:: Volume 30, Issue 3 (8-2022) ::
Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences 2022, 30(3): 88-100 Back to browse issues page
Effect of Swimming Training on Spatial Memory of Maternal Deprived Infants: Inducing Stress by Six Hours Separation per Day
Mohamad Hossein Sattarzadeh11 , Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni * 2, Mehdi Shahbazi1
1- Dept of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2- Dept of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran , shahzadtahmaseb@ut.ac.ir
Abstract:   (1127 Views)
Introduction: Primary stress can impair the nervous structure including the hippocampus and behavioral functions such as memory; therefore, paying attention to neutralizing the destructive effects of stress on the body has been one of the debatable topics among researchers. Considering the role of physical activity in reducing stress in previous studies, this study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of swimming training on learning and spatial memory in neonatal rats separated from their mother.
Material & Methods: In this study, 40 male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (separation from mother, separation from mother and swimming training, swimming training, and control). The method of separating the infants from the mothers was used to make stressful conditions. Rats from separation groups were separated from mothers 6 h per day starting from the day after birth for one month. For physical activity, swimming training was performed for four weeks (five sessions per week) incrementally to measure stress and blood glucose level in mice, and the Morris Water Maze test was used to assess the learning and spatial memory.
(Ethic code: IR.UT.SPORT.REC.1399.009)
Findings: The results of the analysis of variance test showed that the blood glucose in the group of rats that were separated from their mothers was significantly higher, compared to the control group (P=0.045), indicating that stress was successfully induced in these rats. Moreover, the results of the multivariate analysis of the variance test showed that although stress had no significant impact on spatial learning, the results of the exploration test showed a significant decrease in the percentage of entering the target quadrant (P=0.05) and the time spent in the target quadrant in the group separated from mother (P=0.029), compared to the control group. Therefore, spatial memory was degraded due to stress in the group of rats that were separated from their mother, compared to the other groups. However, swimming training in the group of rats that was separated from the mother could neutralize the destructive effects of stress on spatial memory and the percentage of entering the target quadrant (P=0.02) as well as the time spent in the target quadrant (P=0.05).
Discussion & Conclusion: The results showed that although stress did not have a negative impact on spatial learning, it had a destructive impact on memory. On the other hand, swimming training as a treatment method could largely neutralize the negative effects of stress and improve memory.
 
Keywords: Early life stress - Swimming - Spatial Learning - Spatial Memory – Rat
Full-Text [PDF 1069 kb]   (453 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Physical Education
Received: 2021/11/22 | Accepted: 2022/03/12 | Published: 2022/08/6
References
1. Alves RL, Portugal CC, Summavielle T, Barbosa F, Magalhães A. Maternal separation effects on mother rodents’ behaviour: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020;117:98–109. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.008
2. Kaul D, Schwab SG, Mechawar N, Matosin N. How stress physically re-shapes the brain: Impact on brain cell shapes, numbers and connections in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021;124:193–215. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.025
3. Belleau EL, Treadway MT, Pizzagalli DA. The Impact of Stress and Major Depressive Disorder on Hippocampal and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Morphology. Biol Psychiatry 2019;85:443–53. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.031
4. Akalestou E, Genser L, Rutter GA. Glucocorticoid Metabolism in Obesity and Following Weight Loss. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020;11:1–9. doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00059
5. Sepehrinezhad A, Momeni J, Gorji A, Sahab Negah S. Stress-Induced Immune Dysfunction: Implications for Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Processes. Neurosci J Shefaye Khatam 2020;8:93–106. doi:10.29252/shefa.8.2.93
6. Madalena KM, Lerch JK. The Effect of Glucocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Receptor Interactions on Brain, Spinal Cord, and Glial
7. Cell Plasticity. Plasticity. Neural Plast 2017;2017:8640970. doi: 10.1155/2017/8640970
8. Steffke EE, Kirca D, Mazei-Robison MS, Robison AJ. Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 activity reduces dendritic spines in dorsal hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2020;725:134909. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134909
9. Carmo D, Silva B, Yasuda C, Rittner L, Lotufo R. Hippocampus segmentation on epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease studies with multiple convolutional neural networks. Heliyon 2021;7:e06226. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06226
10. Hunsaker MR, Kesner RP. Unfolding the cognitive map: The role of hippocampal and extra-hippocampal substrates based on a systems analysis of spatial processing. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018;147:90-119. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.11.012.
11. Fagan WF, Lewis MA, Auger-Méthé M, Avgar T, Benhamou S, Breed G, et al. Spatial memory and animal movement. Ecol Lett 2013;16:1316-29. doi: 10.1111/ele.12165
12. Sonnenberg BR, Branch CL, Pitera AM, Bridge E, Pravosudov V V. Natural Selection and Spatial Cognition in Wild Food-Caching Mountain Chickadees. Curr Biol 2019;29:670-76.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.006.
13. Maghami S, Zardooz H, Khodagholi F, Binayi F, Ranjbar Saber R, Hedayati M, et al. Maternal separation blunted spatial memory formation independent of peripheral and hippocampal insulin content in young adult male rats. PLoS One 2018;13:e0204731. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204731.
14. Chi RP, Fregni F, Snyder AW. Visual memory improved by non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Res 2010;1353:168-75. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.062.
15. Yousefshahi M, Mohammadzadeh H. The Effect of Cognitive, Motor and Motor-Cognitive Exercises on Explicit motor memory, balance and walking of Elderly Women. Sci J Rehabil Med 2020;0:124–34. doi:10.22037/JRM.2020.113215.2333
16. Hamer M, Chida Y. Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med 2009;39:3-11. doi: 10.1017/S0033291708003681.1
17. Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, et al. Physical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults. Circulation 2007;116:1094–105. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185650
18. Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008;9:58–65. doi: 10.1038/nrn2298
19. Saadati H, Babri S, Ahmadiasl N, Mashhadi M. Effects of Exercise on Memory Consolidation and Retrieval of Passive Avoidance Learning In Young Male Rats. Asian J Sports Med 2010 ;1:137–42. doi: 10.5812/asjsm.34858
20. E Dief A, M Samy D, I Dowedar F. Impact of exercise and vitamin B1 intake on hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and spatial memory performance in a rat model of stress. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2015;61 :1-7. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.61.1
21. Lima DD de, Dal Magro DD, Cruz JN da, Pereira da Cruz JG. The effects of swimming exercise on recognition memory for objects and conditioned fear in rats. Acta Sci Heal Sci 2012;34:163–9. doi: 10.4025/actascihealthsci.v34i2.4378
22. DastAmooz S, Tahmasebi Boroujeni S, Shahbazi M, Vali Y. Physical activity as an option to reduce adverse effect of EMF exposure during pregnancy. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018;71:7-10 doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.07.009
23. Tucker LB, Velosky AG, McCabe JT. Applications of the Morris water maze in translational traumatic brain injury research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018;88:187–200. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.010
24. Farrell P, J. Joyner M, J. Caiozzo V. Advanced Exercise Physiology. Wolters Kluwer Health Adis (ESP); 2012.
25. Kohler I, Meier R, Busato A, Neiger-Aeschbacher G, Schatzmann U. Is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) a useful short acting anaesthetic for small laboratory animals? Lab Anim 1999;33:155–61. doi: 10.1258/002367799780578390
26. Akillioglu K, Yilmaz MB, Boga A, Binokay S, Kocaturk-Sel S. Environmental enrichment does not reverse the effects of maternal deprivation on NMDAR and Balb/c mice behaviors. Brain Res 2015 ;1624:479–88. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.009
27. Reshetnikov VV, Kovner AV, Lepeshko AA, Pavlov KS, Grinkevich LN, Bondar NP. Stress early in life leads to cognitive impairments, reduced numbers of CA3 neurons and altered maternal behavior in adult female mice. Genes, Brain Behav 2020;19:1–14. doi: 10.1111/gbb.12541
28. Şahin TD, Karson A, Balcı F, Yazır Y, Bayramgürler D, Utkan T. TNF-alpha inhibition prevents cognitive decline and maintains hippocampal BDNF levels in the unpredictable chronic mild stress rat model of depression. Behav Brain Res 2015;292:233-40. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.062
29. Kambali MY, Anshu K, Kutty BM, Muddashetty RS, Laxmi TR. Effect of early maternal separation stress on attention, spatial learning and social interaction behaviour. Exp Brain Res 2019;237:1993-2010. doi: 10.1007/s00221-019-05567-2.
30. Nagamatsu LS, Chan A, Davis JC, Beattie BL, Graf P, Voss MW, et al. Physical Activity Improves Verbal and Spatial Memory in Older Adults with Probable Mild Cognitive Impairment: A 6-Month Randomized Controlled Trial. J Aging Res 2013;2013:861893. doi: 10.1155/2013/861893.
31. Afshari N, TahmasebiBoroujeni S, Naghdi N, HemayatTalab R. The Effect of Immobilization Stress on Learning and Spatial Memory and the Protective Role of Physical Activity in Male Rats (In Persian). J Dev Mot Learn 2014;6:327–45. doi:10.22059/JMLM.2014.51872
32. Patki G, Li L, Allam F, Solanki N, Dao AT, Alkadhi K, et al. Moderate treadmill exercise rescues anxiety and depression-like behavior as well as memory impairment in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Physiol Behav 2014;130:47–53. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.016
33. Maliszewska-Cyna E, Vecchio LM, Thomason LAM, Oore JJ, Steinman J, Joo IL, et al. The effects of voluntary running on cerebrovascular morphology and spatial short-term memory in a mouse model of amyloidosis. Neuroimage 2020;222:117269. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117269
34. Matinfar P, Peeri M, Azarbayjani MA. Swimming exercise attenuates anxiety-like behavior by reducing brain oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic mice. Physiol Behav 2021;237:113449. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113449

Ethics code: IR.UT.SPORT.REC.1399.009

XML   Persian Abstract   Print

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Volume 30, Issue 3 (8-2022) Back to browse issues page