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Introduction: Nowadays, cancer is the second cause of mortality in the world. Gastric cancer has a high mortality rate (about 70%) which is more common in men and has a higher incidence in eastern Asian countries. One of the methods for cancer treatment is radiotherapy, in which to enhance the efficiency of radiation therapy some of radio-sensitizer agents can be used to enhance tumor cell radiosensitivity. Some nanoparticles can be considered as a sensitizer because of enhancing the cytotoxicity to oxidative stress and increasing free radicals especially ROS within cells, resulting to cell death. In this study, synergistic effect of TiO2 nanoparticles as a radio-sensitizer agent was evaluated in the presence of cobalt-60 gamma rays on human gastric cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: After cell culture, MKN-45 cells were exposed to 2 Gy of radiation and 30 µg/ml concentration of nanoparticles. Viability was calculated using MTT assay. Findings: Exposing cultured cells to nanoparticles alone resulted to a mean decrease of 70% in cell survival. Viability of cells in presence of gamma radiation and nanoparticles was significantly reduced compared to the viability of cells exposed only to radiation or nanoparticle, alone. The effect was dependent both on the nanoparticle crystal type and concentration. Discussion & Conclusion: Nano-TiO2 increased the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to gamma radiation, due to an increase in the ROS production and cytotoxicity. Anatase crystals have more severe effects than rutile crystal because of having a larger surface area and creation of more free radicals. Therefore, this nanoparticle has the potential to be used as a radio-sensitizer.

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Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease in many tropical and sub-tropical countries, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and can be transm-itted by sand fly bites. This study was carr-ied out to identify the epidemiologic status of cutaneous leishmaniasis with emphasis on trend of its incidence rate in Kashan. Materials & Methods: This investigation was a descriptive and retrospective study based on existing data. Sample consists of all persons who were referred to the central laboratory in Kashan during the last five years (20 March 2005 to 19 March 2010) for parasitological diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and their diseases were con-firmed. Demographic characteristics and clinical information of cutaneous leishma-niasis (positive cases) were recorded and analyzed. Findings: The results revealed that the nu-mber of infected cases in Kashan was 1599 people during the study. Of these patients 1315 (82.2%) lived in urban and 284 pati-ents (17.8%) in rural areas. Incidence rate in rural dwellers was significantly higher than urban residents (19.10 vs. 9.46 cases per 10,000 population). During the study, patients showed a significant increaseing and positive cases of cutaneous leishma-niasis had been increased from 192 cases to 405 cases in the last year of the study. The annual incidence rate of the disease has increased significantly. Among the patients with active cutaneous leishmaniasis, 717 (45%) were females and 882 (55%) male. 92% of cases were Iranian and the rem-aining of non-Iranian. The highest incid-ence rate was observed in the age group below 10 years, with 14.87 per 10000 inha-bitants, and the least rate in the age group 40-49 years with 5.93 per 10000 inha-bitants. The prevalence of active CL pati-ents in the age group less than 20 years (43.84%) was significantly higher than the corresponding value in the same age group in the general population (34.02%) in Ka-shan. Most commonly affected organs, hands (45.8 % alone, 7.1 percent, with feet and 2.9% with face), followed by feet. Single lesion in the majority of patients, was followed by two or more ulcers on two or more parts of the body. Discussion & Conclusion: The findings showed an increasing trend of the prevale-nce and incidence rate of cutaneous leish-maniasis over the period study in the regi-on. Also, cutaneous Leishmaniasis remains a public health threat in the future. There-fore, it is recommended that the regional authorities paying more attention to control the spreading of the disease.

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Background: The increase of stress following the technological improvements appears to be an important factor that causes organs disorders like genital system. Therefore the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of chronic multiple sequential stress on rat testis Methods: 18 Wistar rats were divided randomly into two equal groups. In animals under stress, the mice were exposed to different multiple sequential stress as Forced swimming, Restraint, Water deprivation, Isolation and Food deprivation for 10 days while the animals in control group were kept in their cages without any disorders. After weighing the animals and anesthesing with xylazine-Ketamine, the testis of animals were removed and weighed. After fixation with formaldehyde (10%), testis samples were prepared for light microscopic study. The number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes I & II, sperm & leydig cells, thickness of the seminiferous tubule determined using Image Tool software in the studied groups. Finally the data were compared statistically. Results: The present study showed that the mean number of spermatogonia، spermatocyte I & II، sperm & leydig cells in stress group have significantly decreased compared to control group (P<0.001). Moreover, the mean thickness of seminiferous tubule in stress group have significantly decreased compared to control group (P<0.001) Conclusion: Our study showed that chronic multiple sequential stress can have negative effects by reducing the number of spermatogonia, spermatocyte I & II, sperm, leydig cells & thickness of seminiferous tubule in rat testis but more studies are needed to confirm these results.

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Background and Objectives Chromium is a common contaminant in ground and surface water, soil and waste water. Chromium is of considerable because of toxicity and environmental and human health. The aim of this research were to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and determining its efficiency in chromium removal from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized and the effects of pH and contact time on cadmium removal efficiency were investigated in batch system. Then kinetics and isotherm models coefficients were determined based on optimum conditions. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD were used to characterization of the synthesized magnetite nanoparticles. Results: SEM results showed that the diameter of the particles is 40-50 nm. Results showed that the optimum pH value for chromium adsorption was 2 and the equilibrium time was 60 min. The magnetite nanoparticles have advantages such as high removal efficiency and short reaction time and can be used as a method to remove cadmium from aqueous solutions. The adsorption kinetics fitted using the type1- pseudo second-order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherm could be described by the langmuer. The langmuer maximum adsorption capacity of magnetite nanoparticles for Cr(VI) was found to be 24 mgg-1. Conclusion: These results indicated that magnetite nanoparticles can be employed as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of chromium from contaminated water sources. The results also revealed that the magnetite nanoparticles supported have a better adsorption capacity, better magnetic properties and separation, and therefore, lower cost.

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Introduction: For phosphorus removal, different methods of water treatment system using chemical, physical and biological systems have been used. Sequencing batch reactor system (SBR) is modified activated sludge processes that can removal the excess phosphorus from the municipal wastewater. In this study we evaluates the application of SBR for orthophosphate removing from the secondary treated wastewater in lab scale , and determining the effects of anaerobic detention time, sequencing alternatives and the time proportioning on the phosphorous removal efficiency. Materials & Methods: In this study by using of a FSBR with the 2 liters useful volume based on the plastic spices as the attached growth bed. Synthetic wastewater feeding has done by using of the starch, glucose, urea and dihydrogen ammonium phosphate. COD of the wastewater was equal to 35 mg/l with Nitrogen and phosphorus content 26 and 12 mg/l respectively .Treatment began with the 24 hr cycle. The numbers of operational series were 5 and the numbers of running days were 5 days. In 4 series of the operations ,FSBR steps were filling, anaerobic phase, aerobic phase , rest and discharge, and the anaerobic detention times seri of the operation the steps were first, second ,third and fourth seriyal were 4,6,8 and 10 hrs respectively. In seri operation the steps were filling, anaerobic phase, aerobic phase , rest and discharge respectively. Findings:Our study showed that the phosphorus removal efficiencies for to series of the operations were 57.5%,52.33%, 55.83% and 33.08% respectively and for the seri of the operations was no any phosphorous removal efficiency. Discussion & Conclusion: The study results showed that by a decreasing the anaerobic phase detention time to 4 hours, (the minimum time),the phosphorous removal efficiency was the maximum, but by sequence changing from anaerobic to the aerobic phase at the beginning step, the phosphorous removal was decreased severely.

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Abstract

Purpose: The studies has been shown that insufficient recovery between sessions cause immune suppression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated bouts resistance and endurance exercise on blood leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes count and plasma cortisol levels in athlete girls. Materials and Methods:19 athlete girls (ages, 20- 25 yr), volunteers participated in the study, in two phase and two separate days performed two experimental protocols. At first, subject performed two bouts of resistance exercise (8 exercise with 65% 1RM) at 09:00 and 15:00. After one week rest, subject performed two bouts of endurance exercise (60 min cycling on 65% HR Reserve) at same time. Blood samples were taken before and after each bout and 1 hour after second bout of exercise. Statistical analysis was performed using a Kolmogroph-Smirnoff, independent t-test and ANOVA with repeated measure. Results: Repeated bouts endurance exercise significantly increased blood leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes count and plasma cortisol levels, but of repeated bouts resistance exercise only significantly increased blood lymphocytes count (P˂0.05). Comparison of two type exercise indicate only significantly difference in blood monocytes count (P˂0.05). Conclusion: This results has been shown that no significantly difference between repeated bouts of resistance and endurance exercise in a day, on immunological variables and cortisol hormone.

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Introduction: Hospital waste contains biological agents and chemical compounds which are toxic and dangerous for health of patients, personnel and clients. Due to the presence of hazardous and infectious materials in the hospital waste, appropriate management should be applied to them. The aim of this study was to compare the waste management system in small and large hospitals of Tehran city in 2012. Materials & Methods: In this cross - sectional study the solid waste management in two large hospitals and three small hospitals in Tehran city in 2012, were compared. Hospital wastes was segregated and weighted initially, and then the percentage of infectious and non-infectious waste was determined. According to the World Health Organization questionnaire the status of hospital waste management and waste treatment facilities in these hospitals were evaluated. Findings: Average waste generated in large hospitals in 4.5 and small hospitals in 4.87 kg per day was in bed. Health level of storage systems and waste collection of hospital wastes were in 91.5% and 100% in large hospitals and 73% in small hospital, respectively. Biological indexes showed that waste disposed at large hospital 1 and small hospital 4 were not in a safe mode. Discussion & Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the amount of waste generation in small and large hospitals, but the amount of infectious wastes in small hospitals was in 1.75 times greater. Health level of waste collection and storage system was significantly higher in large hospitals. Hospital waste management in large hospitals was much better than in small hospitals.

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Introduction: Nowadays, potential risks have been well known for human health which associated with toxic heavy metals in environment.Cadmium is one of the most important heavy metals that its presence in aquatic environment have created many concerns due to high toxicity at low concentrations and the ability to accumulate in living tissues. several methods have been studied to remove of heavy metals but, using low prices absorbents has been considered by researchers to remove these metals in recent years . in this research, we will study cadmium removal by natural clinoptilolite zeolite.
 Material s & methods: The experiments were conducted with natural zeolite discontinuous . To determine the characteristics of zeolite, Scanning Electroni Microscop (SEM) and X-ray diffraction Device (XRD) have been used . effect of some parameters have studied on efficency of cadmium elimination and adssorption isotherms, including: PH (2,4,6,8,10), contact time (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 min), adsorbant dosage (0.2,0.5,0.8,1,2 gr) and mtetal ion concentration (10, 50, 100 mg/L).
 Findings: According to absorption of cadmium process results, The optimum PH was equal 6 with removal efficencies of 83.3% and equiliberium time of 90 minuts with removal efficencies of 93.1%,. As expected, The amount of absorbed cadmium ereduced by increasing the concentration of cadmium. Between both models Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm, Langmuir model have described cadmium adsorption of cadmium on the adsorbent better than Freundlich.
Discussion & Conclusion: The results of current study have indicated that natural linoptilolite zeolite can be used as an efficient and I nexpensive absorbent to elemination of cadmium in aquatic environments.

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