@article{ author = {}, title = {Designing a safety device to protect drivers\' visionagainst up-or-down head-lights of opposite trucks}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Considering the fact that man's eye pupils change their diameters against light variation, coincidental disorders occur in the eye sight. This becomes more important when she/he is doing a sensitive work such as driving at night. Among the factors which may cause night driving accidents is high light of the opposite cars which create dazzling and change in the pupil diameter rapidly that finally causes drivers to become blind for a moment. Materials & methods: Designing this apparatus has been fully inventive and recorded in the state inventions record administration with No: 32651 . This apparatus parts are: a part connected to the driver's cab, an engine–house, an engine to raise the frame holding a half–transparent plate, a fixing frame, an engine to raise the lever which locks the frame, a key to activate the raised–engine of the fixing frame, power, stop-start key of the system. Findings: The universal purpose of the apparatus designation is to reduce light intensity reflected to the drivers' eyes while the opposite coming trucks use their up head-lights. This dazzling light is frustrated through an absorption and dispersion process by the device. Whenever using the system, no intense light reflects to the drivers' eyes because the opposite light intensity reduces after passing the semi-transparent plate. Conclusion: The constructed apparatus was tested and justified following necessary studies. Applying this apparatus can be effective, in reducing the disturbing coming up-lights and facilitating the drivers' ease at night. Unfortunately, lack of necessary technology in the province hindered constructing this device in accordance with appropriate principles.}, Keywords = {eye, driver, opposite head-light, protection}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-48-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-48-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1563-4728}, eissn = {2588-3135}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Sero-grouping of intestinal pathogenic bacteria causing diarrhea isolated from children and detection of their antibiotic resistance}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Bacterial diarrhea is very common particularly in devoloping countries and is still one of the most causes of mortalities in children.The aim of present study was to identify the most common of bacterial agents causing acute bacterial diarrhea in children under 12 years old and detection of their resistance to antibiotics in patients referred to pediatric word de of academic hospitals of Hamadan. Materials & methods: During two years) 2003-2005(, 610 samples obtained from children under 12 years old with gastroentrotitis were investigated for bacterial cultures, frequency of age, serogrouping of isolates and antibiogram patterns. Polyvalent (I ،II، III, IV) and monovalent anti-sera (055، 0111، 011، 086، 026 ،0125، 0119، 0146، 0128، 0142، 0157) were used for sero-grouping of E. coli (EPEC). Antibiogram tests were also performed by gel-diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer. The data were gathered through a questionnaire and analysed using SPSS software. Findings: Out of the 610 tested samples, 155 cases (25.4%) had positve cultures for intestinal pathogenic bacilli. The most common isolate was Escherichia coli (EPEC) with 105 cases (67.8%) and the lowest isolate was Shigella with 18 cases (11.6%). The most common serogroup of E.coli was 0128 (26.6%) and the lowest serogroup was 0119 (5.7%). The most common serogroups of Salmonella were S.typhi (34.4%) and S.typhimurium and the lowest serogroup was S. para A (3.1%). The most common serogroup of Shigella was S.sonnei (55.6%). The most effective antibiotics against bacteria were ceftriaoxne, nitrofurantoin, imipenem, amikacin and gentamycin. Conclusion: The present study showed that Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Salmonella species are predominant causes of bacterial diarrhea in children under 12 years old in this region. In many other countries, the most common serogroups of E.coli are 0157 and 055, but in our study the serogroup of 0128 was common. Most species showed high resistance to routine antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim and chloramphenicol.}, Keywords = {sero-grouping, E. coli, diarrhea, children , drugs resistance}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {7-15}, publisher = {Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-49-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-49-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1563-4728}, eissn = {2588-3135}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Prevalence of tension and migraine headachesamong the students of Ilam Medical University}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Headache is the most common pain syndrome among almost 90% of the populations who suffer from headache attacks in a year period. This study was performed to consider the prevalence of tension and migraine headaches among Ilam University students. Materials & methods: This descriptive analytic and cross-sectional study was accomplished using clustural sampling on 309 students. The applied questionaires were designed based on IHS criteria. Prevalence of tension headaches and migraine and their relation with some variables such as marital status, field of study, intensifiers, and etc. were investigated. Findings: Overall prevalence was 63.4%, while 42.3% accounted for tensional and 8.1% for migraine headaches. The results clarified no significant relationship between headache types and field of study (P=0.7). Prevalence of tensional and migraine headaches in females was 45.1% and 8.9% respectively. This rate in males was 36.5% and in females 8.9% respectively. Conclusion: The results implied no statistically significant relationship between headache types and those of age (P=0.78), educational course (P=0.4), local status (P=0.77), and residential place (P=0.7). Our results clarified a significant relationship between migraine headaches and marital status, furthermore, migraine prevalence was of more prevalence among single students.}, Keywords = {headache, migraine, tension, Ilam}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {13-21}, publisher = {Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-50-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-50-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1563-4728}, eissn = {2588-3135}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {}, title = {A study on ethanol effects on tissue structureof salivary glands in adult mouse}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of ethanol on mouse salivary glands. Materials & methods: Twenty healthy mice of about three-months old underwent this investigation. The adult mice were divided into two equal experimental and control groups. Diluted ethanol was injected twice daily in the morning and in the afternoon to the experimental group for three weeks, while the other group received normal saline at the same time. Salivary glands were removed after the elapsed period, then H and E stained specimens were prepared using different histologic procedures. Findings: Light microscopic study of the prepared specimens from salivary glands of the experimental group indicated an aggregation of Hyalin globular granules in different sizes with negative pas staining reaction. These granules were located in lumen or inter cytoplasmic cell. Conclusion: Ethanol metabolism takes place in liver and its product is of dysfunctional effects on different organs such as salivary glands and sublingual glands due to producing undetermined red granules.}, Keywords = {mouse, ethanol, salivary glands}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {20-26}, publisher = {Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-52-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-52-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1563-4728}, eissn = {2588-3135}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {}, title = {A study on how the pregnant mother\'s positions affect the length of her first deliveries}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: This study was performed to determine the influence of the pregnant mother's position at active phase on the length of her first stage of labor in parturient in Shabikhani hospital of Kashan in 2004. Materials & methods: In a clinical trial, 50 volunteers for the upright position and 50 for the horizontal position were randomly selected during active phase of the first stage of labor with cephalic presentations .The two groups were matched according to estimated fetal weight, the mothers’ ages, BMI and the time of artificial rupture of membrane. Then both, according to their tendencies, were parted for the upright or horizontal positions during the active phase of the first stage of labor. Findings: The length of active phase in women with upright and horizontal positions was 1-2 hours (mean: 2.42) and 3-4 (mean: 2.99) respectively. Chi-square test showed a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.005).In our study, no difference was perceived between the cases in length of the second stage of labor, kind of delivery and the newborn Apgar score. Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, upright position decreases the length of the first stage of labor. Thus, pregnant women can be encouraged to follow an upright position during their first stage of giving birth to a child.}, Keywords = {mother position, upright, length of first stage labor}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {26-32}, publisher = {Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-54-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-54-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1563-4728}, eissn = {2588-3135}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Relations between self-esteem and applying coping mechanism and self-care program in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and incurable disease of central nervous system that leads to decrease self-esteem in such patients, and they should cope with disability of this chronic disease. The purpose of this study was to determine any relations between the level of self-esteem and applying coping mechanisms and self-care programs by multiple sclerosis patients (MS) in Tehran. Materials & methods: This study has a semi-experimental design accomplished in an accessible method in Iranian MS Society (2002-3). 38 educated patients (between 15-50 years old) with signs of this disease were selected. The data were collected via personal questionnaires, problems list, Cooper and smith standard questionnaires for self-esteem, Jalowice standard coping scale and self-report checklists that before and after interventions were completed by the patients. Self-care program was taught and performed for one month period, then the data before and after interventions were analyzed by applied SPSS soft ware, descriptive statistics and paired t-test, Wilcoxon, Chi-square and independent T tests. Findings: The paired T-test showed significant difference between self-esteem of patients before and after education,(p=0/000). Data analysis showed that before and after intervention, patients with higher self-esteem used more problem-focused coping than the patients with lower self-esteem (P=0/001), and patients with lower self-esteem used more affective-focused coping (P=0/000). Also, patients with higher self-esteem applied more self-care program in order to solve their problems, (P=0/001) . Conclusion: According to these findings, self-care education improves self-esteem in patients and self-esteem promotion in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients has a direct relation with an increase in applying problem-focused coping and self-care programs by them.}, Keywords = {sclerosis (MS), self-esteem, problem-focused coping , self care}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {31-41}, publisher = {Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-56-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-56-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1563-4728}, eissn = {2588-3135}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Evaluation of standards measuring psycho-social factors effective on physical activities of high-school girl-students at Tehran branch No:10}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The present study aimed to assess the psycho-metric properties of psycho-social determinants of physical activity-related measures in Iranian teen-ager girls. Several measures of psychosocial determinants of physical activities were translated from English into Persian using the retranslation technique. These translated measures were administered to 512 of 9th and 10th grade Iranian high school students. Materials & methods: The scales included, the self-efficacy scale, the social support scale, the physical activity “pros & cons” scale, the change strategies scale and the environment scale. Cronbach’s alphas, mean inter–item correlations and test-retest coefficients showed that these solutions were reliable. Cronbach’s alphas estimates for the various scales were substantial to excellent (0.67-0.84), while test-retest reliability estimates were substantial (0.59-0.74) and mean inter- item correlation estimates were also fair to substantial (0.23-0.47). Conclusion: These preliminary results provide support for using the mentioned scales to measure psychosocial determinants of physical activities in Iranian female teen-agers.}, Keywords = {teen-ager, physical activity, psychosocial determinants, reliability}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {39-49}, publisher = {Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-58-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-58-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1563-4728}, eissn = {2588-3135}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Effects of ambulation during the active phase of first stage of labor on the type of delivery}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Every year 150 million women become pregnant, but some of them do not have easy labors and have pain or even may die. Prolonged labor is one of the reasons for undergoing cesarean sections. Morbidity of CS is more than normal vaginal delivery. Prolonged labor will be preventable through special care in the maternity hospital so as to encourage mothers to walk during the first stage of labor, because this action shortens the course of labor. Therefore, we decided to study on ambulation effects during the active phase of first stage labor on the type of delivery. Materials & methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 70 women of age 18 -35 years and primipara, gestational age 37 were divided randomly in two groups (35 experimental and 35 control). The women in the experimental group walked more than ½ course of labor, while there was no intervention in the control group. Findings: Findings showed that the rate of normal vaginal delivery was significantly different between the experimental group and the control one (33 people v/s 24 people p=0/006). The results also showed that rate of cesarean sections were significantly different in the two groups (2 person v/s 11 person p=0/006). It was, furthermore, found out that need of oxytocin was significantly different in the groups (7 people v/s 17 people p=0/012). Also, the time of second stage of labor was significantly different between the cases (39/29 minutes VS 47/46 minutes p=0/032). Conclusion: We came to the conclusion that ambulation during active phase of first stage of labor is effective on the type of delivery so we recommend maternity hospital administrators to urge pregnant mothers to ambulate at this stage of active delivery as a helpful factor.}, Keywords = {ambulation, active phase of labor, type of delivery}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {48-56}, publisher = {Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-60-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjimu.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-60-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1563-4728}, eissn = {2588-3135}, year = {2008} }