testosterone Release and Kisspeptin/GPR54 Signaling in Food-Restricted Rats. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci 2021;45:1879-86. doi:10.1007/s40995-021-01196-z.##Ehrchen JM, Roth J, Barczyk-Kahlert K. More Than Suppression: Glucocorticoid Action on Monocytes and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2028. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02028.##Esmaili Gourvarchin Galeh H, Meysam Abtahi Froushani S, Afzale Ahangaran N, Hadai SN. Effects of Educated Monocytes with Xenogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Conditioned Medium in a Mouse Model of Chronic Asthma. Immunol Invest 2018;47:504-20. doi: 10.1080/08820139.2018.##Torres KC, Antonelli LR, Souza AL, Teixeira MM, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ. Norepinephrine, dopamine and dexamethasone modulate discrete leukocyte subpopulations and cytokine profiles from human PBMC. J Neuroimmunol 2005;166:144-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.06.006.##McKenna F, McLaughlin PJ, Lewis BJ, Sibbring GC, Cummerson JA, Bowen-Jones D, et al. Dopamine receptor expression on human T- and B-lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and NK cells: a flow cytometric study. J Neuroimmunol 2002;132:34-40. doi: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00280-1.##Scriba A, Luciano L, Steiniger B. High-yield purification of rat monocytes by combined density gradient and immunomagnetic separation. J Immunol Methods 1996;189:203-16. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00248-0.##Abtahi Froushani SM, Abbasi A. Conditioned Medium of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Pulsed with Theobromine Can Instruct Anti-Inflammatory Neutrophils. Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2020;22:e86967. doi:10.5812/zjrms.86967.##Shushtari N, Abtahi Froushani SM. Caffeine Augments the Instruction of Anti-Inflammatory Macrophages by The Conditioned Medium of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell J 2017;19:415-24. doi: 10.22074/cellj.2017.4364.##Fijalkowski K, Czernomysy-Furowicz D, Irwin JA, Nawrotek P, Pobucewicz A. Secretory virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from mastitic bovine milk--effect on bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Res Vet Sci 2012;93:82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.017.##Pacheco R, Riquelme E, Kalergis AM. Emerging evidence for the role of neurotransmitters in the modulation of T cell responses to cognate ligands. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2010;10:65-83. doi: 10.2174/187152410790780154.##Pacheco R. Targeting dopamine receptor D3 signalling in inflammation. Oncotarget 2017;8:7224-5. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.14601.##Contreras F, Prado C, González H, Franz D, Osorio-Barrios F, Osorio F, et al. Dopamine Receptor D3 Signaling on CD4+ T Cells Favors Th1- and Th17-Mediated Immunity. J Immunol 2016;196:4143-9. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502420.##Cosentino M, Bombelli R, Ferrari M, Marino F, Rasini E, Maestroni GJ, et al. HPLC-ED measurement of endogenous catecholamines in human immune cells and hematopoietic cell lines. Life Sci 2000;68:283-95. doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00937-1.##Arreola R, Alvarez-Herrera S, Pérez-Sánchez G, Becerril-Villanueva E, Cruz-Fuentes C, Flores-Gutierrez EO, et al. Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Dopamine. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3160486. doi: 10.1155/2016/3160486.##Haskó G, Szabó C, Németh ZH, Deitch EA. Dopamine suppresses IL-12 p40 production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages via a β-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism. J Neuroimmunol 2002;122:34-9. doi: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00459-3.##Nolan RA, Muir R, Runner K, Haddad EK, Gaskill PJ. Role of Macrophage Dopamine Receptors in Mediating Cytokine Production: Implications for Neuroinflammation in the Context of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019;14:134-56. doi: 10.1007/s11481-018-9825-2.##Dale RC, Merheb V, Pillai S, Wang D, Cantrill L, Murphy TK, et al. Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders. Brain 2012;135:3453-68. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws256.##Beck G, Brinkkoetter P, Hanusch C, Schulte J, van Ackern K, van der Woude FJ, et al. Clinical review: immunomodulatory effects of dopamine in general inflammation. Crit Care 2004;8:485-91. doi: 10.1186/cc2879.##Gilmore TD. Introduction to NF-kappaB: players, pathways, perspectives. Oncogene 2006;25:6680-4. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209954.##Albensi BC. What Is Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) Doing in and to the Mitochondrion? Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:154. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00154.##Gaskill PJ, Carvallo L, Eugenin EA, Berman JW. Characterization and function of the human macrophage dopaminergic system: implications for CNS disease and drug abuse. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:203. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-203.##Cutolo M, Campitiello R, Gotelli E, Soldano S. The Role of M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867260. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1394108.##Bart VMT, Pickering RJ, Taylor PR, Ipseiz N. Macrophage reprogramming for therapy. Immunology 2021;163:128-44. doi: 10.1111/imm.13300.## ##

بررسی آثار ژن کدکنندۀ buforin II بر بیان lncRNAهای PVT1، EGOT و LINC00312 در ردۀ سلولی سرطان کلیه Investigating the effects of buforin II coding gene on the expression of lncRNAs PVT1, EGOT and LINC00312 in kidney cancer cell line 1 1 کارسینوم سلول کلیوی (RCC) شایع‌‌ترین نوع سرطان کلیه در بزرگ‌سالان است. هدف از مطالعۀ حاضر بررسی آثار ژن کدکنندۀ buforin II بر بیان lncRNA‌‌های PVT1، EGOT و LINC00312 در سلول‌‌های سرطان کلیۀ ردۀ ACHN است. مواد و روش­ها: پلاسمید نوترکیب pcDNA3.1(+) حاوی ژن buforin II و پلاسمید خالی pcDNA3.1(+) به روش شوک حرارتی وارد باکتری E.coli سویۀ TOP10 شدند و سپس تخلیص گردیدند. پس از آن، هر دو پلاسمید به روش لیپوفکشن وارد سلول‌‌های ACHN شدند و غربالگری توسط آنتی‌‌بیوتیک نئومایسین انجام گرفت. درنهایت، واکنش real time RT-PCR‌‌ به‌منظور بررسی تغییر بیان lncRNA‌‌های EGOT، PVT1 و LINC00312 انجام گردید. یافته­ های پژوهش: پس از لیپوفکشن، سلول‌‌های ترانسفکت‌شده در محیط کشت حاوی آنتی‌بیوتیک نئومایسین رشد کردند. واکنش real time RT-PCR نشان داد که بیان ژن buforin II در سلول‌های سرطان کلیۀ ‌‌ردۀ ACHN سبب افزایش بیان معنی‌‌دار lncRNA‌‌های EGOT (P= 0.0033) و LINC00312 (P= 0.0272) و کاهش بیان معنی‌‌دار PVT1 (P=0.0278) شد. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اینکه حضور ژن buforin II باعث تغییر بیان معنی‌‌دار lncRNA‌‌های EGOT، PVT1 و LINC00312 می‌‌شود، احتمال می‌‌رود که بتواند مسیرهای سلولی ازجمله آپتوزیز را فعال کند.   2 Introduction:  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the buforin II gene on the expression of lncRNAs PVT1, EGOT and LINC00312 in ACHN kidney cancer cells. Material & Methods:  Recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1(+) containing buforin II gene and empty plasmid pcDNA3.1(+) were introduced into E. coli strain TOP10 by heat shock method and then purified. Then both mentioned plasmids were introduced into ACHN cells by lipofection method and screening was done by neomycin antibiotic. Finally, real time RT-PCR reaction was performed in order to investigate the expression change of EGOT, PVT1 and LINC00312 lncRNAs. Results: After lipofection, the transfected cells grew in the culture medium containing neomycin antibiotic. The real time RT-PCR reaction showed that the expression of buforin II gene in ACHN kidney cancer cells caused a significant increase in the expression of lncRNAs EGOT (P=0.0033) and LINC00312 (P=0.0272) and a significant decrease in the expression of PVT1 (P=0.0278). Discussion & Conclusion: Considering that the presence of buforin II gene causes a significant change in the expression of lncRNAs EGOT, PVT1 and LINC00312, it is possible that it can activate cell pathways including apoptosis. 32 43 2023/07/182022/10/152023/09/30 1402/7/8 2024/01/82024/01/12024/01/28 1402/11/8 مریم امیری فارسانی Maryam Amiri-Farsani گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم پایه، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران ایران maryam.amirifarsani@yahoo.com عباس دوستی Abbas Doosti مرکز تحقیقات بیوتکنولوژی، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران ایران msafarpour84@yahoo.com Renal cell carcinoma buforin II ACHN cell line کارسینوم سلول کلیه buforin II ردۀ سلولی ACHN Chen Z, Han F, Du Y, Shi H, Zhou W. Hypoxic microenvironment in cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 17;8:70. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01332-8.##Colomer‐Lahiguera S, Steimer M, Ellis U, Eicher M, Tompson M, Corbière T, et al. Patient and public involvement in cancer research: A scoping review. Cancer Med 2023; 16. doi: 10.1002/cam4.6200.##Nabi S, Kessler ER, Bernard B, Flaig TW, Lam ET. Renal cell carcinoma: a review of biology and pathophysiology. F1000Res 2018;7: 1-10. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.13179.1.##Safarpour-Dehkordi M, Doosti A, Jami MS. Integrative analysis of lncRNAs in kidney cancer to discover a new lncRNA (LINC00847) as a therapeutic target for staphylococcal enterotoxin tst gene. Cell J 2020;22:101. doi: 10.22074/cellj.2020.6996.##Jin L, Quan J, Pan X, He T, Hu J, Li Y, et al. Identification of lncRNA EGOT as a tumor suppressor in renal cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2017;16:7072-9. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7470.##Guo Z, Wang YH, Xu H, Yuan CS, Zhou HH, Huang WH, et al. LncRNA linc00312 suppresses radiotherapy resistance by targeting DNA-PKcs and impairing DNA damage repair in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2021;12:69. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-03302-2.##Li M, Wang Y, Cheng L, Niu W, Zhao G, Raju JK, et al. Long non-coding RNAs in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and clinical implications. Oncotarget 2017;8:48424-35.doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.17053.##Schweizer F. Cationic amphiphilic peptides with cancer-selective toxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:190-4. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.043.##Park CB, Yi KS, Matsuzaki K, Kim MS, Kim SC. Structure–activity analysis of buforin II, a histone H2A-derived antimicrobial peptide: the proline hinge is responsible for the cell-penetrating ability of buforin II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:8245-50. doi: 10.1073/pnas.150518097.##Lee HS, Park CB, Kim JM, Jang SA, Park IY, Kim MS. Mechanism of anticancer activity of buforin IIb, a histone H2A-derived peptide. Cancer Lett 2008; 271:47-55. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.041.##Safarpour M, Kazemi Z, Doosti E, Doosti A. Cloning tagD gene from helicobacter pylori in PFLAG-CMV-3 eukaryotic vector to generate a DNA vaccine. JIUMS 2016; 14:43-50. 10.29252/JMJ.14.4.43.##Seim I, Jeffery PL, Thomas PB, Walpole CM, Maugham M, Fung JN, et al. Multi-species sequence comparison reveals conservation of ghrelin gene-derived splice variants encoding a truncated ghrelin peptide. Endocrine 2016; 52:609-17. doi: 10.1007/s12020-015-0848-7.##Safarpour-Dehkordi M, Samimi-Dehkordi N, Asgari M, Khademi R, Kabirian-Dehkordi M, Amiri M, et al. Co-expression network analysis for the identification of potential prostate cancer genes and in vitro confirmation of their expression in cell model in the presence of Staphylococcal tsst-1 gene. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2023; 17:1-6. doi:10.1080/15257770.2023.2249544.##Safarpour-Dehkordi M, Doosti A, Jami MS. Impacts of the Staphylococcal Enterotoxin H on the Apoptosis and lncRNAs in PC3 and ACHN. Mol Gen Microbiol Virol 2020; 35:180-8. doi: 10.3103/S0891416820030076.##Li H, Li X, Bai M, Suo Y, Zhang G, Cao X. Matrine inhibited proliferation and increased apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells via upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. Int J Clin Exp Patho 2015; 8:14793.‌##Zhou M, Zou X, Cheng K, Zhong S, Su Y, Wu T, et al. The role of cell‐penetrating peptides in potential anti‐cancer therapy. Clin Transl Med 2022;12: e822. doi: 10.1002/ctm2.822.##Vakili B, Jahanian-Najafabadi A. Application of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Design and Production of Anticancer Agents. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023; 20; 29:28.##Parker JP, Devocelle M, Morgan MP, Marmion CJ. Derivatisation of buforin IIb, a cationic henicosapeptide, to afford its complexation to platinum (ii) resulting in a novel platinum (ii)–buforin IIb conjugate with anti-cancer activity. Dalton Trans 2016;45:13038-41. doi: 10.1039/c6dt01510g.##Li M, Wang Y, Cheng L, Niu W, Zhao G, Raju JK, et al. Long non-coding RNAs in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and clinical implications. Oncotarget 2017; 7; 8:48424. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.17053.##Chen Z, Han F, Du Y, Shi H, Zhou W. Hypoxic microenvironment in cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 17;8:70. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01332-8.##Colomer‐Lahiguera S, Steimer M, Ellis U, Eicher M, Tompson M, Corbière T, et al. Patient and public involvement in cancer research: A scoping review. Cancer Med 2023; 16. doi: 10.1002/cam4.6200.##Nabi S, Kessler ER, Bernard B, Flaig TW, Lam ET. Renal cell carcinoma: a review of biology and pathophysiology. F1000Res 2018;7: 1-10. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.13179.1.##Safarpour-Dehkordi M, Doosti A, Jami MS. Integrative analysis of lncRNAs in kidney cancer to discover a new lncRNA (LINC00847) as a therapeutic target for staphylococcal enterotoxin tst gene. Cell J 2020;22:101. doi: 10.22074/cellj.2020.6996.##Jin L, Quan J, Pan X, He T, Hu J, Li Y, et al. Identification of lncRNA EGOT as a tumor suppressor in renal cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2017;16:7072-9. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7470.##Guo Z, Wang YH, Xu H, Yuan CS, Zhou HH, Huang WH, et al. LncRNA linc00312 suppresses radiotherapy resistance by targeting DNA-PKcs and impairing DNA damage repair in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2021;12:69. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-03302-2.##Li M, Wang Y, Cheng L, Niu W, Zhao G, Raju JK, et al. Long non-coding RNAs in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and clinical implications. Oncotarget 2017;8:48424-35.doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.17053.##Schweizer F. Cationic amphiphilic peptides with cancer-selective toxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:190-4. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.043.##Park CB, Yi KS, Matsuzaki K, Kim MS, Kim SC. Structure–activity analysis of buforin II, a histone H2A-derived antimicrobial peptide: the proline hinge is responsible for the cell-penetrating ability of buforin II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:8245-50. doi: 10.1073/pnas.150518097.##Lee HS, Park CB, Kim JM, Jang SA, Park IY, Kim MS. Mechanism of anticancer activity of buforin IIb, a histone H2A-derived peptide. Cancer Lett 2008; 271:47-55. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.041.##Safarpour M, Kazemi Z, Doosti E, Doosti A. Cloning tagD gene from helicobacter pylori in PFLAG-CMV-3 eukaryotic vector to generate a DNA vaccine. JIUMS 2016; 14:43-50. 10.29252/JMJ.14.4.43.##Seim I, Jeffery PL, Thomas PB, Walpole CM, Maugham M, Fung JN, et al. Multi-species sequence comparison reveals conservation of ghrelin gene-derived splice variants encoding a truncated ghrelin peptide. Endocrine 2016; 52:609-17. doi: 10.1007/s12020-015-0848-7.##Safarpour-Dehkordi M, Samimi-Dehkordi N, Asgari M, Khademi R, Kabirian-Dehkordi M, Amiri M, et al. Co-expression network analysis for the identification of potential prostate cancer genes and in vitro confirmation of their expression in cell model in the presence of Staphylococcal tsst-1 gene. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2023; 17:1-6. doi:10.1080/15257770.2023.2249544.##Safarpour-Dehkordi M, Doosti A, Jami MS. Impacts of the Staphylococcal Enterotoxin H on the Apoptosis and lncRNAs in PC3 and ACHN. Mol Gen Microbiol Virol 2020; 35:180-8. doi: 10.3103/S0891416820030076.##Li H, Li X, Bai M, Suo Y, Zhang G, Cao X. Matrine inhibited proliferation and increased apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells via upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. Int J Clin Exp Patho 2015; 8:14793.‌##Zhou M, Zou X, Cheng K, Zhong S, Su Y, Wu T, et al. The role of cell‐penetrating peptides in potential anti‐cancer therapy. Clin Transl Med 2022;12: e822. doi: 10.1002/ctm2.822.##Vakili B, Jahanian-Najafabadi A. Application of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Design and Production of Anticancer Agents. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023; 20; 29:28.##Parker JP, Devocelle M, Morgan MP, Marmion CJ. Derivatisation of buforin IIb, a cationic henicosapeptide, to afford its complexation to platinum (ii) resulting in a novel platinum (ii)–buforin IIb conjugate with anti-cancer activity. Dalton Trans 2016;45:13038-41. doi: 10.1039/c6dt01510g.##Li M, Wang Y, Cheng L, Niu W, Zhao G, Raju JK, et al. Long non-coding RNAs in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and clinical implications. Oncotarget 2017; 7; 8:48424. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.17053.## ##

تأثیر تمرین هوازی و کپسایسین بر بیان ژن‌های لیپوژنیک SREBP-1c و FASN بافت کبدی موش‌‌های صحرایی چاق Effect of aerobic training and capsaicin on the expression of lipogenic genes SREBP-1c and FASN in liver tissue of obese rats 1 1 مقدمه: مصرف رژیم غذایی پرچرب باعث چاقی می‌شود و چاقی از ویژگی‌های بارز سندرم متابولیک است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر تمرین هوازی و مکمل کپسایسین بر بیان ژن‌‌های لیپوژنیک SREBP-1c و FASN بافت کبدی موش‌‌های صحرایی چاق بود. مواد و روش­ها: برای انجام تحقیق تجربی حاضر، 40 سر موش صحرایی نر 8 هفته‌ای با میانگین وزن 3/2±5/181 گرم از نژاد ویستار به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند؛ سپس 8 سر از رت‌‌ها از رژیم غذایی طبیعی (ND) و 32 سر رت نیز از رژیم غذایی پرچرب (HFD) تغذیه کردند و به‌طور تصادفی به 5 گروه: رژیم طبیعی، رژیم پرچرب، رژیم غذایی پرچرب-تمرین، رژیم غذایی پرچرب-کپسایسین و رژیم غذایی پرچرب-تمرین-کپسایسین تقسیم گردیدند. گروه‌های تمرین به مدت هشت هفته برنامه تمرین هوازی فزاینده (25-15 متر در دقیقه، 60-30 دقیقه در روز، پنج روز در هفته) را روی تردمیل انجام دادند. کپسایسین نیز (day‏/kg‏/mg 4) یک‌بار در روز به‌صورت خوراکی با گاواژ خورانده شد. یافته ­های پژوهش: القای چاقی با افزایش بیان SREBP-1C (P<0.001) و FASN (P<0.001) همراه بود؛ همچنین مشخص گردید، تمرین هوازی همراه با مصرف مکمل کپسایسین موجب کاهش معنادار بیان ژن SREBP-1C و FASN در گروه‌‌های تجربی در مقایسه با گروه چاق شد. در نهایت، این روند کاهشی در گروه ترکیبی در مقایسه با گروه مکمل معنادار بود. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: احتمال دارد استفاده از کپسایسین به‌همراه فعالیت بدنی هوازی راهبرد  مؤثر برای خنثی کردن نشانگرهای لیپـوژنز کبدی باشد. 2 Introduction:  Consuming a high-fat diet causes obesity, which is one of the hallmarks of metabolic syndrome. The present study aimed to assess the effect of aerobic training and capsaicin supplementation on the expression of lipogenic genes SREBP-1c and FASN in the liver tissue of obese rats Material & Methods:  For this experimental research, 40 eight-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 181.5±2.3 grams were selected as samples. Thereafter, eight rats were fed a normal diet (ND), and 32 rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and randomly assigned to five groups: normal diet, high-fat diet, high-fat diet-training, high-fat diet-capsaicin, and high-fat diet-training-capsaicin. The exercise groups performed an incremental aerobic exercise program (15-25 m/min, 30-60 min/day, five days/week) on a treadmill for eight weeks. Capsaicin (4 mg/kg/day) was taken orally by gavage once a day. Results: Induction of obesity was associated with increased expression of SREBP-1C (P=0.001) and FASN (P=0.001). It was also revealed that aerobic exercise with capsaicin supplementation significantly decreased SREBP-1C and FASN gene expression in the experimental groups compared to the obese group. Finally, this reduction trend was significant in the combined group compared to the supplement group. Discussion & Conclusion: It is possible that the use of capsaicin, along with aerobic physical activity, is an effective strategy to neutralize the markers of hepatic lipogenesis. 44 54 2023/07/182022/10/152023/09/302023/10/29 1402/8/7 2024/01/82024/01/12024/01/282024/04/16 1403/1/28 فاطمه قریشی Fatemeh Ghoreishi گروه تربیت بدنی وعلوم ورزشی، واحد قائمشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قائمشهر، ایران ایران fatemehghoreishi99@gmail.com سقا فرج تبار بهرستاق Saqqa Farajtabar Behrestaq گروه تربیت بدنی وعلوم ورزشی، واحد قائمشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قائمشهر، ایران ایران farajtabarp@yahoo.com امیر تقی پور Amir Taghipoor asrami گروه تربیت بدنی وعلوم ورزشی، واحد قائمشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قائمشهر، ایران ایران amir_85_2005@yahoo.com معصومه حبیبیان Masoumeh Habibian گروه تربیت بدنی وعلوم ورزشی، واحد قائمشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قائمشهر، ایران ایران habibian_m@yahoo.com Aerobic exercise Capsaicin FASN Liver SREBP-1c تمرین هوازی کپسایسین SREBP-1c FASN کبد Fan L, Xu H, Yang R, Zang Y, Chen J, Qin H. 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J Hepatol 2017; 66:142-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.08.023.##Oh S, Shida T, Yamagishi K, Tanaka K, So R, et al. Moderate to vigorous physical activity volume is an important factor for managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a retrospective study. Hepatology 2015; 61:1205-15. doi: 10.1002/hep.27544.##Moon HY, Song P, Choi CS, Ryu SH, Suh PG. Involvement of exercise-induced macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the prevention of fatty liver disease. J Endocrinol 2013; 218:339-48. doi: 10.1530/JOE-13-0135.##Hedayati katouli A, Azarbayjani M, Banaeifar A, Arshadi S. The Effect of Aerobic Training and Adenosine on the Expression of SREBP-1C and A1 Receptor in Hepatic Fat-fed Rats. Iranian J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2019; 14:1-9.##Asano M, Iwagaki Y, Sugawara S, Kushida M, Okouchi R, et al. Effects of Japanese diet in combination with exercise on visceral fat accumulation. Nutrition 2019; 57:173-82. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.05.023.##Zarei F, Jafari A. High-Intensity Interval Training Through mTOR and SREBP1 Proteins Leads to the Regulation of Adipose Tissue in Rats Obese with Type 2 Diabetes. JKH 2020; 15:41-8. doi: 10.22100/jkh. v15i1.2284.##Zheng L, Chen J, Ma Z, Liu W, Yang F, et al. Capsaicin enhances anti-proliferation efficacy of pirarubicin via activating TRPV1 and inhibiting PCNA nuclear translocation in 5637 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016;13:881-7. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4623.##Kim HK, Jeong J, Kang EY, Go GW. Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Seed Extract Improves Glycemic Control by Inhibiting Hepatic Gluconeogenesis via Phosphorylation of FOXO1 and AMPK in Obese Diabetic db/db Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:2546. doi: 10.3390/nu12092546.##de Lourdes Medina-Contreras JM, Mailloux-Salinas P, Colado-Velazquez JI, Gómez-Viquez NLGV, Velázquez-Espejel R, et al. Topical capsaicin cream with moderate exercise protects against hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia and increased blood pressure in hypoestrogenic obese rats. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:3212-19. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.10357.##Fan L, Xu H, Yang R, Zang Y, Chen J, Qin H. Combination of capsaicin and capsiate induces browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes via activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ‌/β3-adrenergic receptor signaling pathways. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:6232-40. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02191.##Zhao Q, Lin X, Wang G. Targeting SREBP-1-Mediated Lipogenesis as Potential Strategies for Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:952371. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.952371.##Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25:1-72. doi: 10.1111/sms.12581.##Batchuluun B, Pinkosky SL, Steinberg GR. Lipogenesis inhibitors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:283-305. doi: 10.1038/s41573-021-00367-2.##Petridou A, Siopi A, Mougios V. Exercise in the management of obesity. Metabolism 2019; 92:163-69. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.009.##Yaghoobpour YO, Azarbayjani MA, Peeri M, Farzanegi P. Effect of type of training on markers of hepatocyte apoptosis in rats fed with high fat diet. Yafte 2018; 19:106-16.##Zheng J, Zheng S, Feng Q, Zhang Q, Xiao X. Dietary capsaicin and its anti-obesity potency: from mechanism to clinical implications. Biosci Rep 2017;37: BSR20170286. doi: 10.1042/BSR20170286.##Bort A, Sánchez BG, Mateos-Gómez PA, Díaz-Laviada I, Rodríguez-Henche N. Capsaicin Targets Lipogenesis in HepG2 Cells Through AMPK Activation, AKT Inhibition and PPARs Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:1660. doi: 10.3390/ijms20071660.##Mesri Alamdari N, Irandoost P, Roshanravan N, Vafa M, Asghari Jafarabadi M, et al. Effects of Royal Jelly and Tocotrienol Rich Fraction in obesity treatment of calorie-restricted obese rats: a focus on white fat browning properties and thermogenic capacity. Nutr Metab 2020;17: 42. doi: 10.1186/s12986-020-00458-8.##Rocha-Rodrigues S, Rodríguez A, Gouveia AM, Gonçalves IO, Becerril S, et al. Effects of physical exercise on myokines expression and brown adipose-like phenotype modulation in rats fed a high-fat diet. Life Sci 2016;165: 100-8. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.09.023.##Sahin K, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Erten F, et al. Capsaicinoids improve consequences of physical activity. Toxicol Rep 2018;5: 598-607. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.001.##Berlanga A, Guiu-Jurado E, Porras JA, Auguet T. Molecular pathways in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2014; 7:221-39. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S62831.##Peng Z, Borea PA, Varani K, Wilder T, Yee H, et al. Adenosine signaling contributes to ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:582-94. doi: 10.1172/JCI37409.##Jokar M, Zarei F, Sherafati Moghadam M, Alizadeh Pahlavani H. Effect of 8-Week Endurance Training on the Content of Mtor and SREBP1 Proteins in Subcutaneous Fat Tissue in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. JSSU 2020; 28:2755-65. doi.org/10.18502/ssu. v28i6.4154.##Qin S, Yin J, Huang K. Free Fatty Acids Increase Intracellular Lipid Accumulation and Oxidative Stress by Modulating PPARα and SREBP-1c in L-02 Cells. Lipids 2016; 51:797-805. doi: 10.1007/s11745-016-4160-y.##Yecies JL, Zhang HH, Menon S, Liu S, Yecies D, et al. Akt stimulates hepatic SREBP1c and lipogenesis through parallel mTORC1-dependent and independent pathways. Cell Metab 2011; 14:21-32. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.002.##Li Y, Xu S, Mihaylova MM, Zheng B, Hou X, et al. AMPK phosphorylates and inhibits SREBP activity to attenuate hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis in diet-induced insulin-resistant mice. Cell Metab 2011; 13:376-88. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.03.009.##Hashida R, Kawaguchi T, Bekki M, Omoto M, Matsuse H, et al. Aerobic vs. resistance exercise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review. J Hepatol 2017; 66:142-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.08.023.##Oh S, Shida T, Yamagishi K, Tanaka K, So R, et al. Moderate to vigorous physical activity volume is an important factor for managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a retrospective study. Hepatology 2015; 61:1205-15. doi: 10.1002/hep.27544.##Moon HY, Song P, Choi CS, Ryu SH, Suh PG. Involvement of exercise-induced macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the prevention of fatty liver disease. J Endocrinol 2013; 218:339-48. doi: 10.1530/JOE-13-0135.##Hedayati katouli A, Azarbayjani M, Banaeifar A, Arshadi S. The Effect of Aerobic Training and Adenosine on the Expression of SREBP-1C and A1 Receptor in Hepatic Fat-fed Rats. Iranian J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2019; 14:1-9.##Asano M, Iwagaki Y, Sugawara S, Kushida M, Okouchi R, et al. Effects of Japanese diet in combination with exercise on visceral fat accumulation. Nutrition 2019; 57:173-82. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.05.023.##Zarei F, Jafari A. High-Intensity Interval Training Through mTOR and SREBP1 Proteins Leads to the Regulation of Adipose Tissue in Rats Obese with Type 2 Diabetes. JKH 2020; 15:41-8. doi: 10.22100/jkh. v15i1.2284.##Zheng L, Chen J, Ma Z, Liu W, Yang F, et al. Capsaicin enhances anti-proliferation efficacy of pirarubicin via activating TRPV1 and inhibiting PCNA nuclear translocation in 5637 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016;13:881-7. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4623.##Kim HK, Jeong J, Kang EY, Go GW. Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Seed Extract Improves Glycemic Control by Inhibiting Hepatic Gluconeogenesis via Phosphorylation of FOXO1 and AMPK in Obese Diabetic db/db Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:2546. doi: 10.3390/nu12092546.##de Lourdes Medina-Contreras JM, Mailloux-Salinas P, Colado-Velazquez JI, Gómez-Viquez NLGV, Velázquez-Espejel R, et al. Topical capsaicin cream with moderate exercise protects against hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia and increased blood pressure in hypoestrogenic obese rats. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:3212-19. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.10357.## ##

مقایسۀ اثربخشی درمان ارتقای کیفیت زندگی و درمان هیجان‌مدار بر انعطاف‌پذیری کنشی و نشاط افراد مبتلا به سوگ ناشی از کووید 19 Comparison of the effectiveness of life quality improvement treatment and emotion-focused therapy in the flexibility of action and vitality in individuals suffering from grief due to COVID-19 1 1 مقدمه: کیفیت زندگی افرادی که سوگ را در بحران کرونا تجربه کردهاند، قابل‌توجه است؛ بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر با هدف اثربخشی درمان ارتقای کیفیت زندگی و درمان هیجان‌مدار بر انعطاف‌پذیری کنشی و نشاط افراد مبتلا به سوگ ناشی از کووید 19 انجام شد. مواد و روش­ها: روش پژوهش نیمه‌آزمایشی با طرح پیشآزمون–پسآزمون با دو گروه آزمایش و یک گروه کنترل بود. در سال 1400، تعداد 30 نفر مبتلا به سوگ با روش نمونهگیری هدفمند انتخاب و به‌صورت تصادفی در سه گروه درمان ارتقای کیفیت زندگی، درمان هیجانمدار و گروه کنترل قرار گرفتند. دادهها با پرسش‌نامۀ انعطاف‌پذیری کنشی و شادکامی آکسفورد جمعآوری گردید. گروه آزمایش اول درمان هیجانمدار (لزلی گرینبرگ، 2012) و گروه آزمایش دوم درمان ارتقای کیفیت زندگی (فریش، 2006)، هرکدام 8 جلسۀ 90 دقیقهای را دریافت کردند. تحلیل دادهها با آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس با نرم¬افزار SPSS vol.27، انجام شد. یافته ­های پژوهش: نتایج نشان داد، هر دو درمان هیجانمدار و درمان ارتقای کیفیت زندگی بر انعطاف‌پذیری کنشی و نشاط تأثیر مثبتی داشته است ولی اثربخشی درمان ارتقای کیفیت زندگی بر نشاط افراد مبتلا به سوگ بیشتر بوده است. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اثربخشی هر دو درمان بر انعطاف‌پذیری کنشی و اثربخشی درمان ارتقای کیفیت زندگی بر نشاط افراد مبتلا به سوگ، روان‌درمانگران میتوانند از هر دو درمان برای ارتقای کیفیت زندگی و نشاط افراد دارای تجربۀ سوگ بهره ببرند. 2 Introduction:  The COVID-19 crisis exerts a marked impact on the quality of life of individuals experiencing grief. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of life quality improvement treatment and emotion-focused therapy on the cognitive flexibility and vitality of individuals affected by grief due to COVID-19. Material & Methods:  This research employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with two experimental groups and one control group. In 2021, 30 individuals affected by grief were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to three groups: life quality improvement treatment, emotion-focused therapy, and the control group. Data were collected using the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. The first experimental group received emotion-focused therapy (Leslie Greenberg, 2012), while the second experimental group received life quality improvement treatment (Fresch, 2006). Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 27) using analysis of covariance. Results: The results demonstrated that both emotion-focused therapy and therapy based on improving quality of life had a positive effect on behavioral flexibility and social vitality, and the effectiveness of therapy based on improving quality of life on the vitality of bereaved people was more than emotion-focused therapy. Discussion & Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of both treatments on the flexibility of action and the effectiveness of the treatment to improve the quality of life and vitality of people with grief, psychotherapists can benefit from both two treatments to improve the quality of life and vitality of people with the experience of grief to take. 55 65 2023/07/182022/10/152023/09/302023/10/292023/10/17 1402/7/25 2024/01/82024/01/12024/01/282024/04/162024/02/12 1402/11/23 فاطمه سلطانی Fatemeh Soltani گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد نائین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نائین، ایران ایران 72soltanifateme@gmail.com شهناز خالقی پور Shahnaz Khaleghipour گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد نائین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نائین، ایران ایران shkhaleghipour@yahoo.com مریم بهرامی نیا Maryam Bahraminia گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد نائین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نائین، ایران ایران maryambahrami199699@gmail.com Action flexibility Emotion-focused therapy Quality of life improvement therapy Vitality درمان ارتقای کیفیت زندگی درمان هیجانمدار انعطاف‌پذیری کنشی نشاط Eisma MC, Tamminga A. Grief before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: multiple group comparisons. J Pain Symptom Manage 2020;60: e1-e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.10.004.##Ahmadi B, Foroushani AR, Tanha N, Abad AM, Asadi H. Study of Functional Vulnerability Status of Tehran Hospitals in Dealing with Natural Disasters. Electron Physician. 2016; 8:3198-3204. doi: 10.19082/3198.##Vizniuk I, Bilan L, Tsokur O, Rozheliuk I, Podkovyroff N, Symonenko T. Psychosomatic Health as a Factor of Human Social Adaptation in the Postmodern Society. Postmod Open 2021; 12: 54-73. doi:10.18662/po/12.1/245.##Muridi SA. Comparison of resilience of female and male students of ahvaz university of medical scinces. Ahvaz Islamic Azad Bachelor Thesi, 2009.##Talebzade Shoshtari L, Mazginejad s. Social happiness and its decisive factors (A case study in Birjand). Social-Cultural Studies Khorasan 2021; 16: 33-60. doi: 10.22034/fakh.2021.267188.1445.##Sardella A, Lenzo V, Bonanno GA, Basile G, Quattropani MC. Expressive Flexibility and Dispositional Optimism Contribute to the Elderly's Resilience and Health-Related Quality of Life during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021 ;18:1698. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041698.##Greenberg LJ, Warwar SH, Malcolm WM. Differenthal effect of emotion focused therapy and psychoeducation in facilitating forgiveness and letting go of emotional injuries. J Couns Psychol 2008; 55: 185-196. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.55.2.185.##Elliott R, Macdonald J. Relational dialogue in emotion‐focused therapy. J Clin Psychol 2021; 77: 414-28 doi: 10.1002/jclp.23069.##Davis PS, Edwards KJ, Watson TS. Using Process-Experiential/Emotion-Focused therapy techniques for identity integration of gief among third culture kids. JHC 2015; 54:170-86. doi:10.1002/johc.12010.##Hosseini Ardakani A. The Effectiveness of Emotion-Based Therapy on Social Anxiety and Interpersonal dependence of Women Referred to Health Houses. JNIP 2020; 4:1-11.##Schelhorn I, Schlüter S, Paintner K, Shiban Y, Lugo R, Meyer M, et al. Emotions and emotion up-regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. PLoS One 2022 ;17:e0262283. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262283.##Ezazi Bojnourdi E, Ghadampour S, Moradi Shakib A, Ghazbanzadeh R. Predicting Corona Anxiety based on Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies, Health Hardiness and Death Anxiety in Diabetic Patients. IJPN 2020; 8 :34-44.##Kroska EB, Roche AI, Adamowicz JL, Stegall MS. Psychological flexibility in the context of COVID-19 adversity: Associations with distress. J Contextual Behav Sci 2020; 18: 28-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.011.##Ghafouri S, Syadi M, Michael B. Farishs positive psychological application of therapy theory: an analytical review of psychotherapy to improve the quality of life, National Research and lnnovation conference in psychology, third wave therapeutic services agency, babol. 2019.##Sohaili S. Khalili R. Improving health, productivity, health literavy and lifestyle in dealing with covid-19. The 6th lnternatinal conferende on Health, Treatment and Helth promotion. 2022.##Javidnia S, Mojtabaei M, Bashardost S. Comparison of the effect of emotion-focused therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on emotion regulation in women with Covid-19 grief disorder. IJPN 2022; 9:1-13.##Mirkamali FK, hosravi S, Shaygan M, Imani F, Karimi Afshar E. The effectiveness of positive psychology training on cognitive acceptance and psychological toughness of nurses. JNE 2021; 10:1-10.##TimkoOlson ER, Hansen MM, Vermeesch A. Mindfulness and Shinrin-Yoku: Potential for Physiological and Psychological Interventions during Uncertain Times. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 9340. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249340.##Fathi D. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on emotional intelligence, depression and death anxiety of the elderly with bereavement experience. Master's thesise Mohaghegh Ardabili. 2014.##Nasir M, Naderi F. The Relationship Religious Beliefes, and Resilience with optimism in female high school students. JWC 2014; 6: 47-59.(Persian)##Alipoor A, Noorbala AA. Preliminary Evaluation of the Validity and Reliability of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire in Students in the Universities of Tehran. IJPCP 1999; 5 :55-66.##Keramani Mamazandi Z, Alami F, Hosseini H, Alikhani Khamsi A. Predicting Happiness by knowing thinking styles, creativity and emotional regulation strategies in students. JONAPTE 2021; 5: 1-10.(Persian).##Eisma MC, Tamminga A. Grief before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: multiple group comparisons. J Pain Symptom Manage 2020;60: e1-e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.10.004.##Ahmadi B, Foroushani AR, Tanha N, Abad AM, Asadi H. Study of Functional Vulnerability Status of Tehran Hospitals in Dealing with Natural Disasters. Electron Physician. 2016; 8:3198-3204. doi: 10.19082/3198.##Vizniuk I, Bilan L, Tsokur O, Rozheliuk I, Podkovyroff N, Symonenko T. Psychosomatic Health as a Factor of Human Social Adaptation in the Postmodern Society. Postmod Open 2021; 12: 54-73. doi:10.18662/po/12.1/245.##Muridi SA. Comparison of resilience of female and male students of ahvaz university of medical scinces. Ahvaz Islamic Azad Bachelor Thesi, 2009.##Talebzade Shoshtari L, Mazginejad s. Social happiness and its decisive factors (A case study in Birjand). Social-Cultural Studies Khorasan 2021; 16: 33-60. doi: 10.22034/fakh.2021.267188.1445.##Sardella A, Lenzo V, Bonanno GA, Basile G, Quattropani MC. Expressive Flexibility and Dispositional Optimism Contribute to the Elderly's Resilience and Health-Related Quality of Life during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021 ;18:1698. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041698.##Greenberg LJ, Warwar SH, Malcolm WM. Differenthal effect of emotion focused therapy and psychoeducation in facilitating forgiveness and letting go of emotional injuries. J Couns Psychol 2008; 55: 185-196. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.55.2.185.##Elliott R, Macdonald J. Relational dialogue in emotion‐focused therapy. J Clin Psychol 2021; 77: 414-28 doi: 10.1002/jclp.23069.##Davis PS, Edwards KJ, Watson TS. Using Process-Experiential/Emotion-Focused therapy techniques for identity integration of gief among third culture kids. JHC 2015; 54:170-86. doi:10.1002/johc.12010.##Hosseini Ardakani A. The Effectiveness of Emotion-Based Therapy on Social Anxiety and Interpersonal dependence of Women Referred to Health Houses. JNIP 2020; 4:1-11.##Schelhorn I, Schlüter S, Paintner K, Shiban Y, Lugo R, Meyer M, et al. Emotions and emotion up-regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. PLoS One 2022 ;17:e0262283. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262283.##Ezazi Bojnourdi E, Ghadampour S, Moradi Shakib A, Ghazbanzadeh R. Predicting Corona Anxiety based on Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies, Health Hardiness and Death Anxiety in Diabetic Patients. IJPN 2020; 8 :34-44.##Kroska EB, Roche AI, Adamowicz JL, Stegall MS. Psychological flexibility in the context of COVID-19 adversity: Associations with distress. J Contextual Behav Sci 2020; 18: 28-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.011.##Ghafouri S, Syadi M, Michael B. Farishs positive psychological application of therapy theory: an analytical review of psychotherapy to improve the quality of life, National Research and lnnovation conference in psychology, third wave therapeutic services agency, babol. 2019.##Sohaili S. Khalili R. Improving health, productivity, health literavy and lifestyle in dealing with covid-19. The 6th lnternatinal conferende on Health, Treatment and Helth promotion. 2022.##Javidnia S, Mojtabaei M, Bashardost S. Comparison of the effect of emotion-focused therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on emotion regulation in women with Covid-19 grief disorder. IJPN 2022; 9:1-13.##Mirkamali FK, hosravi S, Shaygan M, Imani F, Karimi Afshar E. The effectiveness of positive psychology training on cognitive acceptance and psychological toughness of nurses. JNE 2021; 10:1-10.##TimkoOlson ER, Hansen MM, Vermeesch A. Mindfulness and Shinrin-Yoku: Potential for Physiological and Psychological Interventions during Uncertain Times. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 9340. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249340.##Fathi D. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on emotional intelligence, depression and death anxiety of the elderly with bereavement experience. Master's thesise Mohaghegh Ardabili. 2014.##Nasir M, Naderi F. The Relationship Religious Beliefes, and Resilience with optimism in female high school students. JWC 2014; 6: 47-59.(Persian)##Alipoor A, Noorbala AA. Preliminary Evaluation of the Validity and Reliability of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire in Students in the Universities of Tehran. IJPCP 1999; 5 :55-66.##Keramani Mamazandi Z, Alami F, Hosseini H, Alikhani Khamsi A. Predicting Happiness by knowing thinking styles, creativity and emotional regulation strategies in students. JONAPTE 2021; 5: 1-10.(Persian).## ##

جداسازی و شناسایی هلیکوباکتر پیلوری در افراد مرتبط با حیوانات خانگی Isolation and identification of Helicobacter pylori in people having contact with pets 1 1 مقدمه: عفونت معده با عامل هلیکوباکتر پیلوری از بیماری‌های رایج در انسان محسوب میشود که از طریق خوردن و آشامیدن منتقل می‌گردد. این باکتری توان استقرار در معدۀ برخی از گونه‌های حیوانی ازجمله سگ و گربه را دارد و در برخی موارد، حیوانات حامل منشأ عفونت برای انسان هستند. این تحقیق باهدف بررسی میزان آلودگی هلیکوباکتر پیلوری در افراد مرتبط با حیوانات خانگی و خود حیوانات خانگی در شهرستان اصفهان انجام شد. مواد و روش­ها: بدین‌منظور 115 نمونۀ مدفوعی از صاحبان سگ‌ها و گربه‌های خانگی و سگ‌ها و گربه‌های خانگی اخذ گردید و آزمایش‌های کشت میکروبی و PCR برای شناسایی هلیکوباکتر پیلوری صورت پذیرفت. یافته­ های پژوهش: نتایج حاکی از آلودگی 36 درصدی صاحبان سگ‌های خانگی، 80 درصدی صاحبان گربه خانگی و 8 درصدی خود سگ‌ها بود. در این بررسی، موارد مثبت آلودگی در گربه مشاهده نشد. در آزمون مربع کای (تست پیرسون) با نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS، ارتباط معنی‌داری میان آلودگی سگ‌‌ها و گربه‌‌های خانگی و آلودگی صاحبان آن‌‌ها نشان داده شد (P<0/05). بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: آلودگی نسبتاً چشمگیر سگ‌ها به هلیکوباکتر پیلوری و احتمال انتقال آن به انسان رعایت بیشتر مسائل بهداشتی را بیش‌ازپیش مدنظر قرار می‌دهد.   2 Introduction:  Gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori is one of the common diseases in humans, which is transmitted through eating and drinking. This bacterium has the ability to settle in the stomach of some animal species, including dogs and cats. In some cases, the carrier animals are the source of infection for humans. The present study aimed to assess the amount of Helicobacter pylori infection in people having contact with pets, and the pets themselves in Isfahan. Material & Methods:  To dis end, 115 fecal samples were taken from the owners of domestic dogs and cats and microbial culture and polymerase chain reaction tests were performed to identify Helicobacter pylori. Results: The results indicated that 36% of domestic dog owners, 80% of domestic cat owners, and 8% of dogs themselves were infected. In addition, no positive cases of infection were observed in cats. In the chi square test (Pearson's test), the infection of domestic dogs and cats showed a significant relationship with the infection of their owners (P<0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: The relatively significant infection of dogs to Helicobacter pylori and the possibility of its transmission to humans makes the observation of health care more important more than ever. 66 75 2023/07/182022/10/152023/09/302023/10/292023/10/172023/09/26 1402/7/4 2024/01/82024/01/12024/01/282024/04/162024/02/122024/01/27 1402/11/7 فرناز سلطانی Farnaz Soltani دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران ایران farnaz.s.1997@gmail.com علی شریف زاده Ali Sharifzadeh گروه میکروبیولوژی،دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،شهرکرد، ایران ایران alisharifzadeh10@gmail.com Cats Dogs Helicobacter pylori Human هلیکوباکتر پیلوری انسان سگ گربه Feng J, Guo J, Wang JP, Chai BF. MiR-32-5p aggravates intestinal epithelial cell injury in pediatric enteritis induced by Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2019 25:6222-37. doi: 10.3748/wjg. v25.i41.6222.##Lu C, Yu Y, Li L, Yu C, Xu P. Systematic review of the relationship of Helicobacter pylori infection with geographical latitude, average annual temperature and average daily sunshine. BMC Gastroenterol 2018;18:1-9. doi:10.1186/s12876-018-0779-x.##Mohammadian T. Determination of Helicobacter pylori in water, milk, cheese and traditional ice cream by surface culture and polymerase chain reaction. Scientific-Res J Microb Biotech 2005; 5th, 60-49.##Kubota-Aizawa S, Matsubara Y, Kanemoto H, Mimuro H, Uchida K, Chambers J, et al. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori between a human and two dogs: A case report. Helicobacter 2021;26:e12798. doi: 10.1111/hel.12798.##Zamani M, Ebrahimtabar F, Zamani V, Miller WH, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Shokri-Shirvani J, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018;47:868-76. doi: 10.1111/apt.14561.##Azadbakht S, Moayyedkazemi A, Azadbakht S, Fard SA, Soroush S. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori bacteria obtained from gastric biopsy samples: A cohort study. Ann Med Surg 2022; 78:103824. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu. 103824.##Makola D, Peura D. Crowe S. Helicobacter pylori infection and related gastrointestinal diseases. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41:548-558. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318030e3c3.##Khalilian A, Karami P, Bakhtyari S, Ezati R, Khosravi S, Amini R . Prevalence of Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter heilmannii and Co-infection With Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Biopsy Specimens in Endoscopy Ward of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan City, Iran. IJMTFM 2022; 12: 33088. doi:10.32598/ijmtfm.vi.33088.##Hirschl AM, Makristathis A. Methods to detect Helicobacter pylori: from culture to molecular biology. Helicobacter 2007; 12:6-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00560.x.##Guerra Segundo DD, Mello CBE, Cargnelutti JF, Flores MM, Pedrotti LF, Antunes BN, et al. Evidence of Helicobacter spp. in Saliva and Gastric Mucosa of Domestic Dogs in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Vet Med Int 2021;2021:8857231. doi: 10.1155/2021/8857231.##Nakamura M, Øverby A, Michimae H, Matsui H, Takahashi S, Mabe K, et al. PCR analysis and specific immunohistochemistry revealing a high prevalence of non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacters in Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric disease patients in Japan: High susceptibility to an Hp eradication regimen. Helicobacter 2020;25:e12700. doi: 10.1111/hel.12700.##Bahadori A, De Witte C, Agin M, De Bruyckere S, Smet A, Tümgör G, Güven Gökmen T, Haesebrouck F, Köksal F (2018) Presence of gastric Helicobacter species in children sufering from gastric disorders in Southern Turkey. Helicobacter 23:e12511. doi: 10.1111/hel.12511.##Ochoa S, Ojeda J, Martínez OA, Vidal‐Veuthey B, Collado L. Exploring the role of healthy dogs as hosts of enterohepatic Helicobacter species using cultivation‐dependent and‐independent approaches. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:344-52. doi: 10.1111/zph.12817.##Ashraf Moghads F, Pourmehdi M, Avizah R, Gharibi D, Hashemi S. Seroepidemiological study of Helicobacter pylori in people related and not related to dogs and cats in Ahvaz. J Vet Res 2015; 72:137-145.##Wazirian B, Razai M, Khamsipour F. Examining the antibiotic resistance pattern of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in the feces of dogs and cats in Isfahan and Shahrkard cities. The first national conference on common diseases between humans and animals, Isfahan. 2014.##Lazou T, Fragkou F, Gelasakis A, Dovas C, Soultos N, Adamama-Moraitou K, et al. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and risk factors for Campylobacter colonising dogs and cats in Greece. Bulg J Vet Med 2017; 20:45-55. doi: 10.15547/bjvm.1003.##Boyanova L, Koumanova R, Gergova G, Popova M, Mitov I, Kovacheva Y, et al. Prevalence of resistant Helicobacter pylori isolates in Bulgarian children. J Med Microb 2002; 51:786-90. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-51-9-786.##Alarcón T, Vega AE, Domingo D, Martínez MJ, López-Brea M. Clarithromycin resistance among Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from children: prevalence and study of mechanism of resistance by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microb 2003;41:486-99. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.1.486-488.##Wada S, Matsuda M, Shingaki M, Kai A, Takahashi S, Itoh T. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and resistant strain of Helicobacter pylori. Kansenshogaku zasshi. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2003; 77:187-94. doi: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.77.187.##Garza-González E, Pérez-Pérez GI, Alanis-Aguilar O, Tijerina-Menchaca R, Maldonado-Garza HJ, Bosques-Padilla FJ. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from northeastern Mexico. J Chemother 2002;14:342-5. doi: 10.1179/joc.2002.14.4.342.##Sharara AI, Chedid M, Araj GF, Barada KA, Mourad FH. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxycillin and tetracycline in Lebanon. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002;19:155-8. doi: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00482-4.##Luo M, Hao Y, Tang M, Shi M, He F, Xie Y, et al. Application of a social media platform as a patient reminder in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2020;25: e12682. doi: 10.1111/hel.12682.##Feng J, Guo J, Wang JP, Chai BF. MiR-32-5p aggravates intestinal epithelial cell injury in pediatric enteritis induced by Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2019 25:6222-37. doi: 10.3748/wjg. v25.i41.6222.##Lu C, Yu Y, Li L, Yu C, Xu P. Systematic review of the relationship of Helicobacter pylori infection with geographical latitude, average annual temperature and average daily sunshine. BMC Gastroenterol 2018;18:1-9. doi:10.1186/s12876-018-0779-x.##Mohammadian T. Determination of Helicobacter pylori in water, milk, cheese and traditional ice cream by surface culture and polymerase chain reaction. Scientific-Res J Microb Biotech 2005; 5th, 60-49.##Kubota-Aizawa S, Matsubara Y, Kanemoto H, Mimuro H, Uchida K, Chambers J, et al. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori between a human and two dogs: A case report. Helicobacter 2021;26:e12798. doi: 10.1111/hel.12798.##Zamani M, Ebrahimtabar F, Zamani V, Miller WH, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Shokri-Shirvani J, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018;47:868-76. doi: 10.1111/apt.14561.##Azadbakht S, Moayyedkazemi A, Azadbakht S, Fard SA, Soroush S. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori bacteria obtained from gastric biopsy samples: A cohort study. Ann Med Surg 2022; 78:103824. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu. 103824.##Makola D, Peura D. Crowe S. Helicobacter pylori infection and related gastrointestinal diseases. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41:548-558. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318030e3c3.##Khalilian A, Karami P, Bakhtyari S, Ezati R, Khosravi S, Amini R . Prevalence of Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter heilmannii and Co-infection With Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Biopsy Specimens in Endoscopy Ward of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan City, Iran. IJMTFM 2022; 12: 33088. doi:10.32598/ijmtfm.vi.33088.##Hirschl AM, Makristathis A. Methods to detect Helicobacter pylori: from culture to molecular biology. Helicobacter 2007; 12:6-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00560.x.##Guerra Segundo DD, Mello CBE, Cargnelutti JF, Flores MM, Pedrotti LF, Antunes BN, et al. Evidence of Helicobacter spp. in Saliva and Gastric Mucosa of Domestic Dogs in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Vet Med Int 2021;2021:8857231. doi: 10.1155/2021/8857231.##Nakamura M, Øverby A, Michimae H, Matsui H, Takahashi S, Mabe K, et al. PCR analysis and specific immunohistochemistry revealing a high prevalence of non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacters in Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric disease patients in Japan: High susceptibility to an Hp eradication regimen. Helicobacter 2020;25:e12700. doi: 10.1111/hel.12700.##Bahadori A, De Witte C, Agin M, De Bruyckere S, Smet A, Tümgör G, Güven Gökmen T, Haesebrouck F, Köksal F (2018) Presence of gastric Helicobacter species in children sufering from gastric disorders in Southern Turkey. Helicobacter 23:e12511. doi: 10.1111/hel.12511.##Ochoa S, Ojeda J, Martínez OA, Vidal‐Veuthey B, Collado L. Exploring the role of healthy dogs as hosts of enterohepatic Helicobacter species using cultivation‐dependent and‐independent approaches. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:344-52. doi: 10.1111/zph.12817.##Ashraf Moghads F, Pourmehdi M, Avizah R, Gharibi D, Hashemi S. Seroepidemiological study of Helicobacter pylori in people related and not related to dogs and cats in Ahvaz. J Vet Res 2015; 72:137-145.##Wazirian B, Razai M, Khamsipour F. Examining the antibiotic resistance pattern of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in the feces of dogs and cats in Isfahan and Shahrkard cities. The first national conference on common diseases between humans and animals, Isfahan. 2014.##Lazou T, Fragkou F, Gelasakis A, Dovas C, Soultos N, Adamama-Moraitou K, et al. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and risk factors for Campylobacter colonising dogs and cats in Greece. Bulg J Vet Med 2017; 20:45-55. doi: 10.15547/bjvm.1003.##Boyanova L, Koumanova R, Gergova G, Popova M, Mitov I, Kovacheva Y, et al. Prevalence of resistant Helicobacter pylori isolates in Bulgarian children. J Med Microb 2002; 51:786-90. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-51-9-786.##Alarcón T, Vega AE, Domingo D, Martínez MJ, López-Brea M. Clarithromycin resistance among Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from children: prevalence and study of mechanism of resistance by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microb 2003;41:486-99. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.1.486-488.##Wada S, Matsuda M, Shingaki M, Kai A, Takahashi S, Itoh T. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and resistant strain of Helicobacter pylori. Kansenshogaku zasshi. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2003; 77:187-94. doi: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.77.187.##Garza-González E, Pérez-Pérez GI, Alanis-Aguilar O, Tijerina-Menchaca R, Maldonado-Garza HJ, Bosques-Padilla FJ. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from northeastern Mexico. J Chemother 2002;14:342-5. doi: 10.1179/joc.2002.14.4.342.##Sharara AI, Chedid M, Araj GF, Barada KA, Mourad FH. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxycillin and tetracycline in Lebanon. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002;19:155-8. doi: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00482-4.##Luo M, Hao Y, Tang M, Shi M, He F, Xie Y, et al. Application of a social media platform as a patient reminder in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2020;25: e12682. doi: 10.1111/hel.12682.##Feng J, Guo J, Wang JP, Chai BF. MiR-32-5p aggravates intestinal epithelial cell injury in pediatric enteritis induced by Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2019 25:6222-37. doi: 10.3748/wjg. v25.i41.6222.##Lu C, Yu Y, Li L, Yu C, Xu P. Systematic review of the relationship of Helicobacter pylori infection with geographical latitude, average annual temperature and average daily sunshine. BMC Gastroenterol 2018;18:1-9. doi:10.1186/s12876-018-0779-x.##Mohammadian T. Determination of Helicobacter pylori in water, milk, cheese and traditional ice cream by surface culture and polymerase chain reaction. Scientific-Res J Microb Biotech 2005; 5th, 60-49.##Kubota-Aizawa S, Matsubara Y, Kanemoto H, Mimuro H, Uchida K, Chambers J, et al. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori between a human and two dogs: A case report. Helicobacter 2021;26:e12798. doi: 10.1111/hel.12798.##Zamani M, Ebrahimtabar F, Zamani V, Miller WH, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Shokri-Shirvani J, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018;47:868-76. doi: 10.1111/apt.14561.##Azadbakht S, Moayyedkazemi A, Azadbakht S, Fard SA, Soroush S. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori bacteria obtained from gastric biopsy samples: A cohort study. Ann Med Surg 2022; 78:103824. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu. 103824.##Makola D, Peura D. Crowe S. Helicobacter pylori infection and related gastrointestinal diseases. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41:548-558. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318030e3c3.##Khalilian A, Karami P, Bakhtyari S, Ezati R, Khosravi S, Amini R . Prevalence of Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter heilmannii and Co-infection With Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Biopsy Specimens in Endoscopy Ward of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan City, Iran. IJMTFM 2022; 12: 33088. doi:10.32598/ijmtfm.vi.33088.##Hirschl AM, Makristathis A. Methods to detect Helicobacter pylori: from culture to molecular biology. Helicobacter 2007; 12:6-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00560.x.##Guerra Segundo DD, Mello CBE, Cargnelutti JF, Flores MM, Pedrotti LF, Antunes BN, et al. Evidence of Helicobacter spp. in Saliva and Gastric Mucosa of Domestic Dogs in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Vet Med Int 2021;2021:8857231. doi: 10.1155/2021/8857231.##Nakamura M, Øverby A, Michimae H, Matsui H, Takahashi S, Mabe K, et al. PCR analysis and specific immunohistochemistry revealing a high prevalence of non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacters in Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric disease patients in Japan: High susceptibility to an Hp eradication regimen. Helicobacter 2020;25:e12700. doi: 10.1111/hel.12700.##Bahadori A, De Witte C, Agin M, De Bruyckere S, Smet A, Tümgör G, Güven Gökmen T, Haesebrouck F, Köksal F (2018) Presence of gastric Helicobacter species in children sufering from gastric disorders in Southern Turkey. Helicobacter 23:e12511. doi: 10.1111/hel.12511.##Ochoa S, Ojeda J, Martínez OA, Vidal‐Veuthey B, Collado L. Exploring the role of healthy dogs as hosts of enterohepatic Helicobacter species using cultivation‐dependent and‐independent approaches. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:344-52. doi: 10.1111/zph.12817.##Ashraf Moghads F, Pourmehdi M, Avizah R, Gharibi D, Hashemi S. Seroepidemiological study of Helicobacter pylori in people related and not related to dogs and cats in Ahvaz. J Vet Res 2015; 72:137-145.##Wazirian B, Razai M, Khamsipour F. Examining the antibiotic resistance pattern of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in the feces of dogs and cats in Isfahan and Shahrkard cities. The first national conference on common diseases between humans and animals, Isfahan. 2014.##Lazou T, Fragkou F, Gelasakis A, Dovas C, Soultos N, Adamama-Moraitou K, et al. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and risk factors for Campylobacter colonising dogs and cats in Greece. Bulg J Vet Med 2017; 20:45-55. doi: 10.15547/bjvm.1003.##Boyanova L, Koumanova R, Gergova G, Popova M, Mitov I, Kovacheva Y, et al. Prevalence of resistant Helicobacter pylori isolates in Bulgarian children. J Med Microb 2002; 51:786-90. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-51-9-786.##Alarcón T, Vega AE, Domingo D, Martínez MJ, López-Brea M. Clarithromycin resistance among Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from children: prevalence and study of mechanism of resistance by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microb 2003;41:486-99. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.1.486-488.##Wada S, Matsuda M, Shingaki M, Kai A, Takahashi S, Itoh T. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and resistant strain of Helicobacter pylori. Kansenshogaku zasshi. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2003; 77:187-94. doi: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.77.187.##Garza-González E, Pérez-Pérez GI, Alanis-Aguilar O, Tijerina-Menchaca R, Maldonado-Garza HJ, Bosques-Padilla FJ. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from northeastern Mexico. J Chemother 2002;14:342-5. doi: 10.1179/joc.2002.14.4.342.##Sharara AI, Chedid M, Araj GF, Barada KA, Mourad FH. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxycillin and tetracycline in Lebanon. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002;19:155-8. doi: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00482-4.##Luo M, Hao Y, Tang M, Shi M, He F, Xie Y, et al. Application of a social media platform as a patient reminder in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2020;25: e12682. doi: 10.1111/hel.12682.##Feng J, Guo J, Wang JP, Chai BF. MiR-32-5p aggravates intestinal epithelial cell injury in pediatric enteritis induced by Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2019 25:6222-37. doi: 10.3748/wjg. v25.i41.6222.##Lu C, Yu Y, Li L, Yu C, Xu P. Systematic review of the relationship of Helicobacter pylori infection with geographical latitude, average annual temperature and average daily sunshine. BMC Gastroenterol 2018;18:1-9. doi:10.1186/s12876-018-0779-x.##Mohammadian T. Determination of Helicobacter pylori in water, milk, cheese and traditional ice cream by surface culture and polymerase chain reaction. Scientific-Res J Microb Biotech 2005; 5th, 60-49.##Kubota-Aizawa S, Matsubara Y, Kanemoto H, Mimuro H, Uchida K, Chambers J, et al. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori between a human and two dogs: A case report. Helicobacter 2021;26:e12798. doi: 10.1111/hel.12798.##Zamani M, Ebrahimtabar F, Zamani V, Miller WH, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Shokri-Shirvani J, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018;47:868-76. doi: 10.1111/apt.14561.##Azadbakht S, Moayyedkazemi A, Azadbakht S, Fard SA, Soroush S. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori bacteria obtained from gastric biopsy samples: A cohort study. Ann Med Surg 2022; 78:103824. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu. 103824.##Makola D, Peura D. Crowe S. Helicobacter pylori infection and related gastrointestinal diseases. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41:548-558. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318030e3c3.##Khalilian A, Karami P, Bakhtyari S, Ezati R, Khosravi S, Amini R . Prevalence of Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter heilmannii and Co-infection With Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Biopsy Specimens in Endoscopy Ward of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan City, Iran. IJMTFM 2022; 12: 33088. doi:10.32598/ijmtfm.vi.33088.##Hirschl AM, Makristathis A. Methods to detect Helicobacter pylori: from culture to molecular biology. Helicobacter 2007; 12:6-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00560.x.##Guerra Segundo DD, Mello CBE, Cargnelutti JF, Flores MM, Pedrotti LF, Antunes BN, et al. Evidence of Helicobacter spp. in Saliva and Gastric Mucosa of Domestic Dogs in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Vet Med Int 2021;2021:8857231. doi: 10.1155/2021/8857231.##Nakamura M, Øverby A, Michimae H, Matsui H, Takahashi S, Mabe K, et al. PCR analysis and specific immunohistochemistry revealing a high prevalence of non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacters in Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric disease patients in Japan: High susceptibility to an Hp eradication regimen. Helicobacter 2020;25:e12700. doi: 10.1111/hel.12700.##Bahadori A, De Witte C, Agin M, De Bruyckere S, Smet A, Tümgör G, Güven Gökmen T, Haesebrouck F, Köksal F (2018) Presence of gastric Helicobacter species in children sufering from gastric disorders in Southern Turkey. Helicobacter 23:e12511. doi: 10.1111/hel.12511.##Ochoa S, Ojeda J, Martínez OA, Vidal‐Veuthey B, Collado L. Exploring the role of healthy dogs as hosts of enterohepatic Helicobacter species using cultivation‐dependent and‐independent approaches. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:344-52. doi: 10.1111/zph.12817.##Ashraf Moghads F, Pourmehdi M, Avizah R, Gharibi D, Hashemi S. Seroepidemiological study of Helicobacter pylori in people related and not related to dogs and cats in Ahvaz. J Vet Res 2015; 72:137-145.##Wazirian B, Razai M, Khamsipour F. Examining the antibiotic resistance pattern of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in the feces of dogs and cats in Isfahan and Shahrkard cities. The first national conference on common diseases between humans and animals, Isfahan. 2014.##Lazou T, Fragkou F, Gelasakis A, Dovas C, Soultos N, Adamama-Moraitou K, et al. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and risk factors for Campylobacter colonising dogs and cats in Greece. 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اثربخشی هم‌زمان تمرین هوازی و مصرف مکمل نانوکورکومین بر بیان ژن‌های BDNF و NGF در موش صحرائی با تومور مغزی Simultaneous effect of aerobic exercise and nanocurcumin supplementation on the expression of BDNF and NGF genes in rats with brain tumor 1 1 مقدمه: افزایش سیگنال‌دهی BDNF و NGF در سلول‌های نوروبلاستوما ممکن است نشان‌دهندۀ یک سیستم اتوکرین برای حمایت از رشد، تهاجم و متاستاز سرطان باشد. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی تأثیر هم‌زمان تمرین هوازی و مصرف مکمل نانوکورکومین بر بیان ژن‌های BDNF و NGF در موش صحرائی با تومور مغزی بود. مواد و روش­ها: 35 سر موش صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار به‌طور تصادفی به 7 گروه 5 تایی، کنترل سالم پایه، کنترل سالم 4 هفته، کنترل سرطان پایه، کنترل سرطان 4 هفته، سرطان+نانوکورکومین، سرطان+تمرین و سرطان+تمرین+نانوکورکومین تقسیم شدند و پس از تزریق سلول‌های سرطانی در قشر پیشانی موش‌ها، با گاواژ مکمل نانوکورکومین به میزان mg/kg80 به مدت 28 روز، 5 روز در هفته، وارد برنامۀ اصلی تمرین هوازی بر روی نوار گردان به مدت 4 هفته، 3 روز در هفته با سرعت 18 متر بر دقیقه، 25 تا 40 دقیقه گردیدند. در پایان، موش‌ها قربانی و داده‌ها جمع‌آوری شد. یافته ­های پژوهش: بیان ژن BDNF در گروه تمرین+نانوکورکومین نسبت به کنترل سرطان پایه و سرطان 4 هفته، به‌طور معناداری کاهش داشت (P<0.05)؛ همچنین بیان ژن NGF در گروه تمرین نسبت به کنترل سرطان پایه و سرطان 4 هفته، کاهش معنی‌داری را نشان داد (P<0.05)؛ اما در گروه نانوکورکومین و تمرین+نانوکورکومین اختلاف معنی‌داری مشاهده نشد (P>0.05). بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: به‌نظر می‌رسد، تمرین هوازی به‌همراه نانوکورکومین با کاهش بیان ژن BDNF و NGF از طریق گیرنده‌ها احتمالاً می‌تواند باعث افزایش نرون‌زایی در موش های مبتلا به سرطان مغز شود.   2 Introduction:  Increased nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling in neuroblastoma cells may represent an autocrine system to support cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the simultaneous effect of aerobic exercise and nano curcumin supplementation on the expression of BDNF and NGF genes in rats with brain tumors. Material & Methods:  A total of 35 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups of five: healthy base control, healthy control of 4 weeks, base cancer control, four weeks of cancer control, cancer+nanocolumns, cancer+aerobic, and cancer exercise+aerobic exercise+nanocolumns. After injecting cancer cells into the mice's forehead cortex, with 80 mg/kg supplement gauges for 28 days, five days a week, enter the main aerobic exercise program on the rotating tape for four weeks, three days a week. At 18 m/min, they were 25-40 minutes. In the end, the mice were sacrificed, and data were collected. Results: The expression of the BDNF gene in the training+nano curcumin group was significantly decreased compared to the baseline cancer control and 4-week cancer (P<0.05). Moreover, the expression of the NGF gene in the exercise group showed a significant decrease compared to the baseline cancer control and 4-week cancer (P<0.05). Nonetheless, no significant difference was observed in the nano curcumin group and nanocurcumin +exercise (P>0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: It seems that aerobic exercise along with nanocurcumin can possibly increase neurogenesis in rats with brain cancer by reducing BDNF and NGF gene expression through receptors.   76 87 2023/07/182022/10/152023/09/302023/10/292023/10/172023/09/262023/05/24 1402/3/3 2024/01/82024/01/12024/01/282024/04/162024/02/122024/01/272024/01/10 1402/10/20 سلماه محمدی Salmah Mohamadi گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی،واحد بروجرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ،بروجرد، ایران ایران mohammadi.salmah@gmail.com حسین شیروانی Hosein Shirvani مرکز تحقیقات فیزیولوژی ورزشی،پژوهشکدۀ سبک زندگی،دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله(عج)، تهران، ایران ایران shirvani.h2006@gmail.com مهدی روزبهانی Mehdi Roozbahani گروه رفتار حرکتی،واحد بروجرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بروجرد، ایران ایران mehdi.roozbahani@iau.ac.ir مسعود رحمتی Masoud Rahmati گروه علوم ورزشی،دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران ایران rahmati.mas@lu.ac.ir Aerobic training BDNF Brain Tumor Nanocurcumin supplement NGF تومور مغزی BDNF NGF تمرین هوازی مکمل نانوکورکومین Shafiee G, Mousavian AH, Sheidaei A, Ebrahimi M, Khatami F, Gohari K, et al. The 15-year national trends of genital cancer incidence among Iranian men and women; 2005–2020. BMC Public Health 2023; 23: 495. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15417-0.##Miyai M, Iwama T, Hara A, Tomita H. Exploring the Vital Link Between Glioma, Neuron, and Neural Activity in the Context of Invasion. Am J Pathol 2023;193: 669-79. doi: 10.1016/ j.ajpath.2023.02.018.##Zhao S, Chi H, Yang Q, Chen S, Wu C, Lai G, et al. Identification and validation of neurotrophic factor-related gene signatures in glioblastoma and Parkinson’s disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090040. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090040.##Gliwińska A, Czubilińska-Łada J, Więckiewicz G, Świętochowska E, Badeński A, Dworak M, et al. The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa and Alzheimer’s disease as highly drug-resistant diseases: a narrative review. Brain Sci 2023; 13 :163. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13020163.##Hua Z, Zhan Y, Zhang S, Dong Y, Jiang M, Tan F, et al. P53/PUMA are potential targets that mediate the protection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB from etoposide-induced cell death in neuroblastoma (NB). Apoptosis 2018; 23:408-19. doi: 10.1007/s10495-018-1467-6.##Lu L, Liu X, Huang WK, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Cui J, Zhang S, et al. Robust Hi-C maps of enhancer-promoter interactions reveal the function of non-coding genome in neural development and diseases. Mol cell 2020 6;79: 521-34. /doi :10.1016/j.molcel.2020.06.007.##Huang T, Larsen KT, Ried‐Larsen M, Møller NC, Andersen LB. The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 24: 1-0. doi: 10.1111/sms.12069.##Tomlinson L, Leiton CV, Colognato H. Behavioral experiences as drivers of oligodendrocyte lineage dynamics and myelin plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110 :548-62. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm. 2015.09.016.##Lin JY, Kuo WW, Baskaran R, Kuo CH, Chen YA, Chen WS, et al. Swimming exercise stimulates IGF1/PI3K/Akt and AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α survival signaling to suppress apoptosis and inflammation in aging hippocampus. Aging (albany NY) 2020; 12: 6852. doi: 10.18632/aging.103046.##Zeng Y, Luo Y, Wang L, Zhang K, Peng J, Fan G. Therapeutic Effect of Curcumin on Metabolic Diseases: Evidence from Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24: 3323. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043323.##Sultana S, Munir N, Mahmood Z, Riaz M, Akram M, Rebezov M, et al. Molecular targets for the management of cancer using Curcuma longa Linn. phytoconstituents: A Review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;135:111078. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111078.##Ji JL, Huang XF, Zhu HL. Curcumin and its formulations: potential anti-cancer agents. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents). Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2012;12:210-8. doi: 10.2174/187152012800228733.##Rashidy-Pour A, Bavarsad K, Miladi-Gorji H, Seraj Z, Vafaei AA. Voluntary exercise and estradiol reverse ovariectomy-induced spatial learning and memory deficits and reduction in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 187:172819. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172819.##Swanson LW. Brain maps 4.0—Structure of the rat brain: An open access atlas with global nervous system nomenclature ontology and flatmaps. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526: 935-43. doi: 10.1002/cne.24381.##Vijayakurup V, hulasidasan AT, Shankar G M, Retnakumari AP, Nandan CD, Somaraj J, et al. Chitosan encapsulation enhances the bioavailability and tissue retention of curcumin and improves its efficacy in preventing B [a] P-induced lung carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019;12: 225-36. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-18-0437.##Al-Jarrah M, Al-Jarrah M, Matalka I, Al Aseri H, Mohtaseb A, Smirnova I.V, et al. Exercise training prevents endometrial hyperplasia and biomarkers for endometrial cancer in rat model of type 1 diabetes. J Clin Med Res 2010; 2: 207. doi: 10.4021/jocmr444e.##Maass A, Düzel S, Brigadski T, Goerke M, Becke A, Sobieray U, et al. Relationships of peripheral IGF-1, VEGF and BDNF levels to exercise-related changes in memory, hippocampal perfusion and volumes in older adults. Neuroimage 2016; 131:142-54. doi. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.084.##Ieraci A, Mallei A, Musazzi L, Popoli M. Physical exercise and acute restraint stress differentially modulate hippocampal brain‐derived neurotrophic factor transcripts and epigenetic mechanisms in mice. Hippocampus 2015; 25: 1380-92. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22458.##Tajbakhsh A, Mokhtari‐Zaer A, Rezaee M, Afzaljavan F, Rivandi M, Hassanian SM, et al. Therapeutic potentials of BDNF/TrkB in breast cancer; current status and perspectives. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118: 2502-15. doi: 10.100/jc.25943.##Tanaka K, Okugawa Y, Toiyama Y, Inoue Y, Saigusa S, Kawamura M, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induced tropomyosin-related kinase B (Trk B) signaling is a potential therapeutic target for peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from colorectal cancer. PloS one 2014; 9: e96410. doi: 10.1317/journal.pone.0096410.##Gallen CL, D’Esposito M. Brain modularity: a biomarker of intervention-related plasticity. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23: 293-304. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.014.##Lou SJ, Liu JY, Chang H, Chen PJ. Hippocampal neurogenesis and gene expression depend on exercise intensity in juvenile rats. Brain Res 2008; 1210:48-55. doi: 10.1016/j. brainres.2008.02.080.##Zigmond MJ, Cameron JL, Hoffer BJ, Smeyne RJ. Neurorestoration by physical exercise: moving forward. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012;18 Suppl 1: S147-50. doi: 10.1016/S1353-8020(11)70046-3.##Ruscheweyh R, Willemer C, Krüger K, Duning T, Warnecke T, Sommer J, et al. Physical activity and memory functions: an interventional study. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32: 1304-19. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.001.##Bettio LE, Thacker JS, Rodgers SP, Brocardo PS, Christie BR, Gil-Mohapel J. Interplay between hormones and exercise on hippocampal plasticity across the lifespan. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866: 165821. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis .2020.165821.##Nakhzari Khodakheir J, Haghighi AH, Hamedinia MR. The effects of combined exercise training with aerobic dominant and coenzyme q10 supplementation on serum BDNF and NGF levels in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. J Arak Univ Med Sci 2018; 21: 94-103.##Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Basak C, Szabo A, Chaddock L, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 3017-22. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015950108.##Vakili J, Sari V. The effect of 8 weeks of circuit training on serum levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and physical fitness factors in elderly women. JAHSSP 2022; 9: 72-82. doi: 10.22049/jahssp.2022.27654.1439.##De Vincenti AP, Ríos AS, Paratcha G, Ledda F. Mechanisms that modulate and diversify BDNF functions: implications for hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13: 135. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00135.##Maass A, Düzel S, Brigadski T, Goerke M, Becke A, Sobieray U, et al. Relationships of peripheral IGF-1, VEGF and BDNF levels to exercise-related changes in memory, hippocampal perfusion and volumes in older adults. Neuroimage 2016; 131: 142-54. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.084.##Nofuji Y, Suwa M, Sasaki H, Ichimiya A, Nishichi R, Kumagai S. Different circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor responses to acute exercise between physically active and sedentary subjects. J Sports Sci Med 2012; 11: 83-88.##Ravasi AA, Pournemati P, Kordi MR, Hedayati M. The effects of resistance and endurance training on BDNF and cortisol levels in young male rats. J Sport Sci 2013;1: 49-78. doi: 10.22059/jsb.2013.30458.##Hosseinzadeh S. Effects of Curcumin supplementation on BDNF and Oxidative/antioxidative process in rat’s hippocampus which exposed to lead. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2011; 13: 1-8.doi: goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-1058-en.##Shamsi-Goushki A, Mortazavi Z, Behrasi F, Ebrahimkhani A, Hosseini R. Effects of Curcumin and Nanocurcumin supplementation on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and some complications in type 2 diabetic rats. Nanomedicine J 2023; 10: 122-130. doi: 10.22038/NMJ.2023.69556.1742.##Osali A, Rostami A. Effect of 6 weeks of aerobic training with nanocurcumin consumption on IL1β, nitric oxide, and depression in women with metabolic syndrome. Int J Diabetes Develop Count 2023; 43:1-8.##Dikmen M. Comparison of the effects of curcumin and RG108 on NGF-induced PC-12 Adh cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth. J Med Food 2017; 20: 376-84. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2016. 3889.##Mavaddatiyan L, Khezri S, Abtahi Froushani SM. Effect of Curcumin on Cortisol, Catalase and Nerve Growth Factor Expression Level in Animal Model of Induced Multiple Sclerosis. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2022; 24: 10-8.##Shafiee G, Mousavian AH, Sheidaei A, Ebrahimi M, Khatami F, Gohari K, et al. The 15-year national trends of genital cancer incidence among Iranian men and women; 2005–2020. BMC Public Health 2023; 23: 495. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15417-0.##Miyai M, Iwama T, Hara A, Tomita H. Exploring the Vital Link Between Glioma, Neuron, and Neural Activity in the Context of Invasion. Am J Pathol 2023;193: 669-79. doi: 10.1016/ j.ajpath.2023.02.018.##Zhao S, Chi H, Yang Q, Chen S, Wu C, Lai G, et al. Identification and validation of neurotrophic factor-related gene signatures in glioblastoma and Parkinson’s disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090040. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090040.##Gliwińska A, Czubilińska-Łada J, Więckiewicz G, Świętochowska E, Badeński A, Dworak M, et al. The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa and Alzheimer’s disease as highly drug-resistant diseases: a narrative review. Brain Sci 2023; 13 :163. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13020163.##Hua Z, Zhan Y, Zhang S, Dong Y, Jiang M, Tan F, et al. P53/PUMA are potential targets that mediate the protection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB from etoposide-induced cell death in neuroblastoma (NB). Apoptosis 2018; 23:408-19. doi: 10.1007/s10495-018-1467-6.##Lu L, Liu X, Huang WK, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Cui J, Zhang S, et al. Robust Hi-C maps of enhancer-promoter interactions reveal the function of non-coding genome in neural development and diseases. Mol cell 2020 6;79: 521-34. /doi :10.1016/j.molcel.2020.06.007.##Huang T, Larsen KT, Ried‐Larsen M, Møller NC, Andersen LB. The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 24: 1-0. doi: 10.1111/sms.12069.##Tomlinson L, Leiton CV, Colognato H. Behavioral experiences as drivers of oligodendrocyte lineage dynamics and myelin plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110 :548-62. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm. 2015.09.016.##Lin JY, Kuo WW, Baskaran R, Kuo CH, Chen YA, Chen WS, et al. Swimming exercise stimulates IGF1/PI3K/Akt and AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α survival signaling to suppress apoptosis and inflammation in aging hippocampus. Aging (albany NY) 2020; 12: 6852. doi: 10.18632/aging.103046.##Zeng Y, Luo Y, Wang L, Zhang K, Peng J, Fan G. Therapeutic Effect of Curcumin on Metabolic Diseases: Evidence from Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24: 3323. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043323.##Sultana S, Munir N, Mahmood Z, Riaz M, Akram M, Rebezov M, et al. Molecular targets for the management of cancer using Curcuma longa Linn. phytoconstituents: A Review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;135:111078. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111078.##Ji JL, Huang XF, Zhu HL. Curcumin and its formulations: potential anti-cancer agents. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents). Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2012;12:210-8. doi: 10.2174/187152012800228733.##Rashidy-Pour A, Bavarsad K, Miladi-Gorji H, Seraj Z, Vafaei AA. Voluntary exercise and estradiol reverse ovariectomy-induced spatial learning and memory deficits and reduction in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 187:172819. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172819.##Swanson LW. Brain maps 4.0—Structure of the rat brain: An open access atlas with global nervous system nomenclature ontology and flatmaps. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526: 935-43. doi: 10.1002/cne.24381.##Vijayakurup V, hulasidasan AT, Shankar G M, Retnakumari AP, Nandan CD, Somaraj J, et al. Chitosan encapsulation enhances the bioavailability and tissue retention of curcumin and improves its efficacy in preventing B [a] P-induced lung carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019;12: 225-36. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-18-0437.##Al-Jarrah M, Al-Jarrah M, Matalka I, Al Aseri H, Mohtaseb A, Smirnova I.V, et al. Exercise training prevents endometrial hyperplasia and biomarkers for endometrial cancer in rat model of type 1 diabetes. J Clin Med Res 2010; 2: 207. doi: 10.4021/jocmr444e.##Maass A, Düzel S, Brigadski T, Goerke M, Becke A, Sobieray U, et al. Relationships of peripheral IGF-1, VEGF and BDNF levels to exercise-related changes in memory, hippocampal perfusion and volumes in older adults. Neuroimage 2016; 131:142-54. doi. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.084.##Ieraci A, Mallei A, Musazzi L, Popoli M. Physical exercise and acute restraint stress differentially modulate hippocampal brain‐derived neurotrophic factor transcripts and epigenetic mechanisms in mice. Hippocampus 2015; 25: 1380-92. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22458.##Tajbakhsh A, Mokhtari‐Zaer A, Rezaee M, Afzaljavan F, Rivandi M, Hassanian SM, et al. Therapeutic potentials of BDNF/TrkB in breast cancer; current status and perspectives. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118: 2502-15. doi: 10.100/jc.25943.##Tanaka K, Okugawa Y, Toiyama Y, Inoue Y, Saigusa S, Kawamura M, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induced tropomyosin-related kinase B (Trk B) signaling is a potential therapeutic target for peritoneal carcinomatosis arising from colorectal cancer. PloS one 2014; 9: e96410. doi: 10.1317/journal.pone.0096410.##Gallen CL, D’Esposito M. Brain modularity: a biomarker of intervention-related plasticity. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23: 293-304. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.014.##Lou SJ, Liu JY, Chang H, Chen PJ. Hippocampal neurogenesis and gene expression depend on exercise intensity in juvenile rats. Brain Res 2008; 1210:48-55. doi: 10.1016/j. brainres.2008.02.080.##Zigmond MJ, Cameron JL, Hoffer BJ, Smeyne RJ. Neurorestoration by physical exercise: moving forward. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012;18 Suppl 1: S147-50. doi: 10.1016/S1353-8020(11)70046-3.##Ruscheweyh R, Willemer C, Krüger K, Duning T, Warnecke T, Sommer J, et al. Physical activity and memory functions: an interventional study. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32: 1304-19. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.001.##Bettio LE, Thacker JS, Rodgers SP, Brocardo PS, Christie BR, Gil-Mohapel J. Interplay between hormones and exercise on hippocampal plasticity across the lifespan. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866: 165821. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis .2020.165821.##Nakhzari Khodakheir J, Haghighi AH, Hamedinia MR. 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اثربخشی درمان هیجان‌مدار بر دشواری تنظیم هیجان و شدت علائم در مبتلایان به سندرم رودۀ تحریک‌پذیر Effectiveness of emotional-focused therapy in the difficulty of emotional regulation and severity of symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome 1 1 مقدمه: سندرم رودۀ تحریک‌پذیر نوعی اختلال عملکردی گوارشی است که با درد مزمن شکم و تغییرات اجابت مزاج مشخص می‌شود و به‌نوعی با عوامل روان‌شناختی مرتبط است؛ ازاین‌رو، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثربخشی درمان هیجان‌مدار بر دشواری تنظیم هیجان و شدت علائم در مبتلایان به سندرم رودۀ تحریک‌پذیر بود. مواد و روش­ها: پژوهش حاضر مطالعه‌ای نیمه‌‌آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌‌آزمون و پس‌‌آزمون با گروه کنترل است. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش حاضر همۀ بیماران مبتلا به سندرم رودۀ تحریک‌پذیر مراجعه‌‌کننده به مراکز تخصصی و فوق-تخصصی بیمارستان‌‌ها و مطب‌‌های شهر اراک در بهار 1402 بود که از جامعۀ هدف، 30 نفر واجد شرایط که داوطلب مشارکت در پژوهش بودند، به روش نمونه‌‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. شرکت‌کنندگان در پژوهش پرسش‌نامۀ دشواری تنظیم هیجان و علائم سندروم رودۀ تحریک‌پذیر را تکمیل کردند. یافته ­های پژوهش: نتایج نشان داد، درمان هیجان‌مدار بر دشواری تنظیم هیجان و شدت علائم در مبتلایان به سندرم رودۀ تحریک‌پذیر تأثیر دارد. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: مدیریت طب سنتی اغلب رضایت‌بخش نیست و به مسائل تأثیرگذار توجه نمی‌کند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که برای درمان‌های روان‌شناختی مهم است که عوامل خاص سندرم رودۀ تحریک‌پذیر را برای تغییر هدف قرار دهند که تنظیم هیجان از آن جمله است؛ ازاین‌رو، یکی درمان‌‌های مؤثر برای سندرم رودۀ تحریک‌پذیر می‌‌تواند درمان هیجان‌‌مدار باشد.   2 Introduction:  Irritable bowel syndrome is a type of digestive dysfunction characterized by chronic abdominal pain and changes in bowel movements and is somehow related to psychological factors. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of emotional-focused therapy in the difficulty of emotional regulation and the severity of symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).. Material & Methods:  in this study, a pretest-post-test, quasi-experimental method with a control group was used. The statistical population of the present study was all patients with IBS referred to specialized and subspecialty centers of hospitals and clinics in Arak in the spring of 2023, of whom 30 eligible people volunteered to participate in the research. They were selected by purposeful sampling. The participants in the research completed the difficulty of emotion regulation questionnaire and the symptoms of irritable bowel. Results: The results demonstrated that emotional therapy has an effect on the difficulty of emotion regulation and the severity of symptoms in patients with IBS. Discussion & Conclusion: Traditional medical management is often unsatisfactory and does not address critical issues. Results suggest that it is essential that psychological treatments target IBS-specific factors for change, including emotion regulation. Therefore, one of the effective treatments for IBS can be emotional therapy.   88 97 2023/07/182022/10/152023/09/302023/10/292023/10/172023/09/262023/05/242023/12/31 1402/10/10 2024/01/82024/01/12024/01/282024/04/162024/02/122024/01/272024/01/102024/02/10 1402/11/21 ریحانه شیخان Reyhane Sheykhan گروه روانشناسی و مشاوره، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اراک، اراک، ایران ایران reyhane.sheykhan@gmail.com مرضیه گودرزی Marziye Goudarzi گروه روانشناسی و مشاوره، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اراک، اراک، ایران ایران marziehgoudarziii@gmail.com Difficulty regulating emotions Emotional focused therapy Irritable bowel syndrome درمان هیجان‌مدار دشواری تنظیم هیجان سندرم رودۀ تحریک‌پذیر Soares RLS. Irritable bowel syndrome, food intolerance and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. A new clinical challenge. Arq Gastroenterol 2018; 55: 417-22.‌ doi: 10.1590/S0004-2803.201800000-88.##Defrees DN, Bailey J. Irritable bowel syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Prim Care 2017; 44: 655-71.‌ doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2017.07.009.##Ghoshal UC, Abraham P, Bhatt C, Choudhuri G, Bhatia SJ, et al. Epidemiological and clinical profile of irritable bowel syndrome in India: report of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force. Indian J Gastroenterol 2008; 27: 22-8.‌##Jazaieri H, Uusberg H, Uusberg A, Gross JJ. Cognitive processes and risk for emotion dysregulation. The Oxford Handbook of Emotion Dysregulation. 2018. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190689285.013.10.##Yoon SL, Grundmann O, Koepp L, Farrell L. Management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in adults: conventional and complementary/alternative approaches. Altern Med Rev 2011; 16: 134.‌##Chey WD, Keefer L, Whelan K, Gibson PR. Behavioral and diet therapies in integrated care for patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2021; 160: 47-62. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.099.##Quigley E, Fried M, Gwee KA, Khlaif I, Hungin P, Lindberg G. Irritable bowel syndrome: a global perspective. WGO Practice Guideline‌ 2015. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000653.##Zamani M, Alizadeh-Tabari S, Zamani V. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 50: 132-43. doi: 10.1111/apt.15325.##Koloski N, Holtmann G, Talley NJ. Is there a causal link between psychological disorders and functional gastrointestinal disorders? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14: 1047-59. doi: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1801414.##Vaiopoulou A, Karamanolis G, Psaltopoulou T, Karatzias G, Gazouli M. Molecular basis of the irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 376.‌ doi: 10.3748/WJG.V20.I2.376.##Shekhar C, Whorwell PJ. Emerging drugs for irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2009; 14: 673-85.‌ doi: 10.1517/14728210903222279.##Grinsvall C, Törnblom H, Tack J, Van Oudenhove L, Simrén M . Relationships between psychological state, abuse, somatization and visceral pain sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. United European Gastroenterol J 2018; 6: 300 -9. doi: 1177/2050640617715851.##Muscatello MRA, Bruno A, Mento C, Pandolfo G, Zoccali RZ. Personality Traits And Emotional Patterns In Irritable Bowel Syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 6402-15. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i28.6402.##Fond G, Loundou A, Hamdani N, Boukouaci W, Dargel A, et al. Anxiety and depression comorbidities in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 264: 651-60.‌ doi: 10.1007/s00406-014-0502-z.##Sayar K, Solmaz M, Trablus S, Ozturk M, Acar B. Alexithymia in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Turk J Psychiatry 2000; 11: 190-7.##Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. JPBAEB 2004; 26: 41-54.‌ doi:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94.##Yap MB, Allen NB, Sheeber L. Using an emotion regulation framework to understand the role of temperament and family processes in risk for adolescent depressive disorders. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2007; 10: 180-96.‌ doi: 10.1007/s10567-006-0014-0.##Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: taking stock and moving forward. Emotion 2013; 13: 359.‌ doi: 10.1037/a0032135.##Zwack J, Greenberg L. Where are the emotions? How emotion-focused therapy could inspire systemic practice. Systemic Research in Individual, Couple, and Family Therapy and Counseling. European Family Therapy Association Series 2020; 249-64.‌ doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36560-8_14.##Greenman PS, Johnson SM. United we stand: Emotionally focused therapy for couples in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychol 2012; 68: 561-9.‌ doi:10.1002/jclp.21853.##Glisenti k. Emotion-Focused Therapy For Binge-Eating Disorder. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. School of Psychology and Counselling Faculty of Health Queensland University of Technology. 2021.##Shokrolahi M, Hashemi S E, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M, Zargar Y, Naaimi A. Comparison of the effectiveness of emotion focused therapy (EFT) and cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) on anxiety sensitivity, pain catastrophizing, experiential avoidance and cognitive emotion regulation in Patients with chronic pain and alexithymia. RBS 2022; 19: 739-52. doi: 10.52547/rbs.19.4.739.##Jahangirrad M, Kraskian A, Naseri Moghaddam S. Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion focused therapy on resilience in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Prevent Med 2021; 8: 60-70. doi: 10.52547/jpm.8.3.60.##Delavar A. research methods in psychology and educational sciences 5nded. Tehran Virayesh. 2022.##Askari P, Pasha Gh , Aminian M. The relationship between emotional regulation, psychological life stressors and body image with eating disorders in women. 2009; 4: 65-78.##Tamminen KA, Watson JC. Emotion focused therapy with injured athletes: Conceptualizing injury challenges and working with emotions. J Appl Sport Psychol 2020; 34: 958-82.‌ doi:10.1080/10413200.2021.2024625.##Thakur ER, Holmes HJ, Lockhart NA, Carty JN, Ziadni MS, et al. Emotional awareness and expression training improves irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29: e13143.‌ doi: 10.1111/nmo.13143.##Pos AE, Greenberg LS. Organizing awareness and increasing emotion regulation: Revising chair work in emotion-focused therapy for borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord 2012; 26: 84-107.‌ doi:10.1521/pedi.2012.26.1.84.##Walsh SRB. Emotion-focused couples therapy as a treatment of somatoform disorders: An outcome study (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University).‌ 2002.##Jahangirrad M, Kraskian A, Naseri Moghaddam S. Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion focused therapy on resilience in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Prevent Med 2021; 8: 60-70. doi: 10.52547/jpm.8.3.60.##Shokrolahi M, Hashemi E, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M, Zargar Y, Naaimi A. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT) and Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) on Anxiety Sensitivity, Pain Catastrophizing, Experiential Avoidance and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Patients with Chronic Pain and Alexithymia. Res Behav Sci 2022; 19: 739-52. doi:10.52547/rbs.19.4.739.##Haghayegh SA, Adibi P, Davazdahemami MH. Efficacy of Emotion Focused Therapy on Quality of Life and Sleep in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Govaresh 2015;20:185-92.##Ivanova I, Watson J. Emotion-focused therapy for eating disorders: Enhancing emotional processing. Pers-Centred Exp Psychother 2014; 13: 278-93. doi: 10.1080/14779757.2014.910132.##Timulak L, Keogh D, McElvaney J, Schmitt S, Hession N, et al. Emotion-focused therapy as a transdiagnostic treatment for depression, anxiety and related disorders: Protocol for an initial feasibility randomised control trial. HRB Open Res 2020; 3:7. doi: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12993.1.##Bahreini Z, Sanagoye Moharer G. Effectiveness of emotion – focused therapy on pain acceptance and mental health dimension among patients with urticarial. J Commonity Health 2020; 7: 201-10. doi: 10.22037/ch.v7i2.23801.##Craner JR, Sigmon ST, Martinson AA, McGillicuddy ML. Premenstrual disorders and rumination. J Clin Psychol 2014; 70: 32-47.‌ doi: 10.1002/jclp.22007.##Greenberg LS, Goldman RN. Clinical handbook of emotion-focused therapy. American Psychological Association. 2019;‌ pp 534.##Soares RLS. Irritable bowel syndrome, food intolerance and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. A new clinical challenge. Arq Gastroenterol 2018; 55: 417-22.‌ doi: 10.1590/S0004-2803.201800000-88.##Defrees DN, Bailey J. Irritable bowel syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Prim Care 2017; 44: 655-71.‌ doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2017.07.009.##Ghoshal UC, Abraham P, Bhatt C, Choudhuri G, Bhatia SJ, et al. Epidemiological and clinical profile of irritable bowel syndrome in India: report of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force. Indian J Gastroenterol 2008; 27: 22-8.‌##Jazaieri H, Uusberg H, Uusberg A, Gross JJ. Cognitive processes and risk for emotion dysregulation. The Oxford Handbook of Emotion Dysregulation. 2018. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190689285.013.10.##Yoon SL, Grundmann O, Koepp L, Farrell L. Management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in adults: conventional and complementary/alternative approaches. Altern Med Rev 2011; 16: 134.‌##Chey WD, Keefer L, Whelan K, Gibson PR. Behavioral and diet therapies in integrated care for patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2021; 160: 47-62. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.099.##Quigley E, Fried M, Gwee KA, Khlaif I, Hungin P, Lindberg G. Irritable bowel syndrome: a global perspective. WGO Practice Guideline‌ 2015. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000653.##Zamani M, Alizadeh-Tabari S, Zamani V. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 50: 132-43. doi: 10.1111/apt.15325.##Koloski N, Holtmann G, Talley NJ. Is there a causal link between psychological disorders and functional gastrointestinal disorders? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14: 1047-59. doi: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1801414.##Vaiopoulou A, Karamanolis G, Psaltopoulou T, Karatzias G, Gazouli M. Molecular basis of the irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 376.‌ doi: 10.3748/WJG.V20.I2.376.##Shekhar C, Whorwell PJ. Emerging drugs for irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2009; 14: 673-85.‌ doi: 10.1517/14728210903222279.##Grinsvall C, Törnblom H, Tack J, Van Oudenhove L, Simrén M . Relationships between psychological state, abuse, somatization and visceral pain sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. United European Gastroenterol J 2018; 6: 300 -9. doi: 1177/2050640617715851.##Muscatello MRA, Bruno A, Mento C, Pandolfo G, Zoccali RZ. Personality Traits And Emotional Patterns In Irritable Bowel Syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 6402-15. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i28.6402.##Fond G, Loundou A, Hamdani N, Boukouaci W, Dargel A, et al. Anxiety and depression comorbidities in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 264: 651-60.‌ doi: 10.1007/s00406-014-0502-z.##Sayar K, Solmaz M, Trablus S, Ozturk M, Acar B. Alexithymia in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Turk J Psychiatry 2000; 11: 190-7.##Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. JPBAEB 2004; 26: 41-54.‌ doi:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94.##Yap MB, Allen NB, Sheeber L. Using an emotion regulation framework to understand the role of temperament and family processes in risk for adolescent depressive disorders. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2007; 10: 180-96.‌ doi: 10.1007/s10567-006-0014-0.##Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: taking stock and moving forward. Emotion 2013; 13: 359.‌ doi: 10.1037/a0032135.##Zwack J, Greenberg L. Where are the emotions? How emotion-focused therapy could inspire systemic practice. Systemic Research in Individual, Couple, and Family Therapy and Counseling. European Family Therapy Association Series 2020; 249-64.‌ doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36560-8_14.##Greenman PS, Johnson SM. United we stand: Emotionally focused therapy for couples in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychol 2012; 68: 561-9.‌ doi:10.1002/jclp.21853.##Glisenti k. Emotion-Focused Therapy For Binge-Eating Disorder. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. School of Psychology and Counselling Faculty of Health Queensland University of Technology. 2021.##Shokrolahi M, Hashemi S E, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M, Zargar Y, Naaimi A. Comparison of the effectiveness of emotion focused therapy (EFT) and cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) on anxiety sensitivity, pain catastrophizing, experiential avoidance and cognitive emotion regulation in Patients with chronic pain and alexithymia. RBS 2022; 19: 739-52. doi: 10.52547/rbs.19.4.739.##Jahangirrad M, Kraskian A, Naseri Moghaddam S. Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion focused therapy on resilience in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Prevent Med 2021; 8: 60-70. doi: 10.52547/jpm.8.3.60.##Delavar A. research methods in psychology and educational sciences 5nded. Tehran Virayesh. 2022.##Askari P, Pasha Gh , Aminian M. The relationship between emotional regulation, psychological life stressors and body image with eating disorders in women. 2009; 4: 65-78.##Tamminen KA, Watson JC. Emotion focused therapy with injured athletes: Conceptualizing injury challenges and working with emotions. J Appl Sport Psychol 2020; 34: 958-82.‌ doi:10.1080/10413200.2021.2024625.##Thakur ER, Holmes HJ, Lockhart NA, Carty JN, Ziadni MS, et al. Emotional awareness and expression training improves irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29: e13143.‌ doi: 10.1111/nmo.13143.##Pos AE, Greenberg LS. Organizing awareness and increasing emotion regulation: Revising chair work in emotion-focused therapy for borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord 2012; 26: 84-107.‌ doi:10.1521/pedi.2012.26.1.84.##Walsh SRB. Emotion-focused couples therapy as a treatment of somatoform disorders: An outcome study (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University).‌ 2002.##Jahangirrad M, Kraskian A, Naseri Moghaddam S. Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion focused therapy on resilience in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Prevent Med 2021; 8: 60-70. doi: 10.52547/jpm.8.3.60.##Shokrolahi M, Hashemi E, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M, Zargar Y, Naaimi A. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT) and Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) on Anxiety Sensitivity, Pain Catastrophizing, Experiential Avoidance and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Patients with Chronic Pain and Alexithymia. Res Behav Sci 2022; 19: 739-52. doi:10.52547/rbs.19.4.739.##Haghayegh SA, Adibi P, Davazdahemami MH. Efficacy of Emotion Focused Therapy on Quality of Life and Sleep in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Govaresh 2015;20:185-92.##Ivanova I, Watson J. Emotion-focused therapy for eating disorders: Enhancing emotional processing. Pers-Centred Exp Psychother 2014; 13: 278-93. doi: 10.1080/14779757.2014.910132.##Timulak L, Keogh D, McElvaney J, Schmitt S, Hession N, et al. Emotion-focused therapy as a transdiagnostic treatment for depression, anxiety and related disorders: Protocol for an initial feasibility randomised control trial. HRB Open Res 2020; 3:7. doi: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12993.1.##Bahreini Z, Sanagoye Moharer G. Effectiveness of emotion – focused therapy on pain acceptance and mental health dimension among patients with urticarial. J Commonity Health 2020; 7: 201-10. doi: 10.22037/ch.v7i2.23801.##Craner JR, Sigmon ST, Martinson AA, McGillicuddy ML. Premenstrual disorders and rumination. J Clin Psychol 2014; 70: 32-47.‌ doi: 10.1002/jclp.22007.##Greenberg LS, Goldman RN. Clinical handbook of emotion-focused therapy. American Psychological Association. 2019;‌ pp 534.## ##

بررسی اثر ضدمیکروبی لیزر دیود بر کاهش تعداد کاندیدا آلبیکنس در کانال ریشه Antimicrobial effect of diode laser irradiation on the reduction of Candida albicans in the root canal 1 1                                                                                                                                               مقدمه: امروزه به‌کارگیری لیزر در حذف میکروارگانیسم‌‌های کانال ریشه که از عوامل اصلی شکست درمان هستند، بسیار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. هدف این مطالعه بررسی اثر لیزر دیود با طول‌موج‌های 980/810 نانومتر بر کاهش تعداد کاندیدا آلبیکنس در کانال ریشه بود. مواد و روش­ها: در این پژوهش که از نوع مطالعۀ آزمایشگاهی است، 25 دندان تک‌ریشۀ سالم انسانی مطالعه شد که به سه گروه، 20 دندان به‌عنوان گروه‌‌های آزمایش (دو گروه 10 تایی) و 5 دندان هم به‌عنوان گروه کنترل منفی تقسیم‌‌ گردیدند. در گروه‌‌ اول از روش پاک‌سازی روتاری و در گروه دوم از روش روتاری لیزر دیود با طول‌موج‌های 980/810 نانومتر برای بررسی کاهش تعداد کاندیدا آلبیکنس استفاده شد. به هر دندان دو میکرولیتر سوسپانسیون میکروبی اضافه گردید و یک هفته در °C37 و شرایط هوازی انکوبه شدند. از دندان‌‌ها پیش و پس از پاک‌سازی نمونه‌‌برداری گردید و نمونه‌‌ها کشت شدند. نتایج با آزمون‌‌های Paired t-Test و t-Test تجزیه‌وتحلیل گردیدند. یافته ­های پژوهش: نتایج نشان داد، تعداد مخمرها پس از پاک‌سازی با دستگاه‌های روتاری و روتاری لیزر دیود، در مقایسه با پیش از آن، به‌ترتیب 2/92 درصد (P<0.001) و 5/94 درصد (P<0.001) کاهش نشان دادند. از سویی، میان روش روتاری و روتاری لیزر پس از پاک‌سازی اختلاف معنی‌‌داری (P<0.01) وجود داشت. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: هر دو روش پاک‌سازی در کاهش تعداد کاندیدا آلبیکنس از کانال‌‌های ریشه دندان مؤثر بودند که روش پاک‌سازی روتاری لیزر نسبت به روش روتاری، کاهش معنی‌‌داری در تعداد مخمرها را نشان داد. 2 Introduction:  Laser treatment has been highly regarded for removing root canal microorganisms, which are the main causes of treatment failure. This study aimed to assess the effect of 810/980 nm diode laser irradiation on the reduction of Candida albicans (C. albicans) in the root canal. Material & Methods:  In this experimental study, 25 healthy single-rooted human teeth were assigned to 20 test groups (two groups of 10), and 5 teeth were assigned to negative control groups. In the first group of the test, a rotary system and in the second group, a rotary laser diode were used to reduce the number of C. albicans. Two microliters of standard microbial suspension were added to each tooth and the samples were incubated (one week, 37°C, aerobic). Samples were taken from the teeth before and after instrumentation and cultured. The results were analyzed using Paired T-Test and T-Test. Results: The results pointed out that the number of yeasts showed a decrease of 92.2% (P<0.001) and 94.5% (P<0.001), respectively, after instrumentation with the mentioned systems compared to before. On the other hand, there was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the rotary system and rotary laser after instrumentation. Discussion & Conclusion: Both methods effectively reduced the number of C. albicans from dental root canals, and the rotary laser system exhibited a significant (P<0.01) reduction in the number of yeasts compared to the rotary method. 98 104 2023/07/182022/10/152023/09/302023/10/292023/10/172023/09/262023/05/242023/12/312023/06/24 1402/4/3 2024/01/82024/01/12024/01/282024/04/162024/02/122024/01/272024/01/102024/02/102024/01/23 1402/11/3 مصطفی گودینی Mostafa Godiny گروه آموزشی اندودنتیکس، دانشکدۀ دندان‌پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران ایران mostafa_goodin@yahoo.com مریم چلبی حاج کریم Maryam Chalbi مرکز تحقیقات بیولوژی پزشکی، پژوهشکدۀ فناوری سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران ایران mchalabi@kums.ac.ir آتنا محمدی Atena Mohamadi مرکز تحقیقات بیولوژی پزشکی، پژوهشکدۀ فناوری سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران ایران ateni.mohamadi1998@gmail.com Laser diode Candida albicans Root canal لیزر دیود کانال ریشه کاندیدا آلبیکنس Fouad A, Torabinejad M, Walton RE. Endodontics-E-Book: Principles and practice: Saunders; 2008.##Jhajharia K. Microbiology of endodontic diseases: A review article. Int J Appl Dent Sci 2019;5:227-30.##Ricucci D, Siqueira Jr JF. Fate of the tissue in lateral canals and apical ramifications in response to pathologic conditions and treatment procedures. J Endod 2010; 36: 1-15. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2009.09.038.##Arora S, Saquib SA, Algarni YA, et al. Synergistic effect of plant extracts on endodontic pathogens isolated from teeth with root canal treatment failure: an in vitro study. Antibiotics 2021;10: 552. doi:10.3390/antibiotics10050552.##Senges C, Wrbas KT, Altenburger M, et al. Bacterial and Candida albicans adhesion on different root canal filling materials and sealers. J Endod 2011; 37: 1247-52. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.05.034.##da Silva Dantas A, Lee KK, Raziunaite I, et al. Cell biology of Candida albicans–host interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 34: 111-18. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2016.08.006.##Kumar J, Sharma R, Sharma M, et al. (2015) Presence of Candida albicans in root canals of teeth with apical periodontitis and evaluation of their possible role in failure of endodontic treatment. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7: 42-5.##Chubb DWR . A review of the prognostic value of irrigation on root canal treatment success. Aust Endod J 2019; 45: 5-11. doi:10.1111/aej.12348.##Yoon J, Cho BH, Bae J, et al. (2018) Anatomical analysis of the resected roots of mandibular first molars after failed non-surgical retreatment. Restor Dent Endod 2018; 43: e16. doi:10.5395/rde.2018.43.e16.##Ghorbanzadeh A, Bahador A, Sarraf P, et al. Ex vivo comparison of antibacterial efficacy of conventional chemomechanical debridement alone and in combination with light-activated disinfection and laser irradiation against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101648. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101648.##Asnaashari M, Godiny M, Azari-Marhabi S, et al. (2016) Comparison of the antibacterial effect of 810 nm diode laser and photodynamic therapy in reducing the microbial flora of root canal in endodontic retreatment in patients with periradicular lesions. J Lasers Med Sci 2016; 7: 99-104 . doi:10.15171/jlms.2016.17.##Katalinić I, Budimir A, Bošnjak Z, Jakovljević S, Anić I. The photo-activated and photo-thermal effect of the 445/970 nm diode laser on the mixed biofilm inside root canals of human teeth in vitro: A pilot study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019;26:277-83. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.04.014.##Bordea IR, Hanna R, Chiniforush N, Grădinaru E, Câmpian RS, Sîrbu A, et al. Evaluation of the outcome of various laser therapy applications in root canal disinfection: A systematic review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020;29:101611. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101611.##Yadav P, Chaudhary S, Saxena RK, et al. Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antifungal efficacy of Chitosan as endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus Faecalis and Candida Albicans Biofilm formed on tooth substrate. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9: e361. doi:10.4317/jced.53210.##Valera MC, de Moraes Rego J, Jorge AOC. Effect of sodium hypochlorite and five intracanal medications on Candida albicans in root canals. J Endod 2001; 27: 401-3. doi:10.1097/00004770-200106000-00008.##Sadony DM, Khallaf ME, Kamal JS . Effect of photodynamic therapy using diode laser and a novel plant extract irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. BNRC 2021;45: 1-5. doi:10.1186/s42269-021-00510-4.##Xhevdet A, Stubljar D, Kriznar I, et al. The disinfecting efficacy of root canals with laser photodynamic therapy. JLMS 2014; 5: 19.##Fouad A, Torabinejad M, Walton RE. Endodontics-E-Book: Principles and practice: Saunders; 2008.##Jhajharia K. Microbiology of endodontic diseases: A review article. Int J Appl Dent Sci 2019;5:227-30.##Ricucci D, Siqueira Jr JF. Fate of the tissue in lateral canals and apical ramifications in response to pathologic conditions and treatment procedures. J Endod 2010; 36: 1-15. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2009.09.038.##Arora S, Saquib SA, Algarni YA, et al. Synergistic effect of plant extracts on endodontic pathogens isolated from teeth with root canal treatment failure: an in vitro study. Antibiotics 2021;10: 552. doi:10.3390/antibiotics10050552.##Senges C, Wrbas KT, Altenburger M, et al. Bacterial and Candida albicans adhesion on different root canal filling materials and sealers. J Endod 2011; 37: 1247-52. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.05.034.##da Silva Dantas A, Lee KK, Raziunaite I, et al. Cell biology of Candida albicans–host interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 34: 111-18. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2016.08.006.##Kumar J, Sharma R, Sharma M, et al. (2015) Presence of Candida albicans in root canals of teeth with apical periodontitis and evaluation of their possible role in failure of endodontic treatment. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7: 42-5.##Chubb DWR . A review of the prognostic value of irrigation on root canal treatment success. Aust Endod J 2019; 45: 5-11. doi:10.1111/aej.12348.##Yoon J, Cho BH, Bae J, et al. (2018) Anatomical analysis of the resected roots of mandibular first molars after failed non-surgical retreatment. Restor Dent Endod 2018; 43: e16. doi:10.5395/rde.2018.43.e16.##Ghorbanzadeh A, Bahador A, Sarraf P, et al. Ex vivo comparison of antibacterial efficacy of conventional chemomechanical debridement alone and in combination with light-activated disinfection and laser irradiation against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101648. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101648.##Asnaashari M, Godiny M, Azari-Marhabi S, et al. (2016) Comparison of the antibacterial effect of 810 nm diode laser and photodynamic therapy in reducing the microbial flora of root canal in endodontic retreatment in patients with periradicular lesions. J Lasers Med Sci 2016; 7: 99-104 . doi:10.15171/jlms.2016.17.##Katalinić I, Budimir A, Bošnjak Z, Jakovljević S, Anić I. The photo-activated and photo-thermal effect of the 445/970 nm diode laser on the mixed biofilm inside root canals of human teeth in vitro: A pilot study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019;26:277-83. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.04.014.##Bordea IR, Hanna R, Chiniforush N, Grădinaru E, Câmpian RS, Sîrbu A, et al. Evaluation of the outcome of various laser therapy applications in root canal disinfection: A systematic review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020;29:101611. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101611.##Yadav P, Chaudhary S, Saxena RK, et al. Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antifungal efficacy of Chitosan as endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus Faecalis and Candida Albicans Biofilm formed on tooth substrate. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9: e361. doi:10.4317/jced.53210.##Valera MC, de Moraes Rego J, Jorge AOC. Effect of sodium hypochlorite and five intracanal medications on Candida albicans in root canals. J Endod 2001; 27: 401-3. doi:10.1097/00004770-200106000-00008.##Sadony DM, Khallaf ME, Kamal JS . Effect of photodynamic therapy using diode laser and a novel plant extract irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. BNRC 2021;45: 1-5. doi:10.1186/s42269-021-00510-4.##Xhevdet A, Stubljar D, Kriznar I, et al. The disinfecting efficacy of root canals with laser photodynamic therapy. JLMS 2014; 5: 19.## ##

اپیدمیولوژی مولکولی گونه‌های کاندیدای جداشده از نمونه‌های بالینی و ارزیابی حساسیت دارویی آن‌ها نسبت به کتوکونازول و نیستاتین با مروری بر مطالعات اپیدمیولوژی مولکولی و ارزیابی حساسیت دارویی گونه های کاندیدا جدا شده از نمونه های بالینی Molecular epidemiology of Candida species isolated from clinical specimens and evaluation of their antifungal susceptibility testing to ketoconazole and nystatin with a review of studies 1 1 مقدمه: کاندیدیازیس عفونتی قارچی است که توسط مخمرهایی از جنس کاندیدا در شرایط ضعف دستگاه ایمنی ایجاد می‌شود. این مطالعه به‌منظور ارزیابی حساسیت دارویی ایزوله‌های کلینیکی کاندیدا نسبت به داروهای کتوکونازول و نیستاتین به روش براث میکرودایلوشن انجام شد. مواد و روش­ها: در این مطالعۀ توصیفی-تحلیلی، تعداد 377 ایزولۀ بالینی کاندیدای جداشده از شهرهای مختلف ایران با استفاده از روش PCR-RFLP شناسایی مولکولی گردید. آزمایش حساسیت دارویی ایزولۀ بالینی کاندیدا به روش براث میکرودایلوشن بر اساس دستورالعمل استاندارد CLSI (M27-A3 وCLSI M27-S4 ) برای داروهای کتوکونازول و نیستاتین صورت گرفت. برای ارزیابی صحت کار از سویه‌های استاندارد Candida parapsilosis  استفاده شد. حداقل غلظت بازدارندگی رشد (Minimum Inhibitory of Concentration: MIC) پس از 24 ساعت انکوباسیون در دمای C‌‌º37 تعیین گردید. یافته ­های پژوهش: بر اساس شناسایی مولکولی، گونه‌های  کاندیدا آلبیکنس  266 (7/70 درصد)، کاندیدا کروزئی 64 (17 درصد)، کاندیدا پاراپسیلوزیس 40 (7/10 درصد) و کاندیدا تروپیکالیس  6 (6/1 درصد) شناسایی شدند. میزان MIC90 و MIC50 کتوکونازول و نیستاتین برای همۀ این ایزوله‌ها به‌ترتیب 𝜇g/mL 4، 𝜇g/mL 2، 𝜇g/mL 031/0 و 𝜇g/mL 062/0 بود. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده از آزمایش ارزیابی حساسیت دارویی همراه با شناسایی قارچ تا سطح گونه قطعاً در انتخاب عوامل ضدقارچی اولیه برای درمان، به‌ویژه در عفونت‌های قارچی تهاجمی، بسیار مفید خواهد بود. بر اساس نتــایج مطالعــۀ مــا، داروی کتوکونازول روی ایزوله‌های کاندیدا بسیار مؤثرتر از نیستاتین بوده است. 2 Introduction:  Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida yeasts in immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to assess antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates of Candida species to ketoconazole and nystatin by broth microdilution. Material & Methods:  In this descriptive-analytical study, 377 clinical isolates of Candida species were collected from different regions of Iran. The species were identified using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The antifungal susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of Candida species to ketoconazole and nystatin was performed using broth microdilution according to standard protocol CLSI (M27-A3 and M27-S4). The standard strain of Candida parapsilosis was used as the quality of control. The minimum inhibitory of concentrations was determined after 24h at 37 ºC. Results: Based on molecular identification, Candida albicans 266 (70.7%), C. krusei 64 (17%), C. parapsilosis 40 (10.7%), and C. tropicalis 6 (1.6%) were identified. The MIC90 and MIC50 values of ketoconazole and nystatin for all isolates were 0.063 µg/ml, 0.031 µg/ml, 2 µg/ml, and 4 µg/ml, respectively. Discussion & Conclusion: As evidenced by the results of this study, antifungal susceptibility testing along with the identification of fungi at the species level would certainly be very useful in selecting primary antifungal agents for treatment, especially in invasive fungal infections. According to our findings, ketoconazole was much more effective on Candida spp. than nystatin. 105 115 2023/07/182022/10/152023/09/302023/10/292023/10/172023/09/262023/05/242023/12/312023/06/242023/11/23 1402/9/2 2024/01/82024/01/12024/01/282024/04/162024/02/122024/01/272024/01/102024/02/102024/01/232024/01/27 1402/11/7 نیوشا کاوه Niusha kaveh گروه قارچ شناسی ، دانشکده علوم پزشکی ، واحد تنکابن ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، تنکابن، ایران ایران niusha_kaveh@yahoo.com آیت الله نصرالهی عمران Ayatollah Nasrolahi omran گروه قارچ شناسی ، دانشکده علوم پزشکی ، واحد تنکابن ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، تنکابن، ایران ایران ayat51@yahoo.co.in محمدتقی هدایتی Mohammad Taghi Hedatyati مرکز تحقیقات قارچ های تهاجمی، پژوهشکده بیماریهای واگیر، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران hedayatimt@gmail.com مجتبی تقی زاده ارمکی Mojtaba Taghizade armaki گروه انگل شناسی و قارچ شناسی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بابل، بابل، ایران ایران mojtabataghizade@yahoo.com مهدی عباس تبار Mahdi Abastabara مرکز تحقیقات قارچ های تهاجمی، پژوهشکده بیماریهای واگیر، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران ایران mabastabar@gmail.com سعید مهدوی عمران Saeed Mahdavi Omran6 گروه انگل شناسی و قارچ شناسی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بابل، بابل، ایران ایران mahdavios@yahoo.co.uk Antifungal susceptibility testing Candida Molecular identification شناسایی مولکولی کاندیدا حساسیت دارویی Arastehfar A, Khodavaisy S, Daneshnia F, Najafzadeh MJ, Mahmoudi S, Charsizadeh A, et al. Molecular identification, genotypic diversity, antifungal susceptibility, and clinical outcomes of infections caused by clinically underrated yeasts, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis: an Iranian multicenter study (2014–2019). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:264-75. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00264.##Hedayati MT, Armaki MT, Charati JY, Hedayati N, Seyedmousavi S, Denning DW. Burden of fungal infections in Iran. J Infect Dev Ctries 2018;12:910-18. doi: 10.3855/jidc.10476.##Mahdavi Omran S, Rezaei Dastjerdi M, Zuashkiani M, Moqarabzadeh V, Taghizadeh-Armaki M. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from Iranian patients with denture stomatitis. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018:3086586. doi: 10.1155/2018/3086586.##Fazeli A, Kordbacheh P, Nazari A, Ghazvini RD, Mirhendi H, Safara M, et al. Candiduria in hospitalized patients and identification of isolated Candida species by morphological and molecular methods in Ilam, Iran. Iran J Public Health 2019;48:156-61.##Aghili S R , Abastabar M , Soleimani A , Haghani I , Azizi S. High prevalence of asymptomatic nosocomial candiduria due to Candida glabrata among hospitalized patients with heart failure: a matter of some concern? Curr Med Mycol 2020;6:1-8.doi: 10.18502/cmm.6.4.5327.##Sinh CT, Loi CB, Minh NTN, Lam NN, Quang DX, Quyet D, et al. Species Distribution and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Recovered from Intensive Care Unit Patients, Vietnam National Hospital of Burn (2017–2019). Mycopathologia 2021;186: 543-51.doi: 10.1007/s11046-021-00569-7.##Khadka S, Sherchand JB, Pokhrel BM, Parajuli K, Mishra SK, Sharma S, et al. Isolation, speciation and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida isolates from various clinical specimens at a tertiary care hospital, Nepal. BMC Res Notes 2017;10:1-5. doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-2547-3.##Khan M, Ahmed J, Gul A, Ikram A, Lalani FK. Antifungal susceptibility testing of vulvovaginal Candida species among women attending antenatal clinic in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar. Infect Drug Resist 2018;11:447-56. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S153116.##Nenoff , P Krüger C, Neumeister C, Schwantes U, Koch D. In vitro susceptibility testing of yeasts to nystatin–low minimum inhibitory concentrations suggest no indication of in vitro resistance of Candida albicans, Candida species or non-Candida yeast species to nystatin. Clin and Med Invest 2016;1:71-6. doi: 10.15761/CMI.1000116.##Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Shafiei S, Zarei-Mahmoudabadi A. Isolation, molecular identification, and antifungal susceptibility profiles of vaginal isolates of Candida species. Iran J Microbiol 2016;8:410-17.##Abastabar M, Mirhendi H, Rezaei‐Matehkolaei A, Shidfar MR, Kordbacheh P, Makimura K. Restriction analysis of β‐tubulin gene for differentiation of the common pathogenic dermatophytes. J Clin Lab Anal 2014;28:91-6. doi 10.1002/jcla.21649.##Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard–3Th Ed: M27-A3. CLSI, Wayne, PA, USA, 2012.##Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, 4th Ed. M27-S4. CLSI, Wayne, PA, USA, 2017##Berkow E L, Lockhart SH R, Ostrosky-Zeichner L. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing: Current Approaches. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33: e00069-19. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00069-19.##Mohammadi F, Hemmat N, Bajalan Z, Javadi A. Analysis of Biofilm-Related Genes and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Vaginal Candida albicans and Non-Candida albicans Species. Biomed Res Int 2021; 28:2021:5598907 . doi: 10.1155/2021/5598907.##Badiee P, Alborzi A. Susceptibility of clinical Candida species isolates to antifungal agents by E-test, Southern Iran: A five year study. Iran J Microbiol 2011;3:183- 8.##Shokouhi T, Bandalizdeh Z, Hedayati MT, Mayahi S. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from oropharyngeal lesions of patients with cancer to some antifungal agents. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2011; 4: S19-S26.##Mohammadi R, Mirhendi H, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Ghahri M, Shidfar MR, Jalalizand N, et al. Molecular identification and distribution profile of Candida species isolated from Iranian patients. Med Mycol 2013;51:657-63. doi: 10.3109/13693786.2013.770603.##Hamzehee S, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D, Afshari SAK, Mousavi SAA. Molecular identification of Candida species, assessment of the antifungal susceptibility and the genetic relationship of Candida albicans isolated from immunocompromised patients in Kerman, Iran. Gene Rep 2019;17:100484 .doi: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100484.##Mohamadi J, Motaghi M. Anti-fungal resistance in candida isolated from oral and diaper rash candidiasis in neonates. Bioinformation 2014;10:667-70. doi: 10.6026/97320630010667.##Yenisehirli G, Bulut N, Yenisehirli A, Bulut Y. In vitro susceptibilities of Candida albicans isolates to antifungal agents in Tokat,Turkey. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015;8:e28057. doi: 10.5812/jjm.28057.##Badiee P, Badali H, Boekhout T, Diba K, Moghadam AG, Nasab AH, et al. Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from the immunocompromised patients admitted to ten university hospitals in Iran: comparison of colonizing and infecting isolates. BMC Infect Dis 2017;17:727. doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2825-7.##Razzaghi-Abyaneh M, Sadeghi G, Zeinali E, Alirezaee M, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Amani A, et al. Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from superficial candidiasis in outpatients in Iran. J Mycol Med 2014;24:e43-e50. doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.01.004.##Katiraee F, Teifoori F, Soltani M. Emergence of azole-resistant Candida species in AIDS patients with oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Iran. Curr Med Mycol 2015;1:11-16. doi: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.3.11##Jafarian H, Gharaghani M, Seyedian SS, Mahmoudabadi AZ. Genotyping, antifungal susceptibility, enzymatic activity, and phenotypic variation in Candida albicans from esophageal candidiasis. J Clin Lab Anal 2021;35:e23826. doi: 10.1002/jcla.23826.##Lotfali E, Cheraghi Z, Farzaneh Y, Dehbashi Z, Dorrian M, Keymaram M, et al. Antifungal susceptibility to azoles drugs in Candida species isolated from patients with onychomycosis. J Cosmet Dermatol Cosmet 2021;12:91-100.##Samiei F, Ajudani Far H, Moazeni M. Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolated from Vulvovaginitis Candidiasis. Int J Mol Clin Microbiol 2014;4:383-8.##Amirrajab N, Badali H, Didehdar M, Afsarian MH, Mohammadi R, Lotfi N, et al. In vitro activities of six antifungal drugs against Candida glabrata isolates: an emerging pathogen. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016;9: e36638. doi: 10.5812/jjm.36638.##Shokoohi G, Rasekh-Jahromi A, Solhjoo K, Hasannezhad A, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Ahmadi B, et al. Molecular characterization and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginitis in Jahrom City, south of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020;13:e106825. doi:10.5812/jjm.106825.##Kermani F, Sadeghian M, Shokohi T, Hashemi S, Moslemi D, Davodian S, et al. Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from oral lesions in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Curr Med Mycol 2021;7:44-50. doi: 10.18502/cmm.7.1.6242. 10.18502/CMM.7.1.6242##Mohammadi F, Javaheri MR, Nekoeian S, Dehghan P. Identification of Candida species in the oral cavity of diabetic patients. Curr Med Mycol 2016;2:1.7 .doi: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.2.2.4.##Hashemi SE, Shokohi T, Abastabar M, Aslani N, Ghadamzadeh M, Haghani I. Species distribution and susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis, emergence of C. lusitaniae. Curr Med Mycol 2019;5:26-34. doi: 10.18502/cmm.5.4.2062.##Arastehfar A, Khodavaisy S, Daneshnia F, Najafzadeh MJ, Mahmoudi S, Charsizadeh A, et al. Molecular identification, genotypic diversity, antifungal susceptibility, and clinical outcomes of infections caused by clinically underrated yeasts, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis: an Iranian multicenter study (2014–2019). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:264-75. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00264.##Hedayati MT, Armaki MT, Charati JY, Hedayati N, Seyedmousavi S, Denning DW. Burden of fungal infections in Iran. J Infect Dev Ctries 2018;12:910-18. doi: 10.3855/jidc.10476.##Mahdavi Omran S, Rezaei Dastjerdi M, Zuashkiani M, Moqarabzadeh V, Taghizadeh-Armaki M. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from Iranian patients with denture stomatitis. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018:3086586. doi: 10.1155/2018/3086586.##Fazeli A, Kordbacheh P, Nazari A, Ghazvini RD, Mirhendi H, Safara M, et al. Candiduria in hospitalized patients and identification of isolated Candida species by morphological and molecular methods in Ilam, Iran. Iran J Public Health 2019;48:156-61.##Aghili S R , Abastabar M , Soleimani A , Haghani I , Azizi S. High prevalence of asymptomatic nosocomial candiduria due to Candida glabrata among hospitalized patients with heart failure: a matter of some concern? Curr Med Mycol 2020;6:1-8.doi: 10.18502/cmm.6.4.5327.##Sinh CT, Loi CB, Minh NTN, Lam NN, Quang DX, Quyet D, et al. Species Distribution and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Recovered from Intensive Care Unit Patients, Vietnam National Hospital of Burn (2017–2019). Mycopathologia 2021;186: 543-51.doi: 10.1007/s11046-021-00569-7.##Khadka S, Sherchand JB, Pokhrel BM, Parajuli K, Mishra SK, Sharma S, et al. Isolation, speciation and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida isolates from various clinical specimens at a tertiary care hospital, Nepal. BMC Res Notes 2017;10:1-5. doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-2547-3.##Khan M, Ahmed J, Gul A, Ikram A, Lalani FK. Antifungal susceptibility testing of vulvovaginal Candida species among women attending antenatal clinic in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar. Infect Drug Resist 2018;11:447-56. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S153116.##Nenoff , P Krüger C, Neumeister C, Schwantes U, Koch D. In vitro susceptibility testing of yeasts to nystatin–low minimum inhibitory concentrations suggest no indication of in vitro resistance of Candida albicans, Candida species or non-Candida yeast species to nystatin. Clin and Med Invest 2016;1:71-6. doi: 10.15761/CMI.1000116.##Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Shafiei S, Zarei-Mahmoudabadi A. Isolation, molecular identification, and antifungal susceptibility profiles of vaginal isolates of Candida species. Iran J Microbiol 2016;8:410-17.##Abastabar M, Mirhendi H, Rezaei‐Matehkolaei A, Shidfar MR, Kordbacheh P, Makimura K. Restriction analysis of β‐tubulin gene for differentiation of the common pathogenic dermatophytes. J Clin Lab Anal 2014;28:91-6. doi 10.1002/jcla.21649.##Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard–3Th Ed: M27-A3. CLSI, Wayne, PA, USA, 2012.##Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, 4th Ed. M27-S4. CLSI, Wayne, PA, USA, 2017##Berkow E L, Lockhart SH R, Ostrosky-Zeichner L. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing: Current Approaches. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33: e00069-19. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00069-19.##Mohammadi F, Hemmat N, Bajalan Z, Javadi A. Analysis of Biofilm-Related Genes and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Vaginal Candida albicans and Non-Candida albicans Species. Biomed Res Int 2021; 28:2021:5598907 . doi: 10.1155/2021/5598907.##Badiee P, Alborzi A. Susceptibility of clinical Candida species isolates to antifungal agents by E-test, Southern Iran: A five year study. Iran J Microbiol 2011;3:183- 8.##Shokouhi T, Bandalizdeh Z, Hedayati MT, Mayahi S. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from oropharyngeal lesions of patients with cancer to some antifungal agents. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2011; 4: S19-S26.##Mohammadi R, Mirhendi H, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Ghahri M, Shidfar MR, Jalalizand N, et al. Molecular identification and distribution profile of Candida species isolated from Iranian patients. Med Mycol 2013;51:657-63. doi: 10.3109/13693786.2013.770603.##Hamzehee S, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D, Afshari SAK, Mousavi SAA. Molecular identification of Candida species, assessment of the antifungal susceptibility and the genetic relationship of Candida albicans isolated from immunocompromised patients in Kerman, Iran. Gene Rep 2019;17:100484 .doi: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100484.##Mohamadi J, Motaghi M. Anti-fungal resistance in candida isolated from oral and diaper rash candidiasis in neonates. Bioinformation 2014;10:667-70. doi: 10.6026/97320630010667.##Yenisehirli G, Bulut N, Yenisehirli A, Bulut Y. In vitro susceptibilities of Candida albicans isolates to antifungal agents in Tokat,Turkey. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015;8:e28057. doi: 10.5812/jjm.28057.##Badiee P, Badali H, Boekhout T, Diba K, Moghadam AG, Nasab AH, et al. Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from the immunocompromised patients admitted to ten university hospitals in Iran: comparison of colonizing and infecting isolates. BMC Infect Dis 2017;17:727. doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2825-7.##Razzaghi-Abyaneh M, Sadeghi G, Zeinali E, Alirezaee M, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Amani A, et al. Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from superficial candidiasis in outpatients in Iran. J Mycol Med 2014;24:e43-e50. doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.01.004.##Katiraee F, Teifoori F, Soltani M. Emergence of azole-resistant Candida species in AIDS patients with oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Iran. Curr Med Mycol 2015;1:11-16. doi: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.3.11##Jafarian H, Gharaghani M, Seyedian SS, Mahmoudabadi AZ. Genotyping, antifungal susceptibility, enzymatic activity, and phenotypic variation in Candida albicans from esophageal candidiasis. J Clin Lab Anal 2021;35:e23826. doi: 10.1002/jcla.23826.##Lotfali E, Cheraghi Z, Farzaneh Y, Dehbashi Z, Dorrian M, Keymaram M, et al. Antifungal susceptibility to azoles drugs in Candida species isolated from patients with onychomycosis. J Cosmet Dermatol Cosmet 2021;12:91-100.##Samiei F, Ajudani Far H, Moazeni M. Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolated from Vulvovaginitis Candidiasis. Int J Mol Clin Microbiol 2014;4:383-8.##Amirrajab N, Badali H, Didehdar M, Afsarian MH, Mohammadi R, Lotfi N, et al. In vitro activities of six antifungal drugs against Candida glabrata isolates: an emerging pathogen. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016;9: e36638. doi: 10.5812/jjm.36638.##Shokoohi G, Rasekh-Jahromi A, Solhjoo K, Hasannezhad A, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Ahmadi B, et al. Molecular characterization and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginitis in Jahrom City, south of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020;13:e106825. doi:10.5812/jjm.106825.##Kermani F, Sadeghian M, Shokohi T, Hashemi S, Moslemi D, Davodian S, et al. Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from oral lesions in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Curr Med Mycol 2021;7:44-50. doi: 10.18502/cmm.7.1.6242. 10.18502/CMM.7.1.6242##Mohammadi F, Javaheri MR, Nekoeian S, Dehghan P. Identification of Candida species in the oral cavity of diabetic patients. Curr Med Mycol 2016;2:1.7 .doi: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.2.2.4.##Hashemi SE, Shokohi T, Abastabar M, Aslani N, Ghadamzadeh M, Haghani I. Species distribution and susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis, emergence of C. lusitaniae. Curr Med Mycol 2019;5:26-34. doi: 10.18502/cmm.5.4.2062.## ##